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Medical Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Barriers to kidney transplants in Indonesia: a literature review

INTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 1 2009
P.N. Bennett rn
Background:, People living with chronic kidney disease will require renal dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life. Although Indonesia has a developing healthcare industry, Indonesia's kidney transplant rates are lower than comparable nations. Purpose:, To explore the healthcare literature to identify barriers to kidney transplants in particular in relation to Indonesia. Methods:, Healthcare databases were searched (CINAHL, Medline, EBSCOhostEJS, Blackwell Synergy, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and Proquest 5000) using the search terms: transplant, kidney disease, renal, dialysis, haemodialysis, Indonesia and nursing. The search was limited to English and Indonesian language data sources from 1997 to 2007. Reference lists of salient academic articles were hand searched. Results:, The results of our search identified six articles that met our criteria. Costs are the major barrier to kidney transplant in Indonesia, followed by cultural beliefs, perception of the law, lack of information and lack of infrastructure. In addition, kidney disease prevention strategies are required. Conclusions:, There are many complex socio-economic, geographical, legal, cultural and religious factors that contribute to low kidney transplant rates in Indonesia. Although an increase in transplantation rates will require strategies from various agencies, healthcare professionals, including nurses, can play a role in overcoming some barriers. Community education programmes, improving their own education levels and by increasing empowerment in nursing we may contribute to improved kidney transplant rates in Indonesia. [source]

REACH: impact on the US cosmetics industry?

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
Anne Pouillot MS
Summary The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a recent European regulation on chemical substances meant to protect human health and the environment. REACH imposes the "precautionary principle" where additional data and definitive action are required when uncertainty is identified. The cosmetics industry is only partially concerned by REACH: while the stages of registration and evaluation apply to cosmetics, those of authorization and restriction most likely will not, as cosmetic ingredients are already subject to regulation by various agencies and directives. REACH has potential benefits to the industry including the possibility of reassuring consumers and improving their image of chemicals and cosmetics. However, REACH also has potential disadvantages, mainly with regard to impeding innovation. The American cosmetics industry will be affected by REACH, because all US manufacturers who export substances to Europe will have to fully comply with REACH. [source]

Microbial status in seawater and coastal sediments during pre- and post-tsunami periods in the Bay of Bengal, India

MARINE ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2006
Subramani Ramesh
Abstract Tsunami, the natural disaster, which occurred on December 26, 2004 in the Indian Ocean, caused severe damage to mankind in the coastal areas. Total loss of life and economic loss because of this disaster have been estimated by various agencies but its effect on microbial density has not been probed. With our previous results on microbial populations in four locations of the Chennai coast of the Bay of Bengal, India in the pre-tsunami period, the change in microbial populations was studied after the tsunami at regular intervals in the same locations. Coastal sediment and seawater samples were collected from four different locations after 5,10 h and thereafter at intervals of every 7 days up to 28 days post-tsunami. Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were isolated from the marine samples by serial dilution on respective media. Before the tsunami, the bacterial population was higher in seawater samples than the sediments, whereas fungi and actinomycetes were recorded only in the sediments. The microbial population remarkably increased 5,10 h post-tsunami in all the marine samples irrespective of the location. However, it slowly declined in the subsequent days and became similar to that of the population recorded before the tsunami. The population of gram-positive bacteria increased whereas the gram-negative bacterial population decreased after the tsunami. Further, populations of pathogenic bacteria such as coliform and vibrios did not increase after the tsunami. It has been observed that the increase in populations of bacteria and actinomycetes even after 28 days of tsunami may be due to the introduction of foreign microorganisms that developed the ability to survive in the extreme environment by exhibiting special characteristics such as pigmentation and production of exopolysaccharides. [source]

Spatial Yield Risk Across Region, Crop and Aggregation Method

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2-3 2005
Michael Popp
A researcher interested in crop yield risk analysis often has to contend with a lack of field- or farm-level data. While spatially aggregated yield data are often readily available from various agencies, aggregation distortions for farm-level analysis may exist. This paper addresses how much aggregation distortion might be expected and whether findings are robust across wheat, canola and flax grown in two central Canadian production regions, differing mainly by rainfall, frost-free growing days and soil type. Using Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation data from 1980 to 1990, this research, regardless of crop or region analyzed, indicates that (i) spatial patterns in risk are absent; (ii) use of aggregate data overwhelmingly under-estimates field-level yield risk; and (iii) use of a relative risk measure compared to an absolute risk measure leads to slightly less aggregation distortion. Analysts interested in conducting farm-level analysis using aggregate data are offered a range of adjustment factors to adjust for potential bias. Un chercheur qui s'intéresse à l'analyse du risque du rendement des cultures doit souvent composer avec un manque de micro-données provenant de l'exploitation. Bien qu'il soit possible d'obtenir des données sur les rendements spatialement cumulées auprès de divers organismes, ces données peuvent comporter des distorsions importantes dues à l'agrégation des données de base et être trompeuses si elles sont utilisées pour effectuer des analyses à l'échelle de l'exploitation. Le présent article traite de la quantité de distorsion due à l'agrégation à laquelle on doit s'attendre et examine si les résultats obtenus pour le blé, le canola et le lin dans deux principales régions productrices canadiennes, où les précipitations, les jours de croissance sans gel et le type de sol constituent les principales différences, sont robustes ou non. À l'aide des données obtenues auprès de la Société d'assurance-récolte du Manitoba pour la période 1980,1990, la présente étude, sans égard à la culture ou à la région analysée, indique (i) que les profils régionaux en matière de risque n'existent pas; (ii) que l'utilisation de données agrégées sous-estime considérablement le risque de rendement; (iii) que l'utilisation d'une mesure du risque relatif comparativement à une mesure du risque absolu entraîne légèrement moins de distorsion d'agrégation. Afin d'ajuster les données pour minimiser un biais éventuel, nous proposons une gamme de facteurs d'ajustement aux analystes intéressés à effectuer des analyses à l'échelle des exploitations à l'aide de données agrégées. [source]

Factors affecting clinical referral of young children with a subdural haemorrhage to child protection agencies

CHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 6 2003
Tom Sanders
Abstract The research on which this paper is based aimed to identify the social and legal consequences when young children sustain a suspected non-accidental subdural haemorrhage; and to examine the clinical and social factors that impact on clinical referral decisions. Data were collected from medical, social services, police and court ,les for information on the management of children with these injuries by various agencies in the South West of England and South Wales. Data were collected on the case management of young children from time of presentation to hospital through to referral to police and social services. The paper shows that children who are most at risk of shaking injuries are likely to be very young babies between 3 and 5 months of age. They are most likely to come from deprived households where parental stability is weak and where social support for the carers is limited. Referral of children by paediatricians to child protection agencies is not always carried out in cases where coexisting signs indicate a strong reason for referral. It is recommended that paediatricians and other clinicians involved in the care of young children should embark on a multidisciplinary process of assessment and training in the identi,cation of non-accidental head injury in very young children and babies, to reduce their risk of future harm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]