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Validity Assessment (validity + assessment)
Selected AbstractsA Multimethod Multitrait Validity Assessment of Self-Construal in Japan, Korea, and the United StatesHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005Mary J. Bresnahan A large number of previous studies have used self-construal to predict communication outcomes. Recent evidence, however, suggests that validity problems may exist in self-construal measurement. The current study conducted a multimethod multitrait (Campbell & Fiske, 1959) validation study of self-construal measures with data (total N= 578) collected in Korea (N= 200), Japan (N= 212), and the U.S. (N= 166). The data showed that the Singelis (1994) Self-Construal Scale, the Cross, Bacon, and Morris (2000) Relational Interdependent Self-Construal Scale (RISC), and the Kuhn and McPartland (1954) Twenty Statements Test (TST) lacked convergent and discriminant validity, both pan-culturally and within each of the three countries included in the study. Scores on the TST were not significantly related to scores on the self-construal scales, and the various self-construal measures correlated more highly with measures of communication directness than with alternative measures of the same type of self-construal. Substantial method effects were also observed. The results were tested for both 2- and 3-dimensional models of self-construal and for refined scales and scales with all items retained. The results of all analyses were inconsistent with the claim that self-construal measures are construct valid. [source] Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancerAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009O Kujan Background:, Screening programmes for major cancers, such as breast and cervical cancer have effectively decreased the mortality rate and helped to reduce the incidence of these cancers. Although oral cancer is a global health problem with increasing incidence and mortality rates, no national population-based screening programmes for oral cancer have been implemented. To date there is debate on whether to employ screening methods for oral cancer in the daily routine work of health providers. Objectives:, To assess the effectiveness of current screening methods in decreasing oral cancer mortality. Search strategy:, Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, EMBASE (1966 to July 2005) and CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 3), bibliographies, handsearching of specific journals and contact authors were used to identify published and unpublished data. Selection criteria:, Randomized controlled trials of screening for oral cancer or precursor oral lesions using visual examination, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy. Data collection and analysis:, The search found 112 citations and these have been reviewed. One randomized controlled trial of screening strategies for oral cancer was identified as meeting the review's inclusion criteria. Validity assessment, data extraction and statistics evaluation were undertaken by two independent review authors. Main results:, One 10-year randomized controlled trial has been included (n = 13 clusters: 191 873 participants). There was no difference in the age-standardized oral cancer mortality rates for the screened group (16.4/100 000 person-years) and the control group (20.7/100 000 person-years). Interestingly, a significant 34% reduction in mortality was recorded in high-risk subjects between the intervention cohort (29.9/100 000 person-years) and the control arm (45.4/100 000). However, this study has some methodological weaknesses. Additionally, the study did not provide any information related to costs, quality of life or even harms of screening from false-positive or false-negative findings. Authors' conclusions:, Given the limitation of evidence (only one included randomized controlled trial) and the potential methodological weakness of the included study, it is valid to say that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of a visual examination as a method of screening for oral cancer using a visual examination in the general population. Furthermore, no robust evidence exists to suggest that other methods of screening, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy, are either beneficial or harmful. Future high quality studies to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and costs of screening are required for the best use of public health resources. In addition, studies to elucidate the natural history of oral cancer, prevention methods and the effectiveness of opportunistic screening in high risk groups are needed. Future studies on improved treatment modalities for oral cancer and precancer are also required. Plain language summary:, Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. More evidence needed to find out whether screening programmes could detect oral cancer earlier and reduce the number of deaths from this disease. Cancer of the mouth and back of the throat (oral cancer) has a low survival rate, largely because the disease is often not diagnosed until it is advanced. Screening the general population for oral cancer might make it possible to detect cases of the disease earlier. The most common method is visual inspection by a clinician, but other techniques include the use of a special blue "dye" and an imaging technique. The review found that there is not enough evidence to decide whether screening by visual inspection reduces the death rate for oral cancer, and no evidence for other screening methods. [source] Validity assessment of the Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Health Belief scaleCANCER, Issue 21 2009Mfon Cyrus-David MBBS Abstract BACKGROUND: Women at increased risk of breast cancer (BC) are not widely accepting of chemopreventive interventions, and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in related trials. Furthermore, there is no validated instrument to assess the health-seeking behavior of these women with respect to these interventions. METHODS: By using constructs from the Health Belief Model, the authors developed and refined, based on pilot data, the Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Health Belief (BCRRHB) scale using a population of 265 women at increased risk of BC who were largely medically underserved, of low socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnic minorities. Construct validity was assessed using principal components analysis with oblique rotation to extract factors, and generate and interpret summary scales. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach alpha coefficients. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability for the pilot and final data was calculated to be r = 0.85. Principal components analysis yielded 16 components that explained 64% of the total variance, with communalities ranging from 0.50-0.75. Cronbach alpha coefficients for the extracted factors ranged from 0.45-0.77. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that the BCRRHB yields reliable and valid data that allows for the identification of barriers and enhancing factors associated with use of breast cancer chemoprevention in the study population. These findings allow for tailoring treatment plans and intervention strategies to the individual. Future research is needed to validate the scale for use in other female populations. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society. [source] The reliability and validity of patient self-rating of their own voice qualityCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 4 2005M. Lee Objectives:, To provide preliminary data on the reliability and validity of dysphonic patients rating their own voice quality. Design:, Prospective reliability/validity assessment of voice ratings in dysphonic patients. Setting:, The Royal Free Hampstead NHS Primary Care Trust. Participants:, Thirty-five adult dysphonia patients recruited from ENT referrals to a speech and language therapy department. Exclusion criteria were (i) a hearing impairment which may affect auditory discrimination and (ii) a diagnosis of cognitive impairment which may affect task comprehension. Main outcome measures:, Patient intra-rater reliability was assessed by test,retest ratings, using G (Grade), R (Rough), B (Breathy), A (Asthenic), S (Strained) (GRBAS). Validity was assessed by comparing (i) patient,clinician inter-rater reliability, (ii) patients' GRBAS ratings with their Vocal Performance Questionnaire (VPQ) responses. Result:, (i) Patients had lower intrarater reliability than clinicians (for G of GRBAS, kappa = 0.51 versus 0.74); (ii) patients consistently rated their voices more severely than clinicians (for G of GRBAS, mean rating = 1.4 versus 1.0); (iii) clinician,patient inter-rater agreement was no better than chance (paired t -test, all P < 0.05); (iv) patient ratings correlated significantly with vocal performance scores (r > 0.4, P < 0.05). Conclusions:, Patients appear to have good validity and consistency using GRBAS as a self-perception tool. However, validity measured in terms of agreement with clinician ratings is poor. Voice patients may rate what they perceive rather than what they hear. Disagreement between patient and clinician ratings has implications for therapy aims, prognosis, patient expectations and outcomes. Where disagreement persists, the clinician may have to determine whether therapy priorities need redesigning to reflect patients' perceived needs, or to evaluate whether patient perceptions and expectations are unrealistic. [source] Validation of a memory inventory for the assessment of awareness of memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease in Chinese elderlyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 10 2006Victor Wing Cheong Lui Abstract Background This paper describes the development and validation of the Memory Inventory for Chinese (MIC), for measuring the awareness of memory deficits in the Chinese population with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. The MIC was developed with focus group discussion and pilot testing. It has a patient and a caregiver version. A consecutive series of 79 new out-patients with the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorder Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria of probable and possible AD and 20 non-demented elderly subjects were recruited. Results A high internal consistency was found, with Cronbach alpha of 0.89 for the patient version and 0.90 for the caregiver version of MIC. The inter-rater reliability was satisfactory. For validity assessment, the caregiver score of the MIC correlated significantly with cognitive score of the subject as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (rp,=,,0.37; p,<,0.01). The Memory Deficit Awareness Score, calculated by subtracting the patient score from the caregiver score, correlated significantly with clinician ratings of awareness of memory impairment (rs,=,,0.67; p,<,0.01). Conclusions The MIC appears to be a culturally appropriate and valid instrument for the measurement of awareness of memory deficits in Chinese patients with AD. Potential applications of the MIC should be further explored in other subtypes of dementia and in prospective studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The effect of periodontal therapy on the survival rate and incidence of complications of multirooted teeth with furcation involvement after an observation period of at least 5 years: a systematic reviewJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Guy Huynh-Ba Abstract Objective: To systematically review the survival rate and incidence of complications of furcation-involved multirooted teeth following periodontal therapy after at least 5 years. Material and methods: Electronic and manual searches were performed up to and including January 2008. Publication selection, data extraction and validity assessment were performed independently by three reviewers. Results: Twenty-two publications met the inclusion criteria. Because of the heterogeneity of the data, a meta-analysis could not be performed. The survival rate of molars treated non-surgically was >90% after 5,9 years. The corresponding values for the different surgical procedures were: Surgical therapy: 43.1% to 96%, observation period: 5,53 years. Tunnelling procedures: 42.9% to 92.9%, observation period: 5,8 years. Surgical resective procedures including amputation(s) and hemisections: 62% to 100%, observation period: 5,13 years. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR): 83.3% to 100%, observation period: 5,12 years. The most frequent complications included caries in the furcation area after tunnelling procedures and root fractures after root-resective procedures. Conclusions: Good long-term survival rates (up to 100%) of multirooted teeth with furcation involvement were obtained following various therapeutic approaches. Initial furcation involvement (Degree I) could be successfully managed by non-surgical mechanical debridement. Vertical root fractures and endodontic failures were the most frequent complications observed following resective procedures. [source] Is the Full Version of the AUDIT Really Necessary?ALCOHOLISM, Issue 8 2010Internal Construct of Its Abbreviated Versions, Study of the Validity Background:, This study was aimed at assessing the psychometric qualities of the abbreviated versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-3, AUDIT-4, AUDIT-C, AUDIT-PC, AUDIT-QF, FAST, and Five-Shot) and at comparing them to the 10-item AUDIT and the CAGE in 2 samples of Brazilian adults. Methods:, The validity and internal consistency of the scales were assessed in a sample of 530 subjects attended at an emergency department and at a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used as the diagnostic comparative measure for the predictive validity assessment. The concurrent validity between the scales was analyzed by means of Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results:, The assessment of the predictive validity of the abbreviated versions showed high sensitivity (of 0.78 to 0.96) and specificity (of 0.74 to 0.94) indices, with areas under the curve as elevated as those of the AUDIT (0.89 and 0.92 to screen for abuse and 0.93 and 0.95 in the screening of dependence). The CAGE presented lower indices: 0.81 for abuse and 0.87 for dependence. The analysis of the internal consistency of the AUDIT and its versions exhibited Cronbach's alpha coefficients between 0.83 and 0.94, while the coefficient for the CAGE was 0.78. Significant correlations were found between the 10-item AUDIT and its versions, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99. Again, the results for the CAGE were satisfactory (0.77), although inferior to the other instruments. Conclusions:, The results obtained in this study confirm the validity of the abbreviated versions of the AUDIT for the screening of alcohol use disorders and show that their psychometric properties are as satisfactory as those of the 10-item AUDIT and the CAGE. [source] Teacher's PETS: a new observational measure of experiential training interactionsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 3 2002Derek Milne Government policy now stresses the importance of staff training in fostering evidence-based practice, but what is done in the name of training is rarely reported and there are few instruments with which to analyse training. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a new measure of training processes and mini-outcomes, and to provide a case study illustration. A single subject (N = 1) withdrawal design was used to assess the empirical validity of the measure. The measure (Teacher's PETS) was derived from the applied psychology literature in order to operationalize Kolb's (1984) integrative theory of experiential learning. Reliability and validity assessments were conducted. During the intervention phase of the case study baseline data from PETS were fed back to the trainer. The effectiveness of this intervention was assessed structurally and functionally, in relation to the learners, i.e. mental health staff (N = 31) receiving training in evidence-based practice (psychosocial interventions in severe mental illness). PETS was found to have very good inter-rater reliability (K = 0.84) and promising content, empirical and concurrent validity. The case study illustrated that, at baseline, the training did not correspond to a ,training workshop'. However, the intervention of feedback and modelling resulted in more appropriate training processes and outcomes, which were maintained at a 1-month follow-up assessment. It is concluded that PETS shows promise as an instrument and has the advantage of affording detailed, transactional information to improve the efficiency of training. It may also be useful in relation to clinical supervision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||