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Various Nutrients (various + nutrient)
Selected AbstractsEffects of supplemental L-methionine on E-64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-1-leucyl-amido (4-guanido) butane]-induced dysmorphology in rat embryos cultured in vitroCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 4 2003Kouichi Yoshidome ABSTRACT E-64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-1-leucylamido (4-guanido) butane] is teratogenic, inducing a spectrum of malformations in vivo and producing similar effects in vitro. Numerous studies support the concept that E-64-induced malformations result from embryonic nutritional deficiency, without affecting the maternal nutritional status. This has provided a useful model with which to investigate the nutritional requirements of the early embryo, as well as the role of various nutrients in the etiology of congenital defects. In the current investigation, we examined effects of L-methionine on E-64-induced embryotoxicity in vitro. For these experiments, we cultured rat embryos 9.5 days postconception (p.c.) for 48 hours with E-64 and/or L-methionine. We found that the addition of L-methionine to E-64-exposed cultures reduced optic abnormality and increased embryo protein. These results suggest that embryopathy largely results from a deficiency of L-methionine although E-64 limits the supply of all amino acids to the embryo. Furthermore, although endocytosis and degradation of proteins by the visceral yolk sac (VYS) supply most amino acids to the embryo, free amino acids may be compensatory when this source is reduced. These results support those of previous investigations that suggest L-methionine is a limiting nutrient for embryonic development. [source] Chromosome instability in Candida albicansFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 1 2007Elena Rustchenko Abstract Candida albicans maintains genetic diversity by random chromosome alterations, and this diversity allows utilization of various nutrients. Although the alterations seem to occur spontaneously, their frequencies clearly depend on environmental factors. In addition, this microorganism survives in adverse environments, which cause lethality or inhibit growth, by altering specific chromosomes. A reversible loss or gain of one homolog of a specific chromosome in this diploid organism was found to be a prevalent means of adaptation. We found that loss of an entire chromosome is required because it carries multiple functionally redundant negative regulatory genes. The unusual mode of gene regulation in Candida albicans implies that genes in this organism are distributed nonrandomly over chromosomes. [source] Dairy and milk consumption and child growth: Is BMI involved?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010An analysis of NHANES 199 Humans are unique among mammals in that many consume cow's milk or other dairy products well beyond the traditional age of weaning. Milk provides various nutrients and bioactive molecules to support growth and development, and the question arises as to whether this dietary behavior influences growth parameters. There is evidence that milk makes positive contributions to growth in height, but its associations with other aspects of body size, such as body mass index (BMI), are not well-established. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2004 and multivariate regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis that milk (g) or total dairy product consumption (kJ) is associated with higher BMI percentile among US White, Black, and Mexican-American children of age 2,4 years (n = 1,493) and 5,10 years (n = 2,526). Younger children in the highest quartile of dairy intake had higher BMIs (, = 7.5,8.0; P < 0.01) than those in the lowest two quartiles. Controlling for energy intake eliminated differences between QIV and QI. Among children of 5,10 years of age dairy intake had no relationship to BMI. Young children in the highest quartile of milk intake had higher BMIs than all lower quartiles (, = 7.1,12.8; , = 6.3,11.8 in energy-controlled models; P < 0.05). Among children of 5,10 years of age, those in QIV for milk intake had higher BMIs than those in QII (, = 8.3; , = 7.1 in energy-controlled model; P < 0.01). Controlling for total protein or calcium did not change the results. Milk had more consistent positive associations with BMI than did dairy products, and these were strongest among children of 2,4 years of age. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Diet and prostate cancer risk with specific focus on dairy products and dietary calcium: A case,control studyTHE PROSTATE, Issue 10 2010Sara Raimondi Abstract BACKGROUND Despite the prevalence of prostate cancer worldwide, only a few risk factors have been well-established. The role of diet, especially of dairy products, in the etiology of prostate cancer is still controversial. METHODS This study assessed the association of dietary components, particularly dairy products and dietary calcium, on prostate cancer risk in a case,control study of 197 cases and an equal number of individually matched controls recruited in Montreal, Canada. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered in which the usual consumption frequency and amounts consumed of more than 200 food items were recorded. RESULTS We found a twofold increased risk of prostate cancer associated with an increased intake of dairy products {Odds Ratio (OR),=,2.19; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.22,3.94}. A significant trend of decreasing prostate cancer risk with higher intake was found for legumes, nuts, finfish/shellfish and for ,-tocopherol after adjustment for calcium intake. Milk was the only dairy product significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, with OR,=,2.27; 95% CI (1.25,4.09) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of consumption. Calcium, the main micronutrient contained in dairy products, showed only a borderline association with prostate cancer risk (P,=,0.09), with slightly higher risk for higher calcium intake. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis that dairy products, especially milk, are involved in the etiology of prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms by which the various nutrients in dairy products and total diet may interact to influence this risk remain unknown. Prostate 70: 1054,1065, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Serum zinc in small children with coeliac diseaseACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2 2009Lotta Högberg Abstract In coeliac disease (CD) there is a gluten-induced small bowel enteropathy leading to malabsorption of various nutrients, vitamins and trace elements. Low levels of serum zinc have been reported in adults with untreated CD. In the present study we related the serum concentration of zinc to the morphology of the small bowel mucosa in 58 children, all under 4 years of age and under investigation for coeliac disease. The mean serum concentration of zinc (mean ± SD; ,mol/L) was significantly lower in children with untreated CD (9.7 ± 2.0) (n = 11) compared to non-coeliac children without enteropathy (15.1 ± 2.3) (n = 16) (p < 0.001), coeliac children on a gluten-free diet without enteropathy (14.2 ± 1.6) (n = 14) (p < 0.001), coeliac children on gluten challenge with enteropathy (14.1 ± 2.1) (n = 12) (p < 0.001) and coeliac children on gluten challenge without enteropathy (13.8 ± 1.9) (n = 6) (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Serum zinc concentration is decreased in untreated coeliac children with enteropathy and normalizes on gluten-free diet. A low serum zinc value in a child being investigated for possible CD on clinical grounds can thus be used as a complementary marker for enteropathy indicating further investigation with small bowel biopsy. The hypothetical role of zinc in the pathogenesis of CD is discussed. [source] Aspects of Infant Food FormulationCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 4 2007D.K. Thompkinson ABSTRACT:, Milk is a biological fluid of exceptional complexity. It contains the nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. The compositional structure of milk is, however, dependent on the species and tailored to sustain growth and development of its own offspring. Human milk contains specific proteins, lipids, and other components designed to be easily digestible and which have important roles to play in child development. Human infants should ideally be nursed on mother's milk, which constitutes nature's best food. However, in the event of lactation failure, insufficient milk secretion, and where mothers are suffering from transmittable diseases, human milk substitutes serve as savers of precious life during vulnerable stages of infancy. Bovine milk as such or with certain modifications has been widely used for infant feeding. There has been an ever-increasing reliance on formula feeding practices both in developed and developing countries. Bovine milk based dried formulations have become a prominent feature of infantile dietetics. Emphasis has been laid on the manufacture of formulations having compositional and biochemical characteristics similar to human milk. The technological advancement for the production of infant formula has come a long way in the manufacture of a variety of infant formulae for the dietary management of infants. This is a comprehensive review providing insight on the detailed compositional differences of various nutrients present in human milk as compared to bovine milk, their makeup, significance, and recommended levels of intake that are best suited for the growth and development of infants fed on modified/prepared infant formulations. [source] | |||||||||||||