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Virus C (virus + c)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences60%

Kinds of Virus C

  • gb virus c
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    Selected Abstracts

    Hepatitis G virus in clotting factor concentrates

    HAEMOPHILIA, Issue 1 2003
    E. Alonso-Rubiano
    Summary. Blood-borne hepatitis is a well-known complication in patients with bleeding disorders. A recently discovered parentally transmitted virus, hepatitis G [GB virus C (GBV-C)] has an increased prevalence in patients with haemophilia. Clotting factor concentrates derived from pools of human plasma currently undergo viral inactivation techniques known to be effective against hepatitis B, C and HIV; however, the effectiveness of current purification and viral inactivation techniques against newly discovered viruses such as GBV-C is unknown. A total of 37 vials of clotting factor concentrates manufactured in the USA from 1981 to 1995 were tested for the presence of GBV-C virus. All samples that did not undergo a specific viral inactivation step were positive for GBV-C. Viral inactivation techniques that did not uniformly remove GBV-C included vapour heat treatment and dry heat treatments for less than 144 h. All samples treated by pasteurization, solvent detergent or dry heat for 144 h, were negative for the presence of GBV-C. [source]

    Chronic viral hepatitis in hemodialysis patients

    HEMODIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2005
    Sydney Tang
    Abstract Ever since the first outbreaks of hepatitis in hemodialysis units in the late 1960s, a number of hepatotropic viruses transmitted by blood and other body fluids have been identified. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding these blood-borne agents from an epidemiologic and preventive perspective. Data source and study selection were obtained from research and review articles related to the epidemiology of viral hepatitis in hemodialysis and indexed on Medline and Embase from 1965 to 2004. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the first significant hepatotropic virus to be identified in hemodialysis centers. HBV infection has been effectively controlled by active vaccination, screening of blood donors, the use of erythropoietin, and segregation of HBV carriers. To date, HBV remains an important cause of morbidity in endemic areas. Hepatitis delta virus is a defective virus that can only infect HBV-positive individuals. Hepatitis C virus is the most significant cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis and is mainly transmitted by blood transfusion. The introduction in 1990 of routine screening of blood donors for HCV contributed significantly to the control of HCV transmission. An effective HCV vaccine remains an unsolved challenge, however. Pegylation of interferon-, has made it possible to treat HCV-positive dialysis patients. Unexplained sporadic outbreaks of hepatitis by the mid-1990s prompted the discovery of hepatitis G virus and hepatitis GB virus C in 1995 and the TT virus in 1997. Although epidemiologic analyses revealed high prevalence rates of both viruses in the hemodialysis population, their exact role in liver disease has yet to be determined. The vigilant observation of guidelines on universal precaution and regular virologic testing are the cornerstones of the effective control of chronic hepatitis in the setting of hemodialysis. [source]

    A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5,-untranslated region sequences

    JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 1 2006
    A. Scott Muerhoff
    Abstract GB virus C (GBV-C) is a positive-strand RNA virus that infects a large proportion of the world's human population. It has been classified tentatively as a member of the Flaviviridae family and has been shown to exist as a group of five closely related genotypes. Recently, we reported the first full-length genome sequence of a genotype 5 isolate from South Africa [Muerhoff et al. (2005): J Gen Virol 86: 1729,1735]. As part of the analysis of that sequence, a phylogenetic tree was elucidated from the 5,-untranslated region (UTR) that showed excellent congruence to the tree produced by analysis of complete open reading frame sequences. When 5,-UTR analysis was broadened subsequently to include additional isolates from around the globe, a heretofore unrecognized GBV-C genotype was discovered in Indonesia. When first reported in 2000 [Handajani et al. (2000): J Clin Microbiol 38:662,668], these isolates were described as constituting a novel fifth genotype. However, comparison to isolates from the then-known fourth and fifth genotypes (from Myanmar/Vietnam and South Africa, respectively) was not performed. A dataset of 121 GBV-C 5,-UTR sequences was complied and included representatives of the fourth and fifth genotypes as well as the "novel" Indonesian sequences and demonstrated, with strong support via bootstrap analysis, the existence of a sixth GBV-C genotype among infected individuals in Indonesia. The discovery of this sixth genotype emphasizes the diverse nature of GBV-C isolates and may have important implications for the interpretation of studies involving GBV-C/HIV co-infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 78:105,111, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, inc. [source]

    GB virus C and TT virus infections in Japanese patients with autoimmune hepatitis

    JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 2 2002
    Shuhei Nishiguchi
    Abstract The association of the newly identified viruses, GB virus C (GBV-C) and TT virus (TTV), with autoimmune hepatitis remains to be elucidated. Sera from 20 Japanese patients with autoimmune hepatitis and 50 volunteer blood donors were assayed for GBV-C RNA, antibodies to the GBV-C second envelope protein (E2), and TTV DNA. GBV-C RNA was examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Anti-GBV-C E2 (a marker of past infection) was tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TTV DNA was amplified by PCR using two different sets of primers: one derived from the original N22 sequence (Set A) and the other from the untranslated region (Set B). None of the patients or controls had GBV-C RNA. Anti-GBV-C E2 was found significantly more often in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (3/20) than in controls (1/50; P,=,0.034). The prevalence of TTV DNA detected by primers Set A and that detected with either Set A or B were similar among patients with autoimmune hepatitis (4/20 and 16/20, respectively) and controls (9/50 and 40/50, respectively). Clinical characteristics did not differ in association with any of these viral markers. Of the 13 TTV isolates amplified with Set A, seven were classified as genotype 1a, four as genotype 1b, and 2 as genotype 3; no particular strain was associated with autoimmune hepatitis. These findings provide no compelling evidence that GBV-C or TTV has a pathogenic role in autoimmune hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 66:258,262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Lack of de novo hepatitis C virus infections and absence of nosocomial transmissions of GB virus C in a large cohort of German haemodialysis patients

    JOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS, Issue 4 2009
    R. S. Ross
    Summary., To determine the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among haemodialysis patients, a large prospective multicentre trial was conducted in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. Sera obtained from the recruited patients in two separate sampling rounds run 1 year apart were analysed for both anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. HCV RNA positive samples were also genotyped by direct sequencing of an HCV core fragment. In the first and second rounds, 150 (5.2%) of 2909 and 114 (5.4%) of 2100 patients were anti-HCV positive, respectively, and 4% of individuals were viraemic. Evaluation of potential risk factors in a case,control study indicated that the factors ,foreign country of birth', ,blood transfusions given before 1991' and ,duration of treatment on haemodialysis' were associated with the risk of HCV infection. Among the 2100 patients of whom ,paired' serum samples from both rounds were available for testing, not a single ,de novo' HCV infection could be recorded. The fact that in a subset of about 20% of these patients no nosocomial GB virus C (GBV-C) transmission occurred during the observational period suggests that the lack of HCV seroconversions was not only attributable to the isolation of HCV-infected patients but also to the strict adherence to so-called universal hygienic precautions for infection control maintained in the participating dialysis centres. [source]

    Identification of hepatitis G virus (GB virus C) in the liver using in situ polymerase chain reaction

    LIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2000
    Article first published online: 24 DEC 200
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Clinical, virological and histopathological features: long-term follow-up in patients with chronic hepatitis C co-infected with S. mansoni

    LIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2000
    Sanaa Kamal
    Abstract:Background/Aims: Infection with Schistosoma mansoni is endemic in Egypt leading to hepatic schistosomiasis and eventually portal hypertension. The prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis virus C among Egyptians is 14,51%. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of schistosomiasis on chronic hepatitis C with respect to the natural course of the disease, immunology, virology and histology. Patients and Methods: One hundred and twenty-six Egyptian patients classified into three groups: group A: chronic hepatitis C (n=33); group B: chronic schistosomiasis (n=30) and group C: chronic hepatitis C and chronic schistosomiasis (n=63) were enrolled and prospectively followed for 62.7±22 months. Patients infected with other hepatic viruses and/or parasites were excluded. Detailed history, clinical examination, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts in blood, hematological and blood chemical values, abdominal ultrasonography, upper endoscopy, HCV RNA titer by RT/PCR, genotype and histological activity index in the liver biopsy were determined. Results: Thirty patients (48%) with HCV and schistosomiasis had liver cirrhosis and Child-Pugh class C vs. five (15%) in HCV patients and none in the schistosomal group. HCV RNA levels ranged between 0.07 and 13×105 copies/ml in group A, and between 1 and 25×105 copies/ml in group C. HCV genotype 4 was detected in 58 patients with co-infection (92%) and 21 patients with HCV alone (64%). Patients with coinfection showed higher grading and staging scores in their liver biopsies. Hepatocellular carcinoma was detected only in patients with coinfection. During follow-up, the mortality rate was 12%, 3% and 48% in group A, B and C, respectively. Conclusions: Patients with concomitant HCV and schistosomiasis infection were characterized by more advanced liver disease, higher HCV RNA titers, predominance of HCV genotype 4, higher histologic activity, higher incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as a much higher mortality rate. [source]