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Various Diets (various + diet)
Selected AbstractsImpact of microcystin containing diets on physiological performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) concerning stress and growth,ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010Andrea Ziková Abstract Diets containing Microcystis with considerable amounts of the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were fed to determine their impact on the physiological performance of the omnivorous Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with regard to stress and growth performance. Four different diets were prepared based on a commercial diet (control, MC-5% [containing 5% dried Microcystis biomass], MC-20% [containing 20% dried Microcystis biomass], and Arthrospira-20% [containing 20% dried Arthrospira sp. biomass without toxin]) and fed to female Nile tilapia. Blood and tissue samples were taken after 1, 7, and 28 d, and MC-LR was quantified in gills, muscle, and liver by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Only in the liver were moderate concentrations of MC-LR detected. The stress hormone cortisol and glucose were analyzed from plasma, suggesting that all modified diets caused only minor to moderate stress, which was confirmed by analyses of hepatic glycogen. In addition, the effects of the different diets on growth performance were investigated by determining gene expression of hypophyseal growth hormone (GH) and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). For all diets, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) demonstrated no significant effect on gene expression of the major endocrine hormones of the growth axis, whereas classical growth data, including growth and feed conversion ratio, displayed slight inhibitory effects of all modified diets independent of their MC-LR content. However, no significant change was found in condition or hepatosomatic index among the various diets, so it seems feasible that dried cyanobacterial biomass might be even used as a component in fish diet for Nile tilapia, which requires further research in more detail. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:561,568. © 2009 SETAC [source] Influence of different sugars on the longevity of Bathyplectes curculionis (Hym., Ichneumonidae)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2004H. Spafford Jacob Abstract:, Floral nectars, homopteran honeydews and honey are known to increase parasitoid longevity. However, these foods are composed of several sugars which may differentially affect longevity. We tested the effects of individual sugars and mixtures on the longevity of Bathyplectes curculionis Thomson (Hym., Ichenumonidae), a natural enemy of the alfalfa weevil. There was a significant difference in the longevity of female wasps on the various diets. Glucose or fructose alone appeared to have the most benefits while trehalose and melezitose were not as useful for increasing wasp longevity. Suitability of these sugars for provisioning food for parasitoids in the field is discussed. [source] Growth, fat content and fatty acid profile of South American catfish, surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles fed live, commercial and formulated dietsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 1 2009M. Arslan Summary South American catfish, barred surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles (117.6 ± 11.8 mg individual weight; 28.3 ± 2.5 mm total length) were fed various diets: one live (Tubifex worms), two commercial (Aglo Norse and Bio Kyowa), and one semi-purified formulated diet (75% peptide based protein) over a 2-week period. Fish fed the Aglo Norse diet showed the highest growth performance, but cannibalism also was very high (42%). Fish fed peptide based formulated diet demonstrated the lowest growth rate, with no cannibalism. The highest survival was achieved with fish fed Tubifex worms (100%). Lipid level in the whole body of the fish fed four different experimental diets did not differ significantly, averaging 3.6 ± 0.7%. Fatty acid composition of neutral and phospholipid fractions of whole body lipids of fish reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The high level of 20:4n -6 in Tubifex worms resulted in a high level of this fatty acid in the tissue of fish fed this diet. It remains uncertain how high survival and no cannibalism is related to dietary lipids/fatty acids. In all cases, the increasing ratio of n -3 HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids)/n -6 HUFA in phospholipid fractions suggested the elongation and desaturation of 18:3n -3 to 22:6n -3 via 20:5n -3. Moreover, in respect to the 20:4n -6 levels in the diets, an increase in the concentration of this fatty acid in phospholipid fraction suggests that South American catfish can transform linoleate into arachidonate. [source] Effects of the Prebiotics GroBiotic® -A and Inulin on the Intestinal Microbiota of Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatusJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2009Gary Burr Two separate feeding trials examined the effects of dietary supplementation of the prebiotics GroBiotic® -A and inulin on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract microbiota of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. In the first feeding trial, fish meal-based diets without prebiotics or supplemented with either GroBiotic® -A or inulin at 1% of dry weight were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial weight of 2.6 g) in 110-L aquaria operated as a brackish water (7 ppt) recirculating system for 8 wk. In the second feeding trial, soybean meal/fish meal-based diets supplemented with either GroBiotic® -A or inulin at 1% of dry weight were fed to triplicate groups of red drum (initial weight of 15.8 g) in 110-L aquaria operated as either a common recirculating water system or closed system with individual biofilters (independent aquaria) for 6 wk. Supplementation of the prebiotics in either feeding trial did not alter weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, or protein efficiency ratio of red drum fed the various diets. In the second feeding trial, the culture system significantly affected weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio although there were no effects of dietary treatments on fish performance or whole-body protein, lipid, moisture, or ash. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbial community showed no effect of the dietary prebiotics as the microbial community appeared to be dominated by a single organism with very low diversity when compared with other livestock and fish species. DGGE of the microbial community in the biofilters of the independent aquariums showed a diverse microbial community that was not affected by the dietary prebiotics. [source] Impact of diet and adiposity on circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and androgensNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 9 2008Anne-Sophie Morisset This review summarizes studies on the effect of various diets on circulating androgen levels and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Reduced caloric intake leading to significant weight loss increases SHBG levels regardless of diet composition, particularly in women. Cross-sectional studies show that dietary composition is generally not associated with SHBG levels independent of obesity level. No clear conclusion can be reached regarding the effect of various eating habits or dietary composition on circulating androgens. The evidence indicates that dietary effects on circulating SHBG, and possibly androgens, can be expected if body weight or fatness and/or insulin homeostasis are modulated. [source] Effects of castration on insulin levels and glucose tolerance in the mouse differ from those in manTHE PROSTATE, Issue 15 2010Takamitsu Inoue Abstract BACKGROUND Plasma insulin concentration is increased in prostate cancer patients during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and hyperinsulinemia has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer behavior. To investigate the possible role of castration-induced hyperinsulinemia as a mechanism that may attenuate the beneficial effects of ADT in patients with prostate cancer, a murine model would be useful. We therefore investigated long-term metabolic effects of castration in several mouse models. METHODS We studied the long-term influence of castration on energy intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, plasma-insulin, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), plasma adiponectin, and plasma leptin in C57BL/6, Swiss nu/nu, and CB17 scid mice receiving various diets. In each case, mice were randomized to have either bilateral orchiectomy or a sham operation. RESULTS Energy intake, body weight, blood glucose levels in glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, plasma IGF-1, and plasma leptin level in all had a trend to be decreased in castrated as compared to sham operated mice. Plasma adiponectin level was increased in the castrated mice. CONCLUSIONS The effects of castration on glucose, insulin, and related markers in several mouse models studied does not coincide with clinical observations; further studies in this area will require clinical research and/or the use of alternate models such as the dog. Prostate 70: 1628,1635, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Histomorphology of the Proventriculus of three Species of Australian Passerines: Lichmera indistincta, Zosterops lateralis and Poephila guttataANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2009Y. O. Ogunkoya Summary Histomorphology of the proventriculi of nectarivorous, granivorous and omnivorous passerines was studied. The proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscularis and serosal layers. Proventricular wall was thickest in omnivore, thinnest in granivore and intermediate in nectarivore. The openings of mucosal glands had a single spiral-like fold of mucosa in the omnivorous Silvereye, 2,3 spirals in the granivorous Zebra finch and 4,5 spirals in the nectarivorous Brown honeyeater. The mucosal glands were arranged in a uniform row in the wall of the organ and opened individually via a primary duct to the lumen of the proventriculus. The surface epithelial cells of the tunica mucosa contained secretory cells and the proventricular glands contained endocrine, neck and oxynticopeptic cells. The ultrastructural features of the oxynticopeptic cells changed from the oral to the aboral portion of the gland. In the oral region, the cytoplasm presented numerous, smaller (600,900 nm) homogenously dense zymogen secretory vesicles and larger (0.8,2.3 ,m) pale floccular, tubular, mucin-like secretory granules, few small mitochondria and RER while in the aboral portion of the gland, the cytoplasm presented numerous, large mitochondria with closely packed cristae, secondary lysosome and infolding of the basal and apical cell membrane. The tunica sub mucosa was thin with occasional large blood vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers. The external tunica serosa contained large bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that were possibly branches of the intestinal nerve. The structural adaptations of the proventriculi of these three species to their various diets are discussed. [source] Nutritional regulation of intestine morphology in larval cyprinid fish, silver bream (Vimba vimba)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2008Teresa Ostaszewska Abstract The present study includes the evaluation of morphological changes in the digestive tract of larval, stomachless fish silver bream (Vimba vimba) fed with various diets , live Artemia nauplii, commercial feed Aglo Norse (NOR) and semi-purified formulated diets: casein,gelatin (CG), dipeptide-protein (50P), dipeptide (100P), no-arginine dipeptide diet (100Pw/oArg) and a free amino acid (FAA) mixture diet. The supranuclear area of enterocytes in the posterior intestine contained enlarged absorptive vacuoles in the FAA, 100P and 100Pw/oArg groups, compared with the remaining groups. Hepatocytes' cytoplasm in fish fed with FAA, 100P and 100Pw/oArg contained mainly glycogen, and no lipid vacuoles were found. Fish fed with 100Pw/oArg showed the lowest hepatocyte surface areas while in those fed with 50P, the largest nuclei diameters were observed. Fish fed with Artemia, NOR and CG diets showed significantly (P<0.05) higher number of proliferating cells compared with the remaining groups. Chromogranin A staining showed endocrine-immunoreactive cells (CgA-IR) in the taste buds in the oral cavity and in the enterocytes' supranuclear areas of the anterior and posterior intestine. We conclude that the growth rate and histological examination of the digestive tract in the 50P group of silver bream showed no nutritional deficiency. [source] Characterization of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval midgut protease complement and adaptation to feeding on artificial diet, Brassica species, and protease inhibitor,ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2010Martin A. Erlandson Abstract The midgut protease profiles from 5th instar Mamestra configurata larvae fed various diets (standard artificial diet, low protein diet, low protein diet with soybean trypsin inhibitor [SBTI], or Brassica napus) were characterized by one-dimensional enzymography in gelatin gels. The gut protease profile of larvae fed B. napus possessed protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 33 and 55,kDa, which were not present in the guts of larvae fed artificial diet. Similarly, larvae fed artificial diet had protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 21, 30, and 100,kDa that were absent in larvae fed B. napus. Protease profiles changed within 12 to 24,h after switching larvae from artificial diet to plant diet and vice versa. The gut protease profiles from larvae fed various other brassicaceous species and lines having different secondary metabolite profiles did not differ despite significant differences in larval growth rates on the different host plants. Genes encoding putative digestive proteolytic enzymes, including four carboxypeptidases, five aminopeptidases, and 48 serine proteases, were identified in cDNA libraries from 4th instar M. configurata midgut tissue. Many of the protease-encoding genes were expressed at similar levels on all diets; however, three chymoptrypsin-like genes (McSP23, McSP27, and McSP37) were expressed at much higher levels on standard artificial diet and diet containing SBTI as was the trypsin-like gene McSP34. The expression of the trypsin-like gene McSP50 was highest on B. napus. The adaptation of M. configurata digestive biochemistry to different diets is discussed in the context of the flexibility of polyphagous insects to changing diet sources. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||