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Variable Definitions (variable + definition)
Selected AbstractsSocial Identity, Self-categorization, and Work Motivation: Rethinking the Contribution of the Group to Positive and Sustainable Organisational OutcomesAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000S. Alexander Haslam Traditional needs theories centre around hierarchies ranging from ,lower-level' needs for security, existence, or hygiene through to ,higher-level' needs for self-actualisation, achievement, and growth. As applied to the organisational domain, such theories tend to assume that an employee's personal need for challenge and development is the best source of work motivation. Based on social identity and self-categorisation theories, this paper interprets needs hierarchies as reflections of the variable definition of self. It suggests that the motivational impact of different needs changes as a function of the salience of norms and goals associated with self-categories defined at varying levels of abstraction (personal, social, human). As a result, no one level of need is inherently more relevant to employee motivation than any other. This analysis also suggests that group-based needs will play an especially important motivational role in situations where an individual's social identity is salient. Following work by Tyler, data that support this argument are provided by a study in which employees' willingness to engage in citizenship behaviour increased following manipulations of group-based pride and respect. Results point to the productive and sustainable potential of self-actualisation at a collective rather than just a personal level. Les the´ories traditionnelles des besoins produisent des hie´rarchies allant des besoins de la base (se´curite´, survie ou hygie`ne) aux besoins supe´rieurs (actualisation de soi, succe`s et de´veloppement). Applique´es au monde des organisations, ces the´ories pre´supposent que le meilleur stimulant de la motivation au travail est un besoin personnel orientant vers le de´fi et le de´veloppement. En s'appuyant sur les the´ories de l'identite´ sociale et de l'autocate´gorisation, cet article de´fend l'ide´e que les hie´rarchies de besoins sont des reflets des de´finitions diversifie´es de soi (dans la ligne´e de Haslam, sous presse; Turner, 1985). L'impact sur la motivation des diffe´rents besoins serait fonction de la pre´gnance des normes et des objectifs relie´s aux cate´gories de soi renvoyant a` diffe´rents niveaux d'abstraction (personnel, social, humain). Il apparaît qu'aucun niveau de besoin n'est intrinse`quement plus en phase avec la motivation des salarie´s que n'importe quel autre. Notre analyse indique aussi que les besoins lie´s a` la vie en groupe joueront un roôle motivationnel particulie`rement important dans les situations ou` l'identite´ sociale de l'individu est pre´dominante. En accord avec le travail de Tyler (sous presse), les donne´es qui vont dans le sens de ce point de vue sont fournies par une e´tude ou` l'empressement des salarie´s a` adopter une conduite citoyenne augmente avec la manipulation de l'estime de soi ancre´e dans le groupe. Les re´sultats soulignent le potentiel fe´cond et durable de l'actualisation de soi a` un niveau collectif plutôt que personnel. [source] Effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical stabilisation for the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instabilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 2 2007Choong Ng BMedSci(Melb) Abstract Background, Anterior instability is a frequent complication following a traumatic glenohumeral dislocation. Frequently the underlying pathology associated with recurrent instability is a Bankart lesion. Surgical correction of Bankart lesions and other associated pathology is the key to successful treatment. Open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation has been advocated as the gold standard because of consistently low postoperative recurrent instability rates. However, arthroscopic glenohumeral stabilisation could challenge open surgical repair as the gold standard treatment for traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. Objectives, Primary evidence that compared the effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation was systematically collated regarding best-practice management for adults with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. Search strategy, A systematic search was performed using 14 databases: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), ISI Web of Science, Expanded Academic ASAP, Proquest Medical Library, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, TRIP Database, PubMed, ISI Current Contents Connect, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Open Archives Initiative Search Engine, Australian Digital Thesis Program. Studies published between January 1984 and December 2004 were included in this review. No language restrictions were applied. Selection criteria, Eligible studies were those that compared the effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical stabilisation for the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability, which had more than 2 years of follow up and used recurrent instability and a functional shoulder questionnaire as primary outcomes. Studies that used non-anatomical open repair techniques, patient groups that were specifically 40 years or older, or had multidirectional instability or other concomitant shoulder pathology were excluded. Data collection and analysis, Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each study for inclusion into the review, the study design used and its methodological quality. Where any disagreement occurred, consensus was reached by discussion with an independent researcher. Studies were assessed for homogeneity by considering populations, interventions and outcomes. Where heterogeneity was present, synthesis was undertaken in a narrative format; otherwise a meta-analysis was conducted. Results, Eleven studies were included in the review. Two were randomised controlled trials. Evidence comparing arthroscopic and open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation was of poor to fair methodological quality. Hence, the results of primary studies should be interpreted with caution. Observed clinical heterogeneity in populations and outcomes was highlighted and should be considered when interpreting the meta-analysis. Authors also used variable definitions of recurrent instability and a variety of outcome measures, which made it difficult to synthesise results. When comparable data were pooled, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the arthroscopic and open groups with respect to recurrent instability rates, Rowe score, glenohumeral external rotation range and complication rates. Conclusions, Statistically, it appears that both surgical techniques are equally effective in managing traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. In light of the methodological quality of the included studies, it is not possible to validate arthoscopic stabilisation to match open surgical stabilisation as the gold standard treatment. Further research using multicentred randomised controlled trials with sufficient power and instability-specific questionnaires with sound psychometric properties is recommended to build on current evidence. The choice of treatment should be based on multiple factors between the clinician and the patient. [source] Clinicopathological aspects and prognostic value with respect to age: An analysis of 3,362 consecutive gastric cancer patientsJOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 7 2009Jun Chul Park MD Abstract Background and Objectives Several studies have reported controversial results about clinicopathological features and prognoses in gastric cancer patients with respect to age, partly due to variable definitions of young age and inhomogeneity of the patient population. The aim of study was to analyze clinicopathological features and prognostic value of all stages of gastric cancer in a large consecutive series. Methods Between 2000 and 2005, 3,362 patients with all stages of gastric cancer were enrolled in database. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (,45), group 2 (46,70), and group 3 (,71). Results Upper location and linitis plastica were more frequent in group 1. Young patients had a higher proportion of poorly differentiated and signet ring cell type with elevated CA19-9 level. Depressed type was more frequent in early gastric cancer (EGC) while Bormann type IV and Lauren diffuse type were more common in AGC in group 1. In curatively resected patients, a 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in group 1 than older groups. Stage, vein invasion, curative resection, and CA19-9 level were significant prognostic factors in all gastric cancer. Conclusions Clinicopathological features associated with young gastric cancer include upper location, linitis plastica, histopathologically diffuse type, and unresectability. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:395,401. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects ResearchCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 3 2003Daniel J. O'Keefe This article addresses the conceptualization and definition of message variables in persuasion effects research. Two central claims are advanced. First, effect-based message variable definitions (in which a message variation is defined in terms of effects on psychological states, as when fear appeal variations are defined on the basis of differences in aroused fear) impede progress in understanding persuasion processes and effects and hence should be avoided in favor of definitions expressed in terms of intrinsic message features. Second, when message variations are defined in terms of intrinsic features, message manipulation checks, under that description, are unnecessary but similar measures may usefully be understood and analyzed as assessments of potential mediating states. 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