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Vitamins
Kinds of Vitamins Terms modified by Vitamins Selected AbstractsVitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 2 2010Article first published online: 14 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 4 2009Article first published online: 3 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 1 2008Article first published online: 3 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements And Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 1 2008Article first published online: 3 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 4 2007Article first published online: 14 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 3 2006Article first published online: 14 JUN 2010 [source] Nutraceuticals: The Complete Encyclopedia of Supplements, Herbs, Vitamins, and Healing FoodsFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 4 2001E Ernst [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 2 2001Article first published online: 14 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Dietary ApproachesFOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH, Issue 3 2000Article first published online: 14 JUN 2010 [source] Vitamins: Their Role in the Human BodyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Charles Brennan Associate Professor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Improving the Stability of Probiotic Bacteria in Model Fruit Juices Using Vitamins and AntioxidantsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010N.P. Shah Abstract:, This study examined the survival of probiotic bacteria in a model fruit juice system. Three different strains of probiotic bacteria were used in this study: HOWARU,Lactobacillus rhamnosus,HN001, HOWARU,Bifidobacterium lactis,HN001, and,Lactobacillus paracasei,LPC 37. The probiotic bacteria were inoculated into model juice with various vitamins and antioxidants, namely white grape seed extract, green tea extract, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and vitamin E. The model juice without any additives was used as a control. Their viability was assessed on a weekly basis using plate count method. The model juice was made with sucrose, sodium citrate, citric acid powder, and distilled water and was pasteurized before use. Our findings showed that probiotic bacteria did not survive well in the harsh environment of the model fruit juice. However, the model juice containing vitamin C, grape extract, and green tea extract showed better survival of probiotic bacteria. The model juice containing grape seed extract, green tea extract, and vitamin C had the same initial population of 8.32 log CFU/mL, and at the end of the 6-wk storage period it had an average viability of 4.29 log CFU/mL, 7.41 log CFU/mL, and 6.44 log CFU/mL, respectively. Juices containing all other ingredients tested had viable counts of <10 CFU/mL at the end of the 6-wk storage period. [source] Chemistry and Reactions of Reactive Oxygen Species in FoodsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2005Eunok Choe ABSTRACT: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is formed enzymatically, chemically, photochemically, and by irradiation of food. It is also formed by the decomposition and the inter-reactions of ROS. The hydroxy radical is the most reactive ROS and then followed by singlet oxygen. Reactions of ROS with food components produce undesirable volatile compounds and carcinogens, destroy essential nutrients, and change the functionalities of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Lipid oxidation by ROS produces low-molecular-weight volatile aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. ROS causes crosslink or cleavage of proteins. ROS produces low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds from carbohydrates. Vitamins are easily oxidized by ROS, especially singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen reaction rate was the highest in ,-carotene followed by tocopherol, riboflavin, vitamin D, and ascorbic acid. [source] Stability of Tocopherols and Retinyl Palmitate in Snack ExtrudatesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2001K. Suknark ABSTRACT: Fish- and peanut-containing half-products were obtained by extruding and drying tocopherol- and retinyl palmitate-fortified mixtures of tapioca starch and minced fish or partially defatted peanut flour (PDPF 60:40, wet basis). Half-products were puffed by deep-fat frying. Vitamins were determined simultaneously at each step of snack production using a direct solvent extraction method. Extrusion significantly reduced the content of tocopherols and retinyl palmitate in both products. Reduction of retinyl palmitate in fish and peanut extrudates during snack production was 48% and 27%, respectively. Final products contained more tocopherol than intermediates because of the high tocopherol content in the frying oil and its uptake. [source] Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Determining Water-Soluble Vitamins in Commercial Capsules and TabletsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001S-C. Su ABSTRACT: A rapid method was developed for simultaneously determining thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and ascorbic acid. It was tested on 15 samples. The peaks of all components were cleanly separated with good resolution by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC). CZE was performed with 0.02 M borate buffer, and MECC was performed with 4% acetonitrile in 0.02 M borate/phosphate buffer containing 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate. Average recoveries for all components were 80.3% to 103.7% with coefficients of variation being less than 5%. Thiamine, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine contents were consistent with those labeled on the packages, but nicotinamide, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid contents of some samples were less. [source] Plasma Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Cats with Cardiomyopathy and Arterial ThromboembolismJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2000M.A. McMichael Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a common complication of cats with cardiomyopathy (CM), but little is known about the pathophysiology of ATE. In people, high plasma concentrations of homocysteine and low B vitamin concentrations are risk factors for peripheral vascular disease. In addition, low plasma arginine concentrations have been linked to endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to compare concentrations of homocysteine, B vitamins, and amino acids in plasma of normal cats to those of cats with CM and ATE. Plasma concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and amino acids were measured in 29 healthy cats, 27 cats with CM alone, and 28 cats with both CM and ATE. No differences were found between groups in homocysteine or folate. Mean vitamin B12 concentration (mean ± standard deviation) was lower in cats with ATE (866 ± 367 pg/mL) and cats with CM (939 ± 389 pg/mL) compared with healthy controls (1,650 ± 700 pg/mL; P < .001). Mean vitamin B6 concentration was lower in cats with ATE (3,247 ± 1,215 pmol/mL) and cats with CM (3,200 ± 906 pmol/mL) compared with healthy control animals (4,380 ± 1,302 pmol/mL; P= .005). Plasma arginine concentrations were lower in cats with ATE (75 ± 33 nmol/mL) compared with cats with CM (106 ± 25 nmol/mL) and healthy control animals (96 ± 25 nmol/ mL; P < .001). Vitamin B12 concentration was significantly correlated with left atrial size. We interpret the results of this study to suggest that vitamin B12 and arginine may play a role in CM and ATE of cats. [source] The Comparative Impact of Iron, the B-Complex Vitamins, Vitamins C and E, and Selenium on Diarrheal Pathogen Outcomes Relative to the Impact Produced by Vitamin A and ZincNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 5 2007Kurt Z. Long PhD Micronutrient supplementation offers one of the most cost-effective means of improving the health and survival of children in developing countries. However, the effects of supplementation with single micronutri-ents on diarrhea are not always consistent, and supplementation with multi-micronutrient supplements can have negative effects. These inconsistencies may result from the failure to consider the diverse etiolog-ical agents that cause diarrhea and the unique effects each micronutrient has on the immune response to each of these agents. This review examines the separate effects that supplementation with the B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and iron have on diarrheal disease-related outcomes. Supplementation with iron may increase the risk of infection by invasive diarrheal pathogens, while supplementation with the remaining micronutrients may reduce this risk. These differences may be due to distinct regulatory effects each micronutrient has on the pathogen-specific immune response, as well as on the virulence of specific pathogens. The findings of these studies suggest that micronutrient supplementation of children must take into account the pathogens prevalent within communities as reflected by their diarrheal disease burdens. The effectiveness of combining multiple micronutrients into one supplement must also be reconsidered. [source] In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Photoprotective Effects of an Association of Bioflavonoids with Liposoluble VitaminsPHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Patrícia M. B. G. Maia Campos ABSTRACT A new tendency in cosmetic formulations is the association of botanical extracts and vitamins to improve skin conditions by synergic effects. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of associated bioflavonoids, retinyl palmitate (RP), tocopheryl acetate (TA) and ascorbyl tetra-isopalmitate (ATIP), as well as their photoprotective effects in preventing increased erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and sunburn cell formation in hairless mouse skin. The antioxidant activity of solutions containing the association or each substance separately was evaluated in vitro by a chemiluminescence assay. The photoprotective effect was evaluated by means of in vivo tests. Dorsal skin of hairless mice was treated daily by topical applications for 5 days with formulations containing or not containing (vehicle) the flavonoid-vitamins association (5%). The skin was irradiated (UVA/B) 15 minutes after the last application. The results showed that bioflavonoids had in vitro antioxidant properties and also that when they were associated with vitamins their antioxidant activity was more pronounced. On the other hand, erythema and UV damage to the permeability barrier function (TEWL) was not significantly reduced by previous treatment with the flavonoid-vitamin-association formulations, when compared to the irradiated vehicle-treated area. However, the treatment protected the skin from UV damage because it reduced the number of sunburn cells, when compared to the vehicle-treated area. Finally, the association of vitamins and bioflavonoids added to a dermocosmetic formulation showed a relevant biological activity in terms of photoprotection, because the association of bioflavonoids and vitamins acted by different mechanisms, such as antioxidation and absorption of UV radiation, which suggests its use in antiaging and photoprotective products. [source] Book review: Vitamins and Hormones: Folic Acid and Folates, Volume 79, Vitamins, and Hormones SeriesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Hanjo A. Hellmann No abstract is available for this article. [source] Current Awareness in Phytochemical AnalysisPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2008Article first published online: 30 JAN 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of phytochemical analysis. Each bibliography is divided into 13 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Nucleic Acids; 4 Amino Acids, Proteins &Enzymes; 5 Carbohydrates; 6 Lipids; 7 Secondary Products; 8 Growth Regulators; 9 Industrially-Important Products; 10 Toxins/Allergens; 11 Pigments; 12 Vitamins; 13 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted. [source] Effects of Three-month Oral Supplementation of ,-Carotene and Vitamin C on Serum Concentrations of Carotenoids and Vitamins in Middle-aged Subjects: A Pilot Study for a Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Gastric Cancer in High-risk Japanese PopulationCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2000Satoshi Sasaki Prior to a randomized controlled trial to prevent gastric cancer by oral supplementation of ,-carotene and vitamin C in a high-risk Japanese population, we examined the serum response to threemonth oral supplementation of ,-carotene (0, 3, 30 mg/day) and vitamin C (0, 50, 1000 mg/day) by a three-by-three factorial design using 54 subjects (age range=40,69 years). Serum concentrations of carotenoids, ,-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid were examined at baseline, and one, two, and threemonth points. Both serum ,-carotene and ascorbic acid were significantly higher in high-dose groups than in each placebo group during the supplementation. The serum ,-carotene increased gradually (597,830% increase) during the study, whereas the serum ascorbic acid reached nearly a steady-state at the one-month point and remained stable thereafter (88,95% increase). No statistically significant interaction between ,-carotene and vitamin C supplementations was observed either for serum ,-carotene or for serum ascorbic acid. Among carotenoids and ,-tocopherol examined, serum lycopene in the high-dose ,-carotene group was significantly higher than in the placebo group at all points. No unfavorable change in carotenoids and ,-tocopherol was observed in any group. [source] Complementary and integrative medical therapies, the FDA, and the NIH: definitions and regulationDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 2 2003Michael H. Cohen ABSTRACT: ,,The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) presently defines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as covering "a broad range of healing philosophies (schools of thought), approaches, and therapies that mainstream Western (conventional) medicine does not commonly use, accept, study, understand, or make available. The research landscape, including NCCAM-funded research, is continually changing and subject to vigorous methodologic and interpretive debates. Part of the impetus for greater research dollars in this arena has been increasing consumer reliance on CAM to dramatically expand. State (not federal) law controls much of CAM practice. However, a significant federal role exists in the regulation of dietary supplements. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates foods, drugs, and cosmetics in interstate commerce. No new "drug" may be introduced into interstate commerce unless proven "safe" and "effective" for its intended use, as determined by FDA regulations. "Foods", however, are subject to different regulatory requirements, and need not go through trials proving safety and efficacy. The growing phenomenon of consumer use of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other "dietary supplements" challenged the historical divide between drugs and foods. The federal Dietary Supplements Health Education Act (DSHEA) allows manufacturers to distribute dietary supplements without having to prove safety and efficacy, so long as the manufacturers make no claims linking the supplements to a specific disease. State law regulates the use of CAM therapies through a variety of legal rules. Of these, several major areas of concern for clinicians are professional licensure, scope of practice, and malpractice. Regarding licensure, each state has enacted medical licensing that prohibits the unlicensed practice of medicine and thereby criminalizes activity by unlicensed CAM providers who offer health care services to patients. Malpractice is defined as unskillful practice which fails to conform to a standard of care in the profession and results in injury. The definition is no different in CAM than in general medicine; its application to CAM, however, raises novel questions. Courts rely on medical consensus regarding the appropriateness of a given therapy. A framework for assessing potential liability risk involves assessing the medical evidence concerning safety and efficacy, and then aligning clinical decisions with liability concerns. Ultimately research will or will not establish a specific CAM therapy as an important part of the standard of care for the condition in question. Legal rules governing CAM providers and practices are, in many cases, new and evolving. Further, laws vary by state and their application depends on the specific clinical scenario in question. New research is constantly emerging, as are federal and state legislative developments and judicial opinions resulting from litigation. [source] Plasma nitrotyrosine levels, antioxidant vitamins and hyperglycaemiaDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005S. Bo Abstract Aims Studies on plasma nitrotyrosine (NT) levels, a measure of oxidative injury, in diabetes are limited and discordant; the amount of antioxidants might represent a possible explanation for the discordant results. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the association between plasma NT levels and glucose tolerance status, according to antioxidant vitamin intakes. Methods In three hundred men randomly selected from a population-based cohort, NT levels were measured and dietary intake assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Results NT values were similar in patients with diabetes (n = 34), impaired fasting glucose (n = 77) and normoglycaemic subjects (n = 189). However, in subjects with lower than recommended daily intakes of antioxidant vitamins C and A, NT levels were significantly higher in the diabetic patients. In a multiple regression model, after adjustments for age, body mass index (BMI) and smoking habits, NT levels were significantly associated with fasting glucose in patients with lower intakes of vitamin C (, = 11.4; 95% CI 1.3 21.5) and vitamin A (, = 14.9; 95% CI 3.9 25.9), but not in subjects with lower intake of vitamin E. Conclusion A significant positive correlation between NT levels and fasting glucose is evident only in the presence of a reduced intake of some antioxidant vitamins. These findings might explain, at least in part, the discrepant results of previous studies and, if confirmed by further studies, suggest a simple measure (a balanced diet) to alleviate the increased oxidative stress of diabetes. [source] Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and FoodomicsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2010Miguel Herrero Abstract The use of capillary electromigration methods to analyze foods and food components is reviewed in this work. Papers that were published during the period April 2007 to March 2009 are included following the previous review by García-Cañas and Cifuentes (Electrophoresis, 2008, 29, 294,309). These works include the analysis of amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions and other compounds found in foods and beverages, as well as those applications of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips, CE-MS, chiral-CE as well as other foreseen trends in food analysis are also discussed including their possibilities in the very new field of Foodomics. [source] Cover Picture: Electrophoresis 15/2008ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 15 2008Article first published online: 24 JUL 200 Regular issues provide a wide range of research and review articles covering all aspects of electrophoresis. Here you will find cutting-edge articles on methods and theory, instrumentation, nucleic acids, CE and CEC, miniaturization and microfluidics, proteomics and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Selected topics of issue 15 are: The application of perfluorooctanoate to investigate trimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp41 ectodomain by electrophoresis Metabolic fingerprinting of schistosoma mansoni infection in mice urine with capillary electrophoresis Supercritical fluid extraction as an on-line clean-up technique for determination of riboflavin vitamins in food samples by capillary electrophoresis with fluorimetric detection A two-step electro-dialysis method for DNA purification from polluted metallic environmental samples. [source] Carbon nanotube disposable detectors in microchip capillary electrophoresis for water-soluble vitamin determination: Analytical possibilities in pharmaceutical quality controlELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 14 2008Agustín G. Crevillén Abstract In this work, the synergy of one mature example from "lab-on-chip" domain, such as CE microchips with emerging miniaturized carbon nanotube detectors in analytical science, is presented. Two different carbon electrodes (glassy carbon electrode (GCE) 3,mm diameter, and screen-printed electrode (SPE) 0.3,mm×2.5,mm) were modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their electrochemical behavior was evaluated as detectors in CE microchip using water-soluble vitamins (pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, and folic acid) in pharmaceutical preparations as representative examples. The SPE modified with MWCNT was the best electrode for the vitamin analysis in terms of analytical performance. In addition, accurate determination of the three vitamins in four different pharmaceuticals was obtained (systematic error less than 9%) in only 400,s using a protocol that combined the sample analysis and the methodological calibration. [source] Highlights in Biocatalysis , Historical Landmarks and Current TrendsENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2005T. Bornscheuer Abstract Biocatalysis has ancient roots, yet it is developing into a key tool for synthesis in a wide range of applications. Important events in the history of enzyme technology from the 19th century onwards are highlighted. Considering the most relevant progress steps, the production of penicillanic acid and the impact of genetic engineering are traced in more detail. Applied biocatalysis has been defined as the application of a biocatalyst to achieve a desired conversion selectively, under controlled, mild conditions in a bioreactor. Biocatalysts are currently used to produce a wide range of products in the fields of food manufacture (such as bread, cheese, beer), fine chemicals (e.g., amino acids, vitamins), and pharmaceuticals (e.g., derivatives of antibiotics). They not only provide access to innovative products and processes, but also meet criteria of sustainability. In organic synthesis, recombinant technologies and biocatalysts have greatly widened the scope of application. Examples of current applications and processes are given. Recent developments and trends are presented as a survey, covering new methods for accessing biodiversity with new enzymes, directed evolution for improving enzymes, designed cells, and integrated downstream processing. [source] Metagenomic approach studying the taxonomic and functional diversity of the bacterial community in a mesotrophic lake (Lac du Bourget , France)ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Didier Debroas Summary The main goals of this work were to identify the metabolic pathways of the bacterial community in a lacustrine ecosystem and to establish links between taxonomic composition and the relative abundances of these metabolic pathways. For this purpose, we analysed a 16S rRNA gene library obtained by gene amplification together with a sequence library of both insert ends on c. 7700 fosmids. Whatever the library used, Actinobacteria was the most abundant bacterial group, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Specific aquatic clades such as acI and acIV (Actinobacteria) or LD12 and GOBB-C201 (Alphaproteobacteria) were found in both libraries. From comparative analysis of metagenomic libraries, the metagenome of this lake was characterized by overrepresentation of genes involved in the degradation of xenobiotics mainly associated with Alphaproteobacteria. Actinobacteria were mainly related to metabolic pathways involved in nucleotide metabolism, cofactors, vitamins, energy, replication and repair. Betaproteobacteria appeared to be characterized by the presence of numerous genes implicated in environmental information processing (membrane transport and signal transduction) whereas glycan and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were overrepresented in Bacteroidetes. These results prompted us to propose hypotheses on the ecological role of these bacterial classes in lacustrine ecosystems. [source] Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitroENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Dilek Durak Abstract Malathion is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide that has been shown to induce oxidative stress in erythrocytes through the generation of free radicals and alteration of the cellular antioxidant defense system. We examined the effect of several different doses of malathion (25, 75, 200 ,M), or malathion in combination with vitamin C (VC; 10 ,M) or vitamin E (VE; 30 ,M), on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in human erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated under various treatment conditions (malathion alone, vitamins alone, or malathion plus vitamin) at 37°C for 60 min, and the levels of MDA, and SOD, CAT and GPx activities, were determined. Treatment with malathion alone increased the levels of MDA and decreased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities in erythrocytes (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences among VC-treated, VE-treated, or VC + VE-treated erythrocyes, as compared with nontreated control cells. Treatment of cells with malathion + VC, malathion + VE, or a combination of all three agents prevented malathion-induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. However, this effect was seen only at low concentrations of malathion (25 and 75 ,M), and the combination of VC + VE had a more protective effect than VC or VE alone. These results indicated that the presence of vitamins at concentrations that are similar to the levels found in plasma have no effect on malathion-induced toxicity in erythrocytes at a concentration of malathion (200 ,M) that is typically used in pesticides. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009. [source] Analysis of hepatic vitamins A1, A2, their fatty acyl esters, and vitamin E for biomonitoring mammals feeding on freshwater fishENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2002Anne Käkelä Abstract In tissues of freshwater fish,feeding mammals, 3,4-didehydroretinol (A2) is a major form of vitamin A. In mink liver, with organochlorine exposure, this analog has been found to decrease more than retinol (A1) and thus has potential as a sensitive freshwater biomarker. The presence of the analogs A1 and A2 as alcohol and different fatty acyl esters, which react to polychlorinated biphenyls differently, necessitates detailed analyses achieved by using direct extraction of tissue homogenate. In direct hexane extraction, compared to total levels of the vitamins obtained in the saponification procedure, a large proportion of the vitamins was released only after repeated and long-time vortex mixing with the extraction solvent. Thus, in tissue extraction, the use of internal standardization alone can lead to a rough underestimation of the levels of these fat-soluble vitamins. For analyses of vitamins A1 and A2 in liver, we applied the argentation high-performance liquid chromatography, which provided good separation of individual A1 and A2 fatty acyl esters. We report retention times for numerous esters of A1 and A2 and, to aid identification, the change in their retention properties after adding AgNO3 to the mobile phase. The argentation did not affect the recoveries of any forms of the retinoids studied but destroyed half the vitamin E. Despite selective acylation of fatty acids into the vitamin A esters, the fatty acids of the esters were the same as those found to be the major fatty acids in the gas,liquid chromatography of total lipids. The goal of this work was to create a methodology that is suitable for biomonitoring alcoholic and esterified vitamins A1 and A2 in tissues of freshwater fish,feeding mammals. [source] The use of complementary therapy by men with prostate cancer in the UKEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 5 2008S. WILKINSON The study aims were to determine the use of complementary therapies (CT) by men with prostate cancer, and to explore factors influencing CT use and attitudes toward CT use. A cross-sectional survey design was used in which a postal questionnaire was mailed to an eligible sample of 405 patients with prostate cancer receiving outpatient treatment in a London teaching hospital. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of CT use and the relationship between CT use and mental health status. Two hundred and ninety-four patients (73%) responded, of whom 25% were using CT. The most frequently used CTs were vitamins, low-fat diets, lycopene and green tea. Multivariate analyses revealed no differences in mental health scores between CT users and non-users. CT users were younger (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89,0.97) and were more likely to be receiving conservative management in the form of ,active surveillance' (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.78,15.41) compared with non-users. Over half of the participants (55%) wanted to learn more about CT. Forty-three per cent of CT users had not informed any doctor about their CT use. Clinicians need to be aware of the prevalence of CT use amongst patients with prostate cancer, considering the potential harm that could be caused by interactions with conventional treatments. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||