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Video Data (video + data)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Mothers' facial expressions of pain and fear and infants' pain response during immunization,

INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2010
Rachel E. Horton
The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between mothers' spontaneous facial expressions of pain and fear immediately preceding their infants' immunizations and infants' facial expressions of pain immediately following immunizations. Infants' observations of mothers' faces prior to immunization also were examined to explore whether these observations moderated the effect of mothers' facial expressions on infant pain. The final sample included 58 mothers and their infants. Video data were used to code maternal facial expressions, infants' observations, and infants' expressions of pain. Infants who observed their mothers' faces had mothers who expressed significantly more fear pre-needle. Furthermore, mothers' facial expressions of mild fear pre-needle were associated with lower levels of infants' pain expression post-needle. A regression analysis confirmed maternal facial expressions of mild fear pre-needle as the strongest predictor of infant pain post-needle after controlling for infants' observations of mothers' faces. Mothers' subtle facial expressions of fear may indicate a relationship history of empathic caregiving that functions to support infants' abilities to regulate distress following painful procedures. Interventions aimed at improving caregiver sensitivity to infants' emotional cues may prove beneficial to infants in pain. Future directions in research are discussed. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre lasespontáneas expresiones faciales de dolor y de miedo de las madres en elmomento inmediatamente anterior a la vacunación de sus infantes, y lasexpresiones faciales de dolor de los infantes inmediatamente después dela vacunación. También se examinaron las observaciones que losinfantes hacían de las caras de las madres antes de la vacunación,con el fin de explorar si estas observaciones servían para moderar elefecto de las expresiones faciales de las madres sobre el dolor de losinfantes. El grupo muestra final incluyó 58 madres y sus infantes. Lainformación en vídeo se usó para codificar las expresionesfaciales maternales, las observaciones de los infantes, y las expresiones dedolor de los infantes. Los infantes que observaron las caras de sus madrestenían madres que expresaban significativamente más miedo antes dela aguja. Es más, las expresiones faciales de las madres de poco miedoantes de la aguja se asociaron con bajos niveles de expresiones de dolor delos infantes después de la aguja. Un análisis de Regresiónconfirmó las expresiones faciales maternales de poco miedo antes de laaguja como el factor de predicción más fuerte del dolor del infantedespués de la aguja, después del experimento de control de lasobservaciones que el infante hacía de las caras de las madres. Lasexpresiones faciales de miedo de las madres más difíciles dedetectar o analizar pudieran indicar una historia de relación con unaprestación de cuidado de más empatía, la cual funciona paraapoyar las habilidades del infante de regular la ansiedad mental despuésde procedimientos dolorosos. Las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar lasensibilidad de quienes prestan cuidado hacia las señas emocionales delos infantes pudieran demostrar que son beneficiosas para los infantes quesienten dolor. Se discuten las futuras direcciones de la investigación. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner la relation entre lesexpressions maternelles faciales spontanées de douleur et de peurprécédant immédiatement la vaccination de leurs nourrissons etles expressions faciales des nourrissons juste après les vaccinations.Les observations faites par les nourrissons des visages de leur mèreavant la vaccination ont aussi été examinées de fa,on àexplorer si ces observations modéraient l'effet des expressions facialesdes mères sur la douleur du nourrisson. L'échantillon final a inclucinquante-trois mères et leurs bébés. Des données vidéoont été utilisées pour coder les expressions facialesmaternelles, les observations des nourrissons et les expressions de douleurdes bébés. Les bébés qui observaient le visage de leursmères avaient des mères qui exprimaient bien plus de peur "avant laseringue". De plus, les expressions faciales des mères de peurmodérée étaient liées avec des niveaux plus bas d'expressionde douleur "après seringue". Une analyse de Régression aconfirmé les expressions faciales maternelles de peur modérée"avant la seringue" comme étant le facteur de prédiction le plusfort de la douleur du bébé "après la seringue" après avoircontrollé les observations des bébés du visage de leur mere. Lesexpressions faciales subtiles de peur des mères pourraient indiquer unehistoire de relation de mode de soin empathique qui fonctionne afin desoutenir les capacités des bébés à réguler ladétresse après des procédures médicales douloureuses. Lesinterventions qui ont eu pour but d'améliorer la sensibilité du modede soin aux signes émotionnels pourraient s'avérerbénéfiques aux bébés dans la douleur. Des directions futuresde recherches sont discutées. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Beziehung zwischen denmütterlichen spontanen Gesichtsausdrücke von Schmerz und Angstunmittelbar vor der Impfung ihrer Kinder und der Mimik des Schmerzes derKleinkinder unmittelbar nach Impfungen zu untersuchen. Die kindlicheBeobachtung des Gesichtsausdrucks der Mutter vor der Immunisierung wurdeebenfalls geprüft, um zu erforschen, ob die kindliche Beobachtung dieWirkung der mütterlichen Mimik bei Schmerzen ihres Kindes beeinflusst.Die endgültige Stichprobe umfasste achtundfünfzig Müttern undihre Säuglinge. Video-Daten wurden verwendet, um die mütterlicheMimik, die kindliche Beobachtung der Mutter und Äußerungen desSchmerzes der Säuglinge zu codieren. Kleinkinder die denGesichtsausdruck der Mutter beobachteten, hatten Mütter die signifikantmehr Angst vor der Nadel zum Ausdruck brachten. Darüber hinausführte eine mütterliche Mimik, die wenig Angst vor der Nadel zeigte,zu einem niedrigeren Niveau von Ausdruck von Schmerzen der nach der Impfungim Gesicht der Säuglinge. Eine Regressionsanalyse bestätigt einemütterliche Mimik der milden Angst vor der Nadel, als der stärkstePrädiktor für kindliche Schmerzen nach der Nadel, sofern dieSäuglinge den Gesichtsausdruck der Mutter beobachtet hatten. Einesubtile Mimik der Angst der Mütter deutet auf eine emphatischeMutter-Kind Beziehung hin, die darauf abzielt, die kindliche Fähigkeitder Disstressregualtion nach schmerzhaften Eingriffen zu unterstützen.Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Sensibilität der Bezugspersonen mitihren Säuglingen bezüglich der emotionalen Reize, könnten sichals nützlich erweisen, um Kindern in Schmerzsituationen zuunterstützen. Zukünftige Richtungen in der Forschung werdendiskutiert. [source]

Implications of Sibling Caregiving for Sibling Relations and Teaching Interactions in Two Cultures

ETHOS, Issue 2 2003
Jacqueline Rabain-Jamin
This article explores the social and cognitive implications of sibling caregiving among the Zinacantec Maya of Mexico and the Wolof of Senegal. Ethnographic video data of sibling caregiving interactions were collected, focusing on children ages three to 13 years interacting with their two-year-old siblings. Sibling relations in both cultures reflect a system of multiage play, the children's sensitivity to age and gender hierarchies, and the older siblings'role as teachers of their younger siblings. Differences in the two groups include more verbal exchanges and wordplay with the two-year-old Wolof children and more overt efforts by older Zinacantec siblings to incorporate the two year olds into their group activity. The data indicate an overall pattern of cultural transmission by which older siblings teach younger ones in the context of caring for them. The pattern is nuanced by each group's social organization and rules for social interaction, exhibited in the children's play. [source]

Dynamic bandwidth allocation and buffer dimensioning under equal segment scheme to support video-on-demand services

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 10 2001
Liren Zhang
Abstract This paper focuses on the optimization of network bandwidth allocation and buffer dimensioning to transport pre-stored MPEG video data from source to playback destination across ATM networks. This is one of the most important issues in the support of video-on-demand (VoD) service. This paper provides a novel scheme in the dynamic allocation of bandwidth to segments of video using ABR mode. The dynamic bandwidth allocation is based on a new concept, called playback tunnel which is obtained from the traffic characteristics of the pre-stored MPEG video trace to determine the optimum of transmission bandwidth as well as the buffer capacity to ensure that the playback buffer neither underflows nor overflows. The proposed scheme is tested with real-life MPEG video traces. The obtained results have shown its significant performance improvement in terms of the capacity of playback buffer, the start-up playback delay, the size of video segment and the network multiplexing gain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Examining the effects of a highly rated science curriculum unit on diverse students: Results from a planning grant

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 8 2005
Sharon Lynch
This article reports on the results of a planning grant studying the effects of a highly rated curriculum unit on a diverse student population. The treatment was introduced to 1500 eighth grade students in five middle schools selected for their ethnic, linguistic, and socioeconomic diversity. Students were given pre-, post-, and delayed posttests on a Conservation of Matter Assessment and measures of motivation and engagement. This quasi-experiment found statistically significant posttest results for achievement, basic learning engagement, and goal orientation. Analyses of disaggregated data showed that subgroups of students in the treatment condition outscored their comparison group peers (n,=,1500) in achievement in all cases, except for students currently enrolled in ESOL. Analysis of video data of a diverse group of four students as the unit was enacted suggests that students entered a learning environment that permitted them to function in different, but consistent ways over time; that is, the frequency of students' manipulation of objects showed a different pattern of engagement for each of the four students compared with patterns of verbal responses such as the use of scientific terms. The results of this planning grant paved the way for a large study of the scale-up of highly rated curriculum units. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 912,946, 2005 [source]

The Big Bear Solar Observatory Ca II K-line index for solar cycle 23

ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 7 2010
M.F. Naqvi
Abstract We present an analysis of 2634 Ca II K-line full-disk filtergrams obtained with the 15-cm aperture photometric full-disk telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory during the period from 1996 January 1 to 2005 October 24. Using limb darkening corrected and contrast enhanced filtergrams, solar activity indices were derived, which are sensitive to the 11-year solar activity cycle and 27-day rotational period of plages around active regions and the bright chromospheric network. The present work extends an earlier study (solar cycle 22), which was based on video data. The current digital data are of much improved quality with higher spatial resolution and a narrower passband ameliorating photometric accuracy. The time series of chromospheric activity indices cover most of solar cycle 23. One of the most conspicuous features of the Ca II K indices is the secondary maximum in late 2001/early 2002 after an initial decline of chromospheric activity during the first half of 2001. We conclude that a secular trend exists in the Ca II K indices, which has its origin in the bright chromospheric network and brightenings related to decaying active regions. Superposed on this secular trend are the signatures of recurring, long-lived active regions, which are clusters of persistent and continuously emerging magnetic flux. Such features are less visible, when the activity belts on both side of the equator are devoid of the brightenings related to decaying active regions as was the case in October/November 2003 at a time when a superactivity complex including several naked-eye sunspots emerged (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source]