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Selected AbstractsA COMPARISON OF THE DISCRIMINATING POWER OF ANOVA AND R-INDEX ANALYSES OF HEDONIC DATA FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLSJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 3 2007HAENA PARK ABSTRACT Consumers rated a set of toothpastes and a set of orange-flavored beverages on a 9-point hedonic scale, using two experimental protocols: Rank-Rating where stimuli could continually be reassessed and a more traditional approach where they could not. A 21-point hedonic scale was also used in the Rank-Rating condition. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way using ANOVA with multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R-index analysis. Regarding the numbers of significant differences recorded, the two analyses were comparable, with a very slight and nonsignificant advantage for the ANOVA analysis. Unlike with intensity scaling, the difference between Rank-Rating and "traditional" scaling was slight but not for all products. The same was true for scale length effects. Differences among the products suggested effects due to the number of attributes that varied. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The key finding in this study is the use of Rank-Rating where stimuli could continually be re-assessed for the assessment of hedonic response of consumers in the various products. Rank-Rating may possibly give a better discrimination than more traditional scaling, depending on the number of attributes which varied. The results of the study also recommend the use of R-index analyses of ranked hedonic data in the analyses rather than ANOVA with multiple comparisons. [source] Electrochemical Reduction of 4,4,-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)- bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) and 4,4,-(2,2-Dichloroethane-1,1-diyl)- bis(chlorobenzene) (DDD) at Carbon Cathodes in DimethylformamideELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 4 2006Mohammad Abstract In dimethylformamide containing tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, cyclic voltammograms for reduction of 4,4,-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) at a glassy carbon cathode exhibit five waves, whereas three waves are observed for the reduction of 4,4,-(2,2-dichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDD). Bulk electrolyses of DDT and DDD afford 4,4,-(ethene-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDNU) as principal product (67,94%), together with 4,4,-(2-chloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDMU), 1-chloro-4-styrylbenzene, and traces of both 1,1-diphenylethane and 4,4,-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDO). For electrolyses of DDT and DDD, the coulometric n values are essentially 4 and 2, respectively. When DDT is reduced in the presence of a large excess of D2O, the resulting DDNU and DDMU are almost fully deuterated, indicating that reductive cleavage of the carbon,chlorine bonds of DDT is a two-electron process that involves carbanion intermediates. A mechanistic scheme is proposed to account for the formation of the various products. [source] Maximizing help for dissonant smokersADDICTION, Issue 1s1 2000Michael Kunze 'Consonant' smokers know and accept the risks associated with tobacco consumption, and do not wish to change their smoking, whereas 'dissonant' smokers are tobacco consumers whose attitudes differ from their behaviour. Dissonant smokers have several options: to quit smoking (the optimal solution), reduce their smoking, switch products or brands, or do nothing. To date, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is the best-established medical aid to smoking cessation, but several important factors impact on NRT use. As smokers constitute a diverse group there is a need for various different formulations, some of which will suit certain smokers better than others. Smokers should be allowed to select their preferred products in order to increase compliance, and should also be permitted to combine various products if desired. Adequate dosage regimens should be stressed in order to avoid under-dosing, which is common with NRT. It is also essential that the medical system focuses increasingly on the diagnosis and treatment of those smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking. High nicotine dependence correlates with a high risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease; because these smokers cannot quit, cessation efforts have little impact on the incidence of tobacco-related diseases in this population. Additional smoking control interventions, such as smoking reduction therapy, are therefore required to treat this group. Our experience in Vienna shows that these smokers can be targeted through approaches that utilize new messages offering alternatives to cessation. [source] Processing of Transparent Conducting Coatings Made With Redispersible Crystalline NanoparticlesADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 9 2004J. Puetz The present paper describes recent developments in the employment of ITO (In2O3:Sn) nanoparticles for the preparation of transparent conducting coatings and discusses capabilities and limits of this approach, especially for applications in display and smart window technology. Meanwhile, redispersible nanoparticles of ITO, which shows the best electrical properties among the transparent coating oxides (TCOs), can be produced reproducibly on an industrial scale and various products are on the market. [source] IT for niche companies: is an ERP system the solution?INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Kai A Olsen Abstract., Niche companies are per definition idiosyncratic. They survive in a competitive world by mastering a small market niche, providing what their customers need. This often requires a flexible organization, and the ability to customize products. To be more efficient, many of these companies rely on extensive use of IT, often by installing general Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. These systems have grown from isolated systems that handle planning based on incoming orders and the component structure of the various products, to systems with ambitions to embrace the total functioning of the company including vendor and customer relation management. In this paper, we present four case studies. One company is a part of a large enterprise, but performs niche functions within this enterprise. The other three are small- or medium-sized enterprises. Each of these performs in small niche markets. Common to all is the fact that they encounter problems with the utilization of their ERP systems. The major problem seems to be that the ERP system has an inherent business model that may not conform to the needs of the company. Without a good understanding of the underlying models and the constraints under which the fundamental algorithms operate, it is difficult to use these systems correctly. Even excellent systems may give bad results if they are applied to situations where they are not suited. Further, the monolithic structure of an ERP system, with a rather complicated parameter setting, is often insufficient to mould the system to the needs of a niche company. We discuss these problems based on our four case studies, and offer alternative approaches that may be considered. [source] Freezing time calculations for various productsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 12 2003Esmail M. A. Mokheimer Abstract This article presents a numerical simulation that estimates the freezing time for different products. In this regard, the freezing process is mathematically modelled by transient heat conduction equations that incorporate the physical properties of the three distinct regions that exist during a freezing process. These regions are namely, the solid phase region, the liquid phase region and the interface region. This model is experimentally validated and used to estimate the freezing time for three different food products, which are namely, fish balls, cherry juice and peas balls. The freezing times estimated numerically through the present model agree well with those reported in the literature and are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Oxidative damage to DNA and lipids: correlation with protein glycation in patients with type 1 diabetesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2010Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi Abstract Diabetic hyperglycemia is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS reacts with DNA resulting in various products, such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), that excrete in urine owing to DNA repair processes. Urinary 8-OHdG has been proposed as an indicator of oxidative damage to DNA. This study aimed to evaluate relationship between oxidative damage to DNA and protein glycation in patients with Type 1 diabetes. We measured urinary 8-OHdG level in diabetic patients and healthy subjects and discussed its relationship to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated serum protein (GSP) levels. Furthermore plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level monitored as an important indicator of lipid peroxidation in diabetes. We studied 32 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and compared the measured factors with those of 48 age-matched nondiabetic controls. GSP and MDA were measured bycolorimetric assay. Urinary 8-OHdG measurement was carried out using ELISA. In this study urinary 8-OHdG, HbA1c, plasma MDA, and GSP levels were progressively higher in diabetics than in control subjects (P<0.05). Furthermore we found significant correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and HbA1c (P<0.05) in diabetic group. Correlation between fasting blood sugar and GSP were significant. We also found significant correlation between fasting blood sugar and MDA. This case,control study in young diabetic patients showed increased blood glucose and related metabolic disorders result in oxidative stress and oxidative damage to DNA and lipids. Furthermore oxidative damage to DNA is associated to glycemic control level, whereas lipid peroxidation level was not significantly correlated with glycemic control level. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:72,76, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Formula Optimization of a Low-fat Food System Containing Whey Protein Isolate- Xanthan Gum Complexes as Fat ReplacerJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2005Sandra I. Laneuville ABSTRACT Whey protein isolate-xanthan gum complexes (WPXC) have the potential to significantly reduce fat use in various products. However, their stability and functionality have not been extensively studied, particularly in neutral pH products. The objective of this study was to evaluate WPXC as a fat replacer in cake frostings and sandwich cookie fillings with reduced-fat content (160 or 80 g/kg fat). Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of WPXC on the viscosity and textural response attributes of samples and to optimize the low-fat formulations. It was found that WPXC had a positive effect (P > 0.001), providing acceptable viscosity and texture attributes to the low-fat samples. A significant moisture-WPXC interaction (P > 0.001) revealed that the optimum moisture-WPXC ratio varied, depending on the targeted texture. This ratio was about 8:1 for cake frostings and about 5:1 for sandwich cookie fillings. Optimal formulations were found, and samples meeting the desirability specifications presented textural and melting profiles similar to those of the control products. However, for the production of sandwich cookie fillings, the use of other ingredients (for example humectants and emulsifiers) must be considered to maintain a low water activity (Aw) and prevent moisture migration to the cookie shell. [source] Synthesis of some novel 3,7-dimethyl-4H -pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-onesJOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2001Ahmed A. El-Barbary Some novel 3,7-dimethyl-6H -pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-ones were prepared (3a-g). Compounds 3a,b were treated with hydrazines to afford various products 7a,b, 8a,b, 9 and lla,b depending on the type of hydrazine derivative and reaction conditions. The benzoyloxyimino-pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines (13a,b) were synthesized by refluxing of compounds 3a,b with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to afford the corresponding oxime derivatives followed by treatment with benzoyl chloride. [source] PAIRED PREFERENCE TESTS: "50:50" AND "ALTERNATING" NO PREFERENCESJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2008HAYDE ALFARO-RODRÍGUEZ ABSTRACT Because the concept of "No Preference" is ambiguous, two types of "No Preference" are defined: a "50:50" No Preference, defined operationally as consumers presented with both products having a 50% chance of choosing either, and an "Alternating" No Preference, where the probability is not 50%. The consumer would be more likely to choose one of the products. However, later, he or she might choose the other product. To investigate this, paired preference tests were performed with and without the "No Preference" option for various products. No discernible trend was noted for consumers who had chosen the "No Preference" option and distributed their votes among the preference options. These consumers and those who changed their preferences were classified according to the "50:50" No Preference and "Alternating" No Preference dichotomy accordingly. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Besides the tendency of consumers to report false preferences, paired preference tests have another problem: the concept of "No Preference" is ambiguous. It could mean that consumers liked both products equally and so would always have a 50% chance of choosing either. It could also mean that the probability is not 50% on any one occasion but varies so that one product is chosen on one occasion and the other product on another occasion. To avoid confusing the consumer so as to obtain more valid data, it is important to specify these two meanings of "No Preference." This study is a first step in that direction and should help consumers understand better the instructions for preference tests. [source] HIDDEN AND FALSE "PREFERENCES" ON THE STRUCTURED 9-POINT HEDONIC SCALEJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2008XADENI VILLEGAS-RUIZ ABSTRACT An unspecified number of consumers who used a 9-point hedonic scale were frustrated because they could not express preferences for products with the same ratings. Accordingly, consumers were required to rate samples of yogurt on a 9-point structured hedonic scale. Consumers were able to express preference judgments because the testing was performed one-on-one with the experimenter. Thus, it was possible to determine the proportion of consumers who had given the same hedonic response to yogurts but still had preferences for one or other of the stimuli. Further testing, which included a pair of identical yogurts among the stimuli, allowed the proportion of preference and no preference responses elicited by identical stimuli to be determined in this context. Such data are useful as a control condition in preference testing, to assess the proportion of false preferences induced by the experimental conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Consumer liking for various products is typically measured using the 9-point structured hedonic scale. Sometimes, consumers will give the same score to two products yet prefer one to the other. Such preferences are not recorded if the consumer is isolated from the experimenter and has no means of reporting them. However, the situation is easily rectified if the experimenter interacts one-on-one with the consumer. Sometimes, false preferences can be obtained from a hedonic scale. This tendency can be monitored by including identical stimuli in the measurements. The present study investigated the extent of such problems so that methods could be devised to address the problem. [source] A COMPARISON OF THE DISCRIMINATING POWER OF ANOVA AND R-INDEX ANALYSES OF HEDONIC DATA FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLSJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 3 2007HAENA PARK ABSTRACT Consumers rated a set of toothpastes and a set of orange-flavored beverages on a 9-point hedonic scale, using two experimental protocols: Rank-Rating where stimuli could continually be reassessed and a more traditional approach where they could not. A 21-point hedonic scale was also used in the Rank-Rating condition. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way using ANOVA with multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R-index analysis. Regarding the numbers of significant differences recorded, the two analyses were comparable, with a very slight and nonsignificant advantage for the ANOVA analysis. Unlike with intensity scaling, the difference between Rank-Rating and "traditional" scaling was slight but not for all products. The same was true for scale length effects. Differences among the products suggested effects due to the number of attributes that varied. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The key finding in this study is the use of Rank-Rating where stimuli could continually be re-assessed for the assessment of hedonic response of consumers in the various products. Rank-Rating may possibly give a better discrimination than more traditional scaling, depending on the number of attributes which varied. The results of the study also recommend the use of R-index analyses of ranked hedonic data in the analyses rather than ANOVA with multiple comparisons. [source] Supplier Assistance Within Supplier Development InitiativesJOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2004Steven C. Dunn SUMMARY Supplier development involves taking those initiatives necessary to change the performance of supplier firms. This paper develops a conceptual model that captures the salient issues from an internal or purchaser's standpoint, as well as from an external or seller's standpoint. The model assists purchasers in pinpointing improvement initiatives that provide the best returns. Moreover, it illustrates that different purchasing firms perceive supplier value differently because of the relative amount of competition in a respective supply market and because of the value offered by various products within the purchasing firm's business. Case studies were conducted to highlight methods of strategically enhancing the supplier/customer relationship to develop exemplary supply chains. Results indicated ineffective measurement criteria as a key impediment to supplier development. Additionally, results indicated that many purchasers are in transition regarding embracing bold and substantive supplier development initiatives. [source] MECHANICAL,ACOUSTIC AND SENSORY EVALUATIONS OF CORNSTARCH,WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE EXTRUDATESJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 4 2007E.M. CHENG ABSTRACT The mechanism relating sensory perception of brittle food foams to their mechanical and acoustic properties during crushing was investigated. Cornstarch was extruded with four levels of whey protein isolate (0, 6, 12 and 18%) and two levels of in-barrel moisture (23 and 27%). Hardness, fracturability and roughness of mass were three main sensory attributes that varied substantially between products. High correlations (r = 0.841,0.998) were observed between sensory attributes and instrumentally determined mechanical properties, including crushing force (11.2,57.9 N) and crispness work (4.6,75.8 N·mm). Based on acoustic data obtained during instrumental crushing, time-domain signal processing and a novel voice recognition technique utilizing frequency spectrograms were successfully employed for understanding the differences in the sensory properties of various products. Microstructure features, including average cell diameter (1.00,2.94 mm), average wall thickness (0.04,0.27 mm) and cell number density (7,193 cell/cm3), were characterized noninvasively using X-ray microtomography, and proved to be critical in relating sensory perception of the cellular extrudates to their mechanical,acoustic signatures. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The sensory perception of crispy and crunchy food products is primarily a function of their mechanical response and emission of sounds during fracture. The current study was focused on understanding these relationships in the context of brittle extruded foods. The mechanical,acoustic techniques outlined in this study have the potential of reducing the time, costs and subjectivity involved in evaluation of new foods by human panels, and can be a useful tool in the overall product development cycle. These techniques need not be limited only to food systems, as properties of any rigid, fracturable material can be characterized based on its mechanical,acoustic signature. [source] Substitutes and alternatives to platelet transfusions in thrombocytopenic patientsJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003M. A. Blajchman Summary., Over the past decade, there have been many improvements in both the safety profile and quality of liquid-stored allogeneic platelet concentrates. However, significant problems with the clinical use of such products remain. Efforts to overcome some of these have resulted in the development of an array of novel therapeutic strategies for the manufacture of platelet products and platelet substitutes, as well as other approaches using alternatives to platelet concentrates. These various products or procedures are at various stages of clinical development. This review summarizes some recent advancements in the preparation of liquid and frozen stored platelets, as well as approaches used for the pathogen inactivation of platelets. Thus, the status of lyophilized platelets, infusible platelet membranes, red blood cells (RBCs) bearing RGD ligands, fibrinogen-coated albumin microcapsules, and liposome-based agents are discussed. Pre-clinical studies and phase 1,3 clinical trials have been encouraging for several of these; however, to date, very few have been licensed for clinical use. Potential alternatives to allogeneic platelet transfusions including correction of anemia by RBC transfusions, recombinant activated factor VII and HLA-reduced platelets are also reviewed. With the ongoing technical and scientific development of such diverse products, those properties that may be necessary for such agents to have hemostatic efficacy will become apparent. However, safety and efficacy must be demonstrable in preclinical studies and clinical trials, before novel platelet concentrates, platelet substitutes and alternatives to platelets can be used in patients with thrombocytopenia. [source] Different amounts of isoflavones in various commercially available soy extracts in the light of gene expression-targeted isoflavone therapyPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue S1 2010Ewa Piotrowska Abstract Isoflavones are plant-derived, biologically active compounds that are commonly used as natural drugs or diet supplements in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and as antioxidants. Recently, it was proposed that genistein (4,,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) may be used in the treatment of patients suffering from Sanfilippo disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type III), a severe genetic disorder for which no therapy is available. A pilot clinical study with this novel therapy, called ,gene expression-targeted isoflavone therapy' (GET IT), indicated that a standardized, genistin-rich soy isoflavone extract is effective in the treatment of such patients. Since various isoflavone-containing products are commercially available, the content of the main isoflavones were measured in such products. Extremely different amounts of isoflavones were determined in various products, from 0.13 to 39 mg per tablet. Only some of these products were found to be effective in inhibition of the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (compounds whose degradation is severely impaired in mucopolysaccharidoses, including Sanfilippo disease) in cultured fibroblasts. Since in GET IT the dose of genistein is calculated per patient's body weight, the amount of this isoflavone in a tablet is crucial for this therapy. Therefore, the results presented in this report indicate that a careful choice of a proper isoflavone extract is necessary for GET IT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Efficient palladium,ferrocenylphosphine catalytic systems for allylic amination of monoterpene derivativesAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2006Duc Hanh Nguyen Abstract Ferrocenylphosphines added to [Pd(µ-Cl)(,3 -C3H5)]2 dimeric precursor produce efficient catalysts to effect the allylic amination of terpenic allylacetates. Particularly convenient are tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 1,1,-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, which allow the amination of allylacetates with good to excellent selectivity, and have turnover numbers as high as 80 000, for instance, for the formation of allylaniline. Herein, we report on reactions that selectively transform geranylacetate, nerylacetate, linalylacetate and perillylacetate into the corresponding allylic amines. These preparative methods give facile access to various products of great potential industrial interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||