Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Variety
Kinds of Variety Terms modified by Variety Selected AbstractsVARIETY OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH IN ECONOMICSJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 3 2007Sheila C. Dow Abstract It has been argued by some that the distinction between orthodox economics and heterodox economics does not fit the growing variety in economic theory, unified by a common methodological approach. On the other hand, it remains a central characteristic of heterodox economics that it does not share this methodological approach, but rather represents a range of alternative methodological approaches. The paper explores the evidence, and arguments, for variety in economics at different levels, and a range of issues which arise. This requires in turn a discussion of the meaning of variety in economics at the different levels of reality, methodology, method and theory. It is concluded that there is scope for more, rather than less, variety in economic methodologies, as well as within methodologies. Further, if variety is not to take the form of ,anything goes', then critical discussion by economists of different approaches to economics, and of variety itself, is required. [source] EFFECT OF YAM VARIETY ON THE PASTING PROPERTIES AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF TRADITIONAL DRY-YAM AND ITS PRODUCTSJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 3 2008J.M. BABAJIDE ABSTRACT Six varieties of yam were processed into traditional dry-yam slices. The pasting properties and sensory attributes of dry-yam samples, flour and paste from the flour were investigated. Significant differences (P , 0.05) were observed in the pasting properties of flour from different yam varieties. "Ijedo," the commonly used variety, had the highest peak, trough and final viscosities. There was no significant difference in the viscosities of "Efuru" (206.04 rapid viscosity analyzer), "Ise-Osi" (242.75 rapid viscosity unit [RVU]) and "Abuja" (241.25 RVU) varieties. Samples of dry yam made from "Efuru,""Ise-Osi" and "Abuja" yams were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from "Ijedo" in terms of instrumental color measurement, as their degree of brownness (100 , L*) were 21.53, 19.21, 20.87 and 22.42, respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in color, taste and moldability of the paste made from "Efuru,""Ise-Osi,""Ijedo" and "Abuja" yams. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the hardness of dry yams made from "Ise-Osi,""Ijedo" and "Abuja." There were positive correlations between the yam paste moldability, peak, trough and final viscosities for the different yam varieties. "Ise-Osi,""Efuru" and "Abuja" varieties were found to be suitable for dry-yam processing in terms of sensory property and pasting of dry-yam slices and their products, which were not significantly different from those of "Ijedo" variety , the commonly used yam. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The study revealed that dry-yam processors and potential dry-yam processors in Nigeria can use other white yam varieties, such as "Abuja,""Ise-Osi" and "Efuru," apart from "Ijedo" variety , the commonly used yam variety. These yam varieties were also acceptable in terms of the sensory and pasting properties of dry-yam slices and their products. Thus, the general knowledge that white yams are good for dry-yam processing has been scientifically verified. [source] EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND GROWTH SEASON ON THE ORGANOLEPTIC AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF HYDROPONICALLY GROWN TOMATOJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 1 2006MIKEL ANZA ABSTRACT The effects of variety and season on several organoleptic and nutritional quality parameters (i.e., dry weight (dw), total sugars, soluble solid compounds, titratable acidity (TA), electrical conductivity (EC), juiciness, firmness, vitamin C (vit C), total phenolic compounds, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and minerals) of five different varieties of tomatoes (i.e., Jack, Cabrales, Jaguar, Iker and Nevada) grown in two crop cycles (spring and autumn) were studied. Each variety presented its own specific characteristics regarding the chosen parameters. Firmness, TA and EC were season dependent, whereas soluble solids content did not change between cycles. In some varieties, the dw, juiciness and total sugars were affected by climatic conditions. The total phenolic compounds and the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity were variety dependent in both cycles. By contrast, the vit C content was variety dependent only in the autumn cycle. Similarly, these latter parameters (phenolic compounds, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and vit C) were also season dependent, showing higher values in the spring than in the autumn cycle. The effect of tomato variety and season on mineral contents is also discussed. Those tomatoes grown in the spring cycle had better quality according to the organoleptic parameters studied here as well as to a higher antioxidant capacity. The percentages of the recommended dietary allowances supplied by the studied tomatoes were not significantly affected by variety or season, despite differences in their physicochemical compositions. [source] AGGLOMERATION VERSUS PRODUCT VARIETY: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL INEQUALITIES,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2006Kristian Behrens ABSTRACT We investigate how cross-country differences in firms' fixed set-up costs affect the trade-off between global efficiency and spatial equity. Our analysis reveals that the standard assumption of symmetry in set-up costs masks the existence of an interesting effect: the range of available varieties depends on the spatial distribution of firms. In such a setting, where the market outcome leads to excessive agglomeration in the symmetric case, a planner may opt for asymmetric set-up costs and even more agglomeration. We show that the planner will always favor lower set-up costs in the large country with more agglomeration when the consumer's marginal preference for variety is high, or with less agglomeration when the consumer's marginal preference for variety is low. [source] TASTE FOR VARIETY AND OPTIMUM PRODUCT DIVERSITY IN AN OPEN ECONOMYBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2009Javier Coto-Martínez D43; F12 ABSTRACT We extend the Benassy,taste for variety' model to an open economy setting. With the Benassy effect, the market equilibrium is inefficient, openness reduces the varieties provided in the unconstrained optimum and there are potential gains from international coordination. [source] Rights and Access to Plant Genetic Resources under India's New LawDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Anitha Ramanna Recognition of ,Farmer's Rights' is an attempt by developing countries to evolve a counterclaim to breeders' Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) promoted under the TRIPs Agreement of the WTO. India is one of the first countries to have granted rights to both breeders and farmers under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001. This multiple rights system aims to distribute rights equitably, but may pose the threat of an ,anticommons tragedy' i.e. too many parties independently possessing the right to exclude others from utilising a resource. If under-utilisation of plant genetic resources results, the Act will have negative consequences for sustaining crop productivity and for the welfare of the very farming communities it seeks to compensate. [source] Knowledge and Varieties of Epistemic LuckDIALECTICA, Issue 4 2001Hamid Vahi It is generally thought that knowledge is incompatible with epistemic luck as the post-Gettier literature makes it abundantly clear. Examples are produced where although a belief is true and justified, it nevertheless falls short of being an instance of knowledge because of the intrusion of luck. Knowledge is regarded as being distinct from lucky guesses. It is, nevertheless, acknowledged by a number of epistemologists that some kind of luck is in fact an inevitable component of the process of knowledge acquisition. In this paper I wish to delineate varieties of epistemic luck in the light of the Gettier literature, and specify the kind that should be tolerated in the process of acquiring knowledge. To do this, it would be best to start by examining some of the recent attempts at analyzing the concept of luck and its bearing on the concept of knowledge. [source] Varieties of Neo-liberalism: a Foucaultian perspective1EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 3-4 2001James D. Marshall First page of article [source] Effect of Plant Factors, Sugar Contents, and Control Methods on the Top Borer (Scirpophaga nivella F.) Infestation in Selected Varieties of SugarcaneENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005Abdul KHALIQ ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varieties CP-43/33 and L-118 susceptible, BF-162 and SPSG-26 resistant while CP-72/2086 as intermediate were screened for studies on top borer, Scirpophaga nivella Fabricus (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Morpho-physio chemical plant factors as well as quality of sugar were examined to elucidate the relationship between pest infestations. The observations on leaf thickness 0.735* and moisture contents 0.771* showed positive and significant correlation with the pest infestation at tillering stage. Total minerals, manganese and copper contents did not show significant correlation with the pest infestation, whereas nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and ferrous contents manifested positive and significant correlation with the pest infestation. Phosphorous, carbohydrates, fats and zinc produced significant and adverse effect on the pest infestation at tillering stage. Zinc contents with contrasting behaviors appeared to be the most important character with co-efficient value of 0.764 followed by ferrous with positive sign. The effect of borer infestation was significantly negative on pol (sucrose), Brix contents (total soluble solids), and CCS (commercial cane sugar). The coefficient of determination value was 0.821, obtained by computing fiber content, pol, Brix and CCS factors together for multivariate regression models. Application of trash mulching at the time of sowing proved to be the most effective treatment with minimum infestation (3.91%) of borer and maximum protection level (62.87%) followed by Furadan®, removal of dead hearts + spike thrust, hand collection of egg masses, and cutting of shoots at 15 days interval. [source] Medieval Marriage: Symbolism and Society by David d'Avray Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, AD 800,1200 edited by Lynda Garland Household, Women and Christianities in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages edited by Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker and Jocelyn Wogan-BrowneGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2007E. M. C. VAN HOUTS First page of article [source] Intellectual property rights and bio commons: open source and beyondINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 188 2006Krishna Ravi Srinivas For many years seeds and plant varieties were beyond the purview of intellectual property rights. But since the 1930s intellectual property rights have covered them. Till the advent of trade-related intellectual property rights under the World Trade Organisation, nations had no obligation to extend intellectual property rights to them, unless they were members of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Apart from provisions of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, changes in laws, technological advances, and judicial interpretations of laws have resulted in the strengthening of the rights of patent holders and breeders, while farmers' rights have been diminished or effectively nullified. This has other implications like restriction on the researchers' freedom to invent and innovate and for North,South trade in seeds and grains, particularly in GM crops such as soya. In this article, open source is suggested as a solution and a BioLinux model is put forth as an alternative. While it is not claimed that open source will be a panacea, this article highlights some of the possibilities that are opened up by open source. It also suggests that open source will be very useful in finding a solution to anti-commons problems while promoting innovations. [source] Assessment of Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters and Activities of Antioxidative Enzymes in Salinity Tolerant and Sensitive Basmati Rice VarietiesJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007M. P. Singh Abstract This investigation was undertaken to compare the level of salinity tolerance of the newly bred CSR-30 basmati rice variety with that of the salinity sensitive HBC-19 and Pokkali rice varieties. Twenty-one-day-old hydroponically raised seedlings at 6 and 12 dS m,1 were investigated for growth, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), lipid peroxidation, Na/K ratio and activities and gene expression of various isoforms of antioxidative enzymes. Salinity stress led to reduction in shoot length, leaf area, dry weight, RWC, MSI, rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and Rubisco activity in all the three rice varieties. The levels of reduction in these parameters were maximal in HBC-19 followed by those in CSR-30 and Pokkali respectively. Cumulative superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in Pokkali and CSR-30 in consonance with increase in salinity stress while it decreased in HBC-19. The Mn-SOD activity however, was enhanced in all three varieties in the presence of salinity stress while the activities of Fe-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and ascorbate peroxidase were decreased in HBC-19 when compared with CSR-30 and Pokkali. The activity of catalase (CAT) was higher in HBC-19 when compared with its activity in CSR-30 and Pokkali. The levels of gene expressions of the three isoforms of SOD ascertained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were not necessarily indicative of the activities of the corresponding enzymes. Thus, despite the maximal enhancement in gene expression of Fe-SOD in HBC-19 in response to salinity stress, the activity of this enzyme in HBC-19 remained low. Similarly, despite a marginal increase in gene expression of Cu-Zn SOD in the three varieties, its activity was significantly higher in Pokkali and CSR-30 when compared with that in HBC-19. A significant enhancement in the activity of CAT at 12 dS m,1 in HBC-19 when compared with CSR-30 and Pokkali might confer a degree of tolerance to H2O2 stress in this variety in the presence of higher levels of NaCl at the seedling stage. [source] Translocation of 14C-sucrose within the Ear in Durum and Aestivum Wheat VarietiesJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001I. Ravi Excised ears of Triticum durum (HD 4502 and B 449) and T. aestivum (Kalyansona and Kundan) varieties were cultured in 14C-sucrose, and the uptake and distribution of 14C within the ear was examined. Species-level differences in the distribution of 14C to spikelets at basal, middle and apical positions in the wheat ear (vertical distribution) were observed. T. aestivum var. Kalyansona and Kundan showed no limitation in vertical translocation of 14C-sucrose, whereas in T. durum there was a decrease in the distribution of 14C to apical spikelets. Within a spikelet, the distribution of 14C-sucrose to distal grains was significantly less than that to proximal grains in all the genotypes. Translokation von 14C-Sukrose innerhalb der Ähre von Durum-und Aestivumweizen-varietäten Abgetrennte Ähren von T. durum (HD 4502 und B 449) und T. aestivum (Sorten: Kalyansona und Kundan) wurden in14C-Sukrose kultiviert und Aufnahme und Verteilung von14C innerhalb der Ähren untersucht. Die artspezifischen Differenzen in der Verteilung von14C im Hinblick auf die Ährchen im basalen, mittleren und apikalen Teil der Weizenähre (vertikale Verteilung) wurden beobachtet. Triticum aestivum var. Kalyansona und Kundan zeigten keine Limitierung in der vertikalen Translokation von14C-Sukrose, während bei Triticum durum eine Abnahme in der Verteilung von14C zum apikalen Ährchen vorlag. Innerhalb der Ährchen war die Verteilung von14C-Sukrose zu den distalen Körnern bei allen Genotypen signifikant geringer als zu den proximalen Körnern. [source] Antiangiogenetic Effects of 4 Varieties of Grapes,In VitroJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Ming Liu Abstract:, The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of grapes on the human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells' capillary tube formation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression secreted into the medium. Four different grape varieties (Concord, Niagara, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir) were extracted using 80% acetone and the extracts were stored at ,80 °C. The total amount of phenolics and flavonoids for each of the 4 grape varieties were determined by spectrophotometry. Grape extracts were co-cultured with HUVE cells on Matrigel and inhibitory effects on tube formation were observed under a microscope. The inhibitory effects of grape extracts on MMP-2 expression were examined by zymogram. All 4 grape varieties inhibited the tube formation of HUVE cells in a dose-dependent manner on Matrigel. Except for Chardonnay, the other 3 grape varieties completely inhibited secretion of MMP-2 at 20 mg/mL. There was a significant positive relationship between the total phenolics and flavonoids and antiangiogenetic activities. The grapes tested have the potential to inhibit angiogenesis mainly by their phenolics and flavonoids contents, which partly contribute to their cancer chemopreventive efficacy. [source] Compositional Characteristics and Antioxidant Components of Cherry Laurel Varieties and PekmezJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Cesarettin Alasalvar ABSTRACT: Cherry laurel is a popular fruit in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Two native cherry laurel varieties, namely kiraz and findik, together with pekmez (made from concentrated juice of the kiraz variety by boiling/ heating) were examined for their proximate composition, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanins, phenolics, and carotenoids, as well as phenolic acids and sugar composition. A linear correlation existed between antioxidant activity and total content of phenolics (r2= 0.99). The antioxidant activity and total content of phenolics were the highest in pekmez, followed by findik, and kiraz. A significant (P < 0.01) proportion of anthocyanins and carotenoids was lost during heat processing in the production of pekmez. Ten phenolic acids (free and bound) and 6 sugars were identified among samples. These results suggest that cherry laurel varieties and pekmez serve as a good source of natural antioxidant, which could potentially be used in food and nutraceutical supplement formulations. [source] Physicochemical Properties of Starches Obtained from Three Varieties of Chinese Sweet PotatoesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2003Z. Chen ABSTRACT: Starches isolated from 3 typical types of Chinese sweet potato varieties (XuShu18, SuShu2, and SuShu8) were characterized and compared with starches isolated from potato and mung bean. The 3 sweet potato starches differed in granule size; particle size distribution; protein, lipid, and phosphorus contents; pasting behaviors; swelling patterns; and syneresis. The retrogradation tendencies, measured both by setback ratio and by syneresis, differed for the 3 starches, although the amylose contents were quite similar (19.3 to 20.0%). Physicochemical properties of all 3 types of starches are evidently different from each other and from those of potato and mung bean starches. Keywords: sweet potato, starch, gelatinization, retrogradation, swelling, syneresis [source] Fat Uptake in French Fries as Affected by Different Potato Varieties and ProcessingJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2001C.J. O'Connor ABSTRACT: The uptake of lipid into French fries was investigated using two varieties of potato (,Russet Burbank' and ,Agria') and the New Zealand sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, (kumara). The variety of potato used had a significant effect on lipid uptake, with ,Agria' having the lowest lipid content. The different cellular structures may have affected the fat uptake in the French fries by influencing either the loss of moisture during finish-frying or the damage done to the original anatomy during processing before pre-frying. The French fries that had undergone frozen storage had a higher amount of lipid contained in their inner core than did those that had been either chilled or prepared freshly for frying. [source] Authentication of Green Asparagus Varieties by Near-Infrared Reflectance SpectroscopyJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001D.P. Perez ABSTRACT: Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used for the authentication of 2 green asparagus varieties (Taxara and UC-157), grown in Huetor-Tajar (Granada, Spain) protected by the Quality Specific Appellation "Espárragos de Huétor-Tájar". To develop the prediction model, the method chosen was modified partial least square (MPLS) regression. Two sample sets (N = 219 and N2 = 145 samples, respectively) were used to obtain the calibration equations. The standard error of cross-validation (SECV) and the r2 value were 0.082 and 0.97, respectively, for the 1st calibration set and 0.077 and 0.97 for the 2nd calibration set. The 2nd chemometric model obtained was tested with independent validation sample set (N3 = 74 samples), and the resulting values for standard error of prediction (SEP) and for r2 were 0.07 and 0.96, respectively. These results prove that NIRS is an accurate technology for identification and authentication of asparagus varieties and easily implemented in industry. [source] A Genetic Map Constructed Using a Doubled Haploid Population Derived from Two Elite Chinese Common Wheat VarietiesJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2008Kun-Pu Zhang Abstract Genetic mapping provides a powerful tool for the analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) at the genomic level. Herein, we report a new genetic linkage map developed from an F1 -derived doubled haploid (DH) population of 168 lines, which was generated from the cross between two elite Chinese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Huapei 3 and Yumai 57. The map contained 305 loci, represented by 283 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 22 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers, which covered a total length of 2141.7 cM with an average distance of 7.02 cM between adjacent markers on the map. The chromosomal locations and map positions of 22 new SSR markers were determined, and were found to distribute on 14 linkage groups. Twenty SSR loci showed different chromosomal locations from those reported in other maps. Therefore, this map offers new information on the SSR markers of wheat. This genetic map provides new opportunities to detect and map QTLs controlling agronomically important traits. The unique features of this map are discussed. [source] Varieties of Agonism: Conflict, the Common Good, and the Need for SynagonismJOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2008Nathalie Karagiannis First page of article [source] Two Varieties of Conditionals and Two Kinds of Defeaters Help Reveal Two Fundamental Types of ReasoningMIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 4 2006POLITZER GUY The distinction between disabling conditions and alternative causes is shown to be a special case of Pollock's (1987) distinction between ,rebutting' and ,undercutting' defeaters. ,Inferential' conditionals are shown to come in two varieties, one that is sensitive to rebutters, the other to undercutters. It is thus predicted and demonstrated in two experiments that the type of inferential conditional used as the major premise of conditional arguments can reverse the heretofore classic, distinctive effects of defeaters. [source] Varieties of Muslim Experience: Encounters with Arab Political and Cultural Life by Lawrence RosenAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2009ANOUAR MAJID No abstract is available for this article. [source] Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological AccountAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2001Eldar Bråten Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account. Andrew Beatty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. x + 272 pp., glossary, map, notes, references, index. [source] Evaluation of the effects of resistance to stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under sheep grazing and cuttingPLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2007T. A. Williams Abstract Two field experiments were carried out to analyze the performance of white clover varieties differing in their resistance to stem nematode. Varieties were compared under grazing and cutting regimes in mixed swards with or without the addition of nematode and dry matter yields of white clover and perennial ryegrass recorded over a 3-year period. The resistant variety did not show a yield advantage in the absence of nematode but did so in the presence of nematode in the first year and for several of the sampling dates in the second year. White clover yields under grazing were significantly less than under cutting in both experiments. The hypothesis that the additional stress of grazing would increase the benefits of resistance relative to a cutting management was not supported. [source] Tolerance of barley seed germination to cold- and drought-stress expressed as seed vigourPLANT BREEDING, Issue 3 2003O. Chloupek Abstract In barley, high seed vigour is a precondition for rapid and homogenous field emergence and good malting quality. Seed vigour was defined as germination percentage under stress conditions (10°C, drought stress - 2 Bars) in 7-8 barley varieties grown in 7-8 locations in the Czech Republic over 7 years. Three of the 7 years were not suitable for high seed quality, probably because of unsuitable weather, as average seed vigour reached only 61, 77 and 86%, respectively. In the remaining 4 years, the average vigour exceeded 94%. The impact of variety on seed vigour was higher in the ,bad years' and the impact of location was higher in the other years. Varieties with higher vigour from all locations in the ,bad years' were identified. Lower vigour was related to the high occurrence of fungi (indicated by ergosterol assays) and to lower field emergence rates of seed samples. The results support the possibility of selecting for improvement of barley seed vigour, which is related to tolerance to various conditions during emergence and to homogenous malting. [source] Varieties of second modernity: the cosmopolitan turn in social and political theory and researchTHE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Ulrich Beck Abstract The theme of this special issue is the necessity of a cosmopolitan turn in social and political theory. The question at the heart of this introductory chapter takes the challenge of ,methodological cosmopolitanism', already addressed in a Special Issue on Cosmopolitan Sociology in this journal (Beck and Sznaider 2006), an important step further: How can social and political theory be opened up, theoretically as well as methodologically and normatively, to a historically new, entangled Modernity which threatens its own foundations? How can it account for the fundamental fragility, the mutability of societal dynamics (of unintended side-effects, domination and power), shaped by the globalization of capital and risks at the beginning of the twenty-first century? What theoretical and methodological problems arise and how can they be addressed in empirical research? In the following, we will develop this ,cosmopolitan turn' in four steps: firstly, we present the major conceptual tools for a theory of cosmopolitan modernities; secondly, we de-construct Western modernity by using examples taken from research on individualization and risk; thirdly, we address the key problem of methodological cosmopolitanism, namely the problem of defining the appropriate unit of analysis; and finally, we discuss normative questions, perspectives, and dilemmas of a theory of cosmopolitan modernities, in particular problems of political agency and prospects of political realization. [source] Recent Developments in India's Plant Variety Protection, Seed Regulation and Linkages with UPOV's Proposed MembershipTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2009Prabhash Ranjan The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization imposes an obligation on all member countries to protect plant varieties either by patents or by a sui generis regime or by a combination of both. India explored the sui generis option to provide protection to plant varieties. This legal regime recognizes the rights of commercial breeders and also grants a positive right to farmers and goes beyond the widely recognized international sui generis regime represented by the International Union for the Protection of Plant Varieties (UPOV). Notwithstanding this, India has made an application to join UPOV. However, with the present plant variety law, India's membership application to join UPOV may not be successful. The recent development of bringing the Seeds Bill, which dilutes farmers' rights provisions in the plant variety law, is important in this regard. The article argues that if the Seeds Bill is passed in its present form, it will dilute the beneficial provisions of the plant variety law and pave the way for India to join UPOV. [source] Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Varieties in JordanTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2008Bashar H. Malkawi The protection of plant varieties is an aspect of intellectual property rights. In Jordan, while some attention has been paid to traditional rights such as copyright, trademark and patent, until recently, virtually no attention has been paid to intellectual property rights with respect to plant varieties. This article reviews the development of intellectual property rights in Jordan for new plant varieties. This article then examines the Law on Protecting New Varieties of Plants. Particularly, the examination is based on comparison with the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to determine the extent to which the Jordanian law meets the rules of these international treaties. To conclude, the article finds that while the Law on Protecting New Varieties of Plants is a landmark in the development of intellectual protection in Jordan, there are certain issues that need to be addressed. To help improve the existing protection for new plant varieties, the article suggests certain actions that can be taken. [source] The Protection of Plant Varieties in MalaysiaTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 6 2004Ida Madieha bt. First page of article [source] New Options for African Countries regarding Protection for New Varieties of PlantsTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2001Tshimanga Kongolo First page of article [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||