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Very Little Difference (very + little_difference)
Selected AbstractsDifferences in principals' leadership behavior in high- and low-performing schoolsJOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES, Issue 4 2010Ronald A. Lindahl This study was based on data from the 2008 Take20: Alabama Teaching and Learning Conditions Survey and focused on a comparison of teachers' perceptions of how school principals exercise their role in both high- and low-performing elementary and middle schools that serve high-poverty student populations. Teachers in the high-performing schools consistently viewed their principals' behavior more positively than did their counterparts in the lower-performing schools. Teachers reported less difference in regard to engaging the community to create shared responsibility for student and school success. Very little difference existed in the principal's involvement of teachers in key school decisions; neither population of principals scored high in this area. [source] Solids suspension agitation in square tanksTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2008Emily T. Mitchell Abstract The Zwietering correlation for the just-suspended speed has been modified to include baffling and geometric effects (impeller-to-tank diameter ratio and impeller off-bottom clearance) for two impeller types (high-efficiency and pitched-blade). Baffles are generally not required when using square tanks although they improve solids suspension performance of pitched-blade turbines. Comparison of square tank solids suspension to that in a fully baffled cylindrical tank has also been made. Very little difference was observed in the power number, but the just-suspended speed, torque, and power requirements were higher in the square tank. On a modifié la corrélation de Zwietering pour la vitesse de suspension minimale afin d'inclure les effets des contrepales et de la geométrie (rapport du diamètre turbine sur réservoir et dégagement de la turbine par rapport au fond) pour deux types de turbines (à efficacité élevée et à pales inclinées). II n'est généralement pas nécessaire d'installer des contrepales dans le cas de réservoirs carrés bien que celles-ci améliorent la performance de la suspension de solides dans le cas des turbines à pales inclinées. On a également comparé la suspension de solides dans un réservoir carré à celle d'un réservoir cylindrique muni de quatre chicanes. Une très faible différence a été observée dans le nombre de puissance, mais la vitesse de suspension minimale, le couple et la demande en puissance sont plus élevés dans le réservoir carré. [source] The efficacy of a protective cream in a real-world apprentice hairdresser environmentCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2001D. Perrenoud The object of this study was to compare the protective action of a new barrier cream (Excipial Protect®, Spirig Pharma AG, Egerkingen, Switzerland) to its vehicle in the context of hand irritation of apprentice hairdressers caused by repeated shampooing and exposure to hair-care products. This was a double-blind cross-over comparing Excipial Protect® (containing aluminium chlorohydrate 5% as active ingredient) against its vehicle alone. The efficacy of the creams was evaluated taking into account: (1) clinical scores by researchers, (2) biometric measurements, (3) subjective opinions of the subjects. An analysis of variance was performed considering order of application, degree of atopy, and reported number of shampoos. We observed very little difference in efficacy between the protective cream and its vehicle. The presence, however, of aluminium chlorhydrate in the protective cream was shown to have a positive effect against work-related irritation. The cosmetic qualities of the creams seemed, to the participants, to be as important as their real protective and hydrating properties, an important factor in compliance issues. [source] Modelling thermal degradation of composite materialsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 2 2007Javier Trelles Abstract A one,dimensional, transient thermal degradation heat transfer model for the response of composite materials when exposed to fire is presented. The model can handle layers of different materials. Material properties are functions of temperature. The reaction can be specified using Arrhenius-type parameters or by inputting a density,temperature relationship determined by any experimental technique such as thermogravimetric analysis. The model is validated against the experimental data presented in Boyer's 1984 dissertation. Overall, the model provides excellent agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that very little difference is found between results arrived at by Arrhenius kinetics and results obtained by specifying the easier to measure density,temperature relationship. From this it is concluded that this technique is a viable alternative to Arrhenius-type models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Impact of False Rejection Risk on Posterior Audit Risk MeasurementINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 1 2001Anne D. Woodhead This paper investigates false rejection risk, analysing the a priori relationship between the risk of false rejection and the more common risk of false acceptance, of an account balance by a substantive test. The paper uses probability theory to specify the relationship between these two risks and thus generate a model of posterior audit risk. The paper proceeds to investigate the relationship using the power function of basic statistics. This specifies the relationship between (i) the probability of rejecting the account balance and (ii) the size of the error which the balance contains. We argue that unless there is a discontinuity in the power function around the specified value of material error, then posterior audit risk will be unaffected by the substantive tests undertaken. Posterior risk will then be determined entirely by the assessed inherent and control risks. This conclusion is counter-intuitive to the approach to audit risk adopted by many professional pronouncements and results from the adoption of a mathematically rigorous definition of the risks encountered by the auditor. The primary conclusion is that the discontinuity arises under conditions of careful audit planning. If planning is careful, then false rejection risk contributes very little to posterior risk. In addition, there is very little difference between planned risk and posterior risk. [source] Using the t -distribution to improve the absolute structure assignment with likelihood calculationsJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2010Rob W. W. Hooft The previously described method for absolute structure determination [Hooft, Straver & Spek (2008). J. Appl. Cryst.41, 96,103] assumes a Gaussian error distribution. The method is now extended to make it robust against poor data with large systematic errors with the introduction of the Student t -distribution. It is shown that this modification makes very little difference for good data but dramatically improves results for data with a non-Gaussian error distribution. [source] Assessing competency in nursing: a comparison of nurses prepared through degree and diploma programmesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 1 2005Michael Clinton MSc Aims and objectives., The present study aimed to investigate the competencies of qualifiers from three-year degree and three-year diploma courses in England at one, two and three years after qualification. Background., The provision of three-year preregistration nursing degrees in the UK has increased in recent years and in many colleges degrees are offered alongside the existing three-year diploma courses. Yet little is known about the relationship between these different education programmes and the competence of qualifiers. Methods., A cross-sectional survey design was employed to make comparisons of both self-reported and line-manager-rated competencies of graduate and diplomate nurses who had qualified up to three years previously. Instruments., A revised version of the Nursing Competencies Questionnaire was used to measure both overall competence and also eight specific nursing competencies. A shortened version of this scale was also used to assess internal consistency across measures. Two additional competencies, research awareness and policy awareness, were also measured. Results., Structural equation modelling found very little difference in the overall competence and specific competencies of graduates and diplomates. Where differences were found in the self-report data, diplomates scored more highly than graduates in the constructs of planning and social participation; however, these differences became non-significant when background variables were controlled for. Limitations., The findings are interpreted with caution due to the size of differences, the size of some of the samples of respondents and the developmental stage of the instrument used. Conclusions., It does not appear that graduates and diplomates in England differ in their level of competence to any great extent as measured by the Nursing Competencies Questionnaire. Areas of further work are discussed in the light of the findings. Relevance to clinical practice., While this may alleviate concerns about clinical disparities between the two groups, it raises questions about the proposed benefits to nursing of three-year preregistration degrees in terms of quality of care during the first three years of qualification. [source] Women and class structure in contemporary Japan1THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Sawako Shirahase ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to examine how to determine the class position of women, especially married women, in Japan. This study examines three different approaches to conceptualizing women's position in the class structure: the conventional approach, the individual approach, and the dominance approach. Since 1975, the overall rate of female labour force participation in Japan has increased, and given this growth, particularly of employees working outside home, I discuss whether the increased entry of women, particularly married women, into the labour market challenges the conventional way of assigning class positions to women by simply deriving them from their husband's class positions. The data set used in this study is derived from the 1995 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey. An examination of class distributions suggests that the pictures of macro-class structure provided by the conventional approach and the dominance approach show very little difference. Married women who belong to the female-dominant family still form a very small minority of all married women in the society. Furthermore, the male-dominant family shows the greatest stability over the life course whereas the female-dominant family, where the wife experiences with-drawal from the labour market, is least stable. The increasing number of married women in the labour market, thus, has not yet become a major threat to the conventional way of assigning women to a class position in contemporary Japan. Women, even among those working on a full-time basis, perceive their position in the stratification system using not only their own work, but also their husband's. In contrast, men's perception is determined by their own education and employment, not by their wives'. This asymmetry in the effect of the husband's class and of the wife's class on class identification is related not only to gender inequality within the labour market but also to the division of labour by gender within the household. [source] Increase in saliva cotinine after three hours' exposure to second-hand smoke in barsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 3 2005Alistair Woodward Objective: To determine whether measurement of cotinine in saliva is a sensitive measure of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among customers in bars. Design: Before/after comparison of saliva cotinine and subjective assessments of SHS. Setting: Three bars in Wellington, New Zealand, June 2003. Participants: Eleven non-smoking medical students spent three hours in each location. They provided saliva samples before and after the visit, counted numbers of lit cigarettes in each bar, and assessed the smokiness of the venue. Samples were tested for cotinine using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: Cotinine levels post-visit were consistently higher than baseline. The mean difference was 1.03 ng/mL with a 95% confidence interval of 0.76,1.30 ng/mL. Adjustments to post-visit levels for metabolism and clearance of cotinine made very little difference to these results. Males tended to have higher baseline levels than females, and to show smaller increases. The bar with the greatest increase in cotinine was judged to be the smokiest on the basis of averaged cigarette counts and scores for presence of smoke and odour. Conclusion: The cotinine in saliva, when tested with the analytic methods described here, provides a means of assessing relatively short-term exposures to SHS. [source] Endaural or postaural incision for myringoplasty: does it make a difference to the patient?CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 5 2003J.L. Inwood The aim of this study was to find out from patients who had undergone a myringoplasty via either an endaural or postaural approach whether or not they had experienced problems or symptoms relating to their scar, and if these differed depending on which incision had been used. A questionnaire was sent to 91 patients who had undergone myringoplasty between 18 and 62 months earlier. Thirty-four patients who had undergone previous or subsequent ear surgery were excluded. The only statistically significant difference found between groups having either a postauricular or endaural incision was in how likely others were to comment on their scar. There seem to be few long-term sequealae relating to the scar from myringoplasty. From a patient perspective, between 18 and 62 months postoperatively, there was very little difference in symptoms or problems whether or not an endaural or a postaural incision had been used for the surgery. [source] | ||||||||||||||||