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Value Differences (value + difference)
Selected AbstractsWho Owns Democracy?: Explaining the Long-running Debate over Canadian/American Value Differences*CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 3 2005MICHAEL E. CARROLL Depuis un certain temps, Seymour Martin Lipset et bon nombre de théoriciens canadiens anglais débattent de la question des différences entre les valeurs canadiennes et américaines. Ce que personne n'a encore jamais demandé est pourquoi ce débat se poursuit-il après toutes ces années. L'auteur propose ici que la longévité de ce débat découle principalement du fait qu'il est alimenté par des affirmations idéologiques rivales et insolubles implicites dans les arguments avancés de part et d'autre. Corame première étape de la démonstration de cette idée, il met en évidence les facons selon lesquelles le débat entre Lipset et ses critiques aurait pu se dérouler vraiment différemment si les préoccupations exprimées par les participants , la comparaison des cultures canadienne et américaine et l'évaluation des effets qui se continuent de la révolution américaine , avaient véritablement été celles suscitant le débat. Enfin, l'auteur cerne la nature précise de ces affirmations idéologiques implicites. Dans les deux cas, il soutient qu'elles reviennent à discuter de « qui détient la meilleure forme de démocratic ». For some time now, Seymour Martin Lipset and a variety of English-Canadian academics have debated the issue of Canadian/American value differences. However, no one has yet asked why this debate is still ongoing. This article suggests that its longevity is mainly fuelled by competing and irresolvable ideological claims implicit in the arguments put forward by each side. It points to the ways in which the debate between Lipset and his critics might have proceeded quite differently if the participants' stated concerns,i.e., comparing the Canadian and American cultures; assessing the continuing cultural effects of the American Revolution,had truly been those fuelling the debate. The final section identifies the precise nature of the implicit ideological claims being advanced. In both cases, I argue, these claims are about "who owns the best sort of democracy." [source] Coping With Missing Attribute Values Based on Closest Fit in Preterm Birth Data: A Rough Set ApproachCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2001Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse Data mining is frequently applied to data sets with missing attribute values. A new approach to missing attribute values, called closest fit, is introduced in this paper. In this approach, for a given case (example) with a missing attribute value we search for another case that is as similar as possible to the given case. Cases can be considered as vectors of attribute values. The search is for the case that has as many as possible identical attribute values for symbolic attributes, or as the smallest possible value differences for numerical attributes. There are two possible ways to conduct a search: within the same class (concept) as the case with the missing attribute values, or for the entire set of all cases. For comparison, we also experimented with another approach to missing attribute values, where the missing values are replaced by the most common value of the attribute for symbolic attributes or by the average value for numerical attributes. All algorithms were implemented in the system OOMIS. Our experiments were performed on the preterm birth data sets provided by the Duke University Medical Center. [source] The Paradox of Toughening During the Aging of Tender SteaksJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006Jan Novakofski ABSTRACT:, Aging is the practice of holding meat at low temperatures to improve tenderness that is the most important sensory attribute affecting consumer acceptability of beef. Because of the inconsistencies in measured tenderness changes during aging, we attempted to look at the relationship between aging and initial tenderness irrespective of animal age, genetics, or nutritional status. Cattle were selected to represent a full range of quality grades from Utility to Prime. Steaks from these cattle were aged in vacuum bags for 0, 7, or 14 d and tenderness characteristics were assessed. Steaks were cut from the frozen loin sections, thawed, and cooked on open hearth grills to 70 °C. Sensory evaluation was completed by a 6-member trained sensory evaluation panel and Warner-Bratzler shear was determined. The average shear values decreased with aging time across most grade categories; however, improvement was not uniform. Steaks from Utility grade cattle improved the most while steaks of other grades improved less. Shear values overlapped a great deal across all grades and to gain a better understanding of changes with aging, steaks were grouped based on initial shear value differences of 1 kg. Shear value of the toughest steaks decreased the most during aging (,36%), while those with the lowest shear values increased (16%). The same pattern emerged when steaks were grouped by initial tenderness. These results suggest that initially tough steaks will benefit from aging while very tender steaks may be adversely affected. [source] Sensitivity to Abscisic Acid Modulates Positive Interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana IndividualsJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Hao Zhang The ability of abscisic acid (ABA) to modulate positive interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals under salinity stress was investigated using abi1-1 (insensitive to ABA), era1-2 (hypersensitive to ABA) mutant and wild type plants. The results showed that sensitivity to ABA affects relative interaction intensity (RII) between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals. The neighbor removal experiments also confirmed the role of phenotypic responses in linking plant-plant interactions and sensitivity to ABA. For abi1-1 mutants, the absolute value differences between neighbor removal and control of stem length, root length, leaf area, leaf thickness, flower density, above biomass/belowground biomass (A/U), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content and water-use efficiency were smaller than those of the wild type, while for era1-2 mutants, these absolute value differences were larger than those of the wild type. Thus, it is suggested that positive interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana individuals are at least partly modulated by different sensitivity to ABA through different physiological and phenotypic plasticity. [source] Contrasting burnout, turnover intention, control, value congruence and knowledge sharing between Baby Boomers and Generation XJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2009MICHAEL P. LEITER PhD Aim(s), This paper examines the contrasting role of work values for nurses from two generations: Baby Boomers and Generation X. Background, Differences among nurses regarding core values pertaining to their work has a potential to influence the quality of their work life. These differences may have implications for their vulnerability to job burnout. Evaluation, The analysis is based upon questionnaire surveys of nurses representing Generation X (n = 255) and Baby Boomers (n = 193) that contrasted their responses on job burnout, areas of work life, knowledge transfer and intention to quit. Key issue(s), The analysis identified a greater person/organization value mismatch for Generation X nurses than for Baby Boomer nurses. Their greater value mismatch was associated with a greater susceptibility to burnout and a stronger intention to quit for Generation X nurses. Conclusion(s), The article notes the influence of Baby Boomer nurses in the structure of work and the application of new knowledge in health care work settings. Implications for recruitment and retention are discussed with a focus on knowledge transfer activities associated with distinct learning styles. Implications for nursing management, Understanding value differences between generations will help nursing managers to develop more responsive work settings for nurses of all ages. [source] Changes in the Hierarchy of Value References Associated With Flying in SpaceJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2010Peter Suedfeld ABSTRACT One hundred twenty-five astronaut autobiographies, interviews, and oral histories were content analyzed and scored for references to values (Schwartz, 1992). The current study extended methods tested in 2 pilot studies of space veterans from many nations, of both sexes, and with different experiences within the history of human spaceflight. Value references reflected a high degree of concern with individualism, with Achievement, Enjoyment, and Self-direction ranked highest. There were relatively few value differences across demographic categories, demonstrating the impact of the spaceflight experience. After returning, the astronauts showed increased concern with Universalism, Spirituality, and Power (social recognition), a broadened set of references to values oriented toward the collective good. [source] Epigenetic inactivation of HOXA5 and MSH2 gene in clear cell renal cell carcinomaPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2010Koo Han Yoo The high-throughput method using microarray is an easy and fast way to analyze the methylation status of hundreds of preselected genes and to screen them for signatures in methylation. The aim of our study is to detect hypermethylated genes and to analyze the association between methylation status and clinicopathological parameters of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The genetic substrate included 62 cancer tissues and 62 matched adjacent normal kidney tissues. We adapted the GoldenGate genotyping assay to determine the methylation state of 1505 specific CpG sites in 807 genes. We identified two genes (HOXA5 and MSH2) with ,-value differences of more than 0.3 between cancer and normal tissues. The high methylation group in HOXA5 had high Fuhrman's nuclear grade (P= 0.041). Other data in HOXA5 and MSH2 were not significant with methylation status (P > 0.05). Survival curve of the high methylation group in HOXA5 was slightly lower than that of the low methylation group. However, the statistical significances of overall survival in HOXA5 and MSH2 were low (P > 0.05). We report the hypermethylation of two genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The data we obtained could provide the basis for a diagnostic test pathological assessment, or prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. [source] The Diversification Discount: Cash Flows Versus ReturnsTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 5 2001Owen A. Lamont Diversified firms have different values from comparable portfolios of single-segment firms. These value differences must be due to differences in either future cash flows or future returns. Expected security returns on diversified firms vary systematically with relative value. Discount firms have significantly higher subsequent returns than premium firms. Slightly more than half of the cross-sectional variation in excess values is due to variation in expected future cash flows, with the remainder due to variation in expected future returns and to covariation between cash flows and returns. [source] Testing for convergent validity between travel cost and contingent valuation estimates of recreation values in the Coorong, Australia,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2010John Rolfe A number of studies valuing recreation have shown that the travel cost method (TCM) generates higher estimates of value than the contingent valuation method (CVM), even though the latter is commonly associated with potential problems of hypothetical and strategic bias. In this study, both methods have been used to estimate the recreational values associated with the Coorong on the Murray River in south-eastern Australia. Values per adult visitor per recreation day are estimated with the TCM at $149 and with the CVM at $116. A number of methodological and framing issues to explain these value differences are tested. In summary, while no single methodological or framing issue could be identified that would reconcile the difference between TCM and CVM values, it appears likely that there may be a combination of factors that drive the systematic variations in consumer surplus values. The evidence in this study suggests that the most important of these are likely to be the different decision points underpinning data collection and the consideration of substitute sites, strategic responses and the treatment of uncertain responses within the CVM. [source] Towards the development of a transferable set of value estimates for environmental attributesAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2004Martin Van Bueren Estimates of environmental values are frequently required as inputs to cost-benefit analyses when evaluating alternative options for managing natural resources. One strategy to avoid the high cost of conducting empirical work when non-market values are involved is to use value estimates from an existing source study and to transfer them to the target context of interest (a practice known as benefit transfer). However, the transfer of values is subject to a host of potential errors and could lead to significant overestimation or underestimation of welfare change. The present paper reports the results of a choice modelling study in which household values for the impacts of land and water degradation in Australia are estimated. A key objective of the present study was to test the validity of transferring estimates derived in a national context to different regional contexts. On the basis of these test results, inferences are made about the impact that differing contexts have on value estimates. The scale of value differences across the different contexts provides a guide for calibrating benefit transfer estimates. [source] Who Owns Democracy?: Explaining the Long-running Debate over Canadian/American Value Differences*CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 3 2005MICHAEL E. CARROLL Depuis un certain temps, Seymour Martin Lipset et bon nombre de théoriciens canadiens anglais débattent de la question des différences entre les valeurs canadiennes et américaines. Ce que personne n'a encore jamais demandé est pourquoi ce débat se poursuit-il après toutes ces années. L'auteur propose ici que la longévité de ce débat découle principalement du fait qu'il est alimenté par des affirmations idéologiques rivales et insolubles implicites dans les arguments avancés de part et d'autre. Corame première étape de la démonstration de cette idée, il met en évidence les facons selon lesquelles le débat entre Lipset et ses critiques aurait pu se dérouler vraiment différemment si les préoccupations exprimées par les participants , la comparaison des cultures canadienne et américaine et l'évaluation des effets qui se continuent de la révolution américaine , avaient véritablement été celles suscitant le débat. Enfin, l'auteur cerne la nature précise de ces affirmations idéologiques implicites. Dans les deux cas, il soutient qu'elles reviennent à discuter de « qui détient la meilleure forme de démocratic ». For some time now, Seymour Martin Lipset and a variety of English-Canadian academics have debated the issue of Canadian/American value differences. However, no one has yet asked why this debate is still ongoing. This article suggests that its longevity is mainly fuelled by competing and irresolvable ideological claims implicit in the arguments put forward by each side. It points to the ways in which the debate between Lipset and his critics might have proceeded quite differently if the participants' stated concerns,i.e., comparing the Canadian and American cultures; assessing the continuing cultural effects of the American Revolution,had truly been those fuelling the debate. The final section identifies the precise nature of the implicit ideological claims being advanced. In both cases, I argue, these claims are about "who owns the best sort of democracy." [source] Education and the Politics of Difference: Iris Young and the politics of educationEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2006Avigail Eisenberg Abstract Three key contributions of Iris Young to democratic political theory, and three challenges that have arisen in response to Young's theory, are examined here in relation to education. First, Young has argued that oppression and domination, not distributive inequality, ought to guide discussions about justice. Second, eliminating oppression requires establishing a politics that welcomes difference by dismantling and reforming structures, processes, concepts and categories that sustain difference-blind, impartial, neutral, universal politics and policies. The infatuation with merit and standardized tests, both of which are central to measuring educational achievement, are chief amongst the targets in need of reform. Third, a politics of difference requires restructuring the division of labour and decision-making so as to include disadvantaged social groups but allow them to contribute without foregoing their particularities. The challenges that have arisen in response to Young's theory are first, that difference is merely another way of getting at inequality of resources or opportunities, and if it is not, then, second, a politics of difference values difference for the sake of difference rather than for the sake of alleviating social disadvantage. Third, in theory and in practice a politics that focuses on difference putatively jeopardizes a politics whose aim is to improve the redistribution of resources. [source] | |||||||||||||