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Urinary Bladder (urinary + bladder)
Kinds of Urinary Bladder Terms modified by Urinary Bladder Selected AbstractsSensor Mechanism and Afferent Signal Transduction of the Urinary Bladder: Special Focus on transient receptor potential Ion ChannelsLUTS, Issue 2 2010Masayuki TAKEDA In the urine storage phase, mechanical stretch stimulates bladder afferents. These urinary bladder afferent sensory nerves consist of small diameter A, - and C-fibers running in the hypogastic and pelvic nerves. Neuroanatomical studies have revealed a complex neuronal network within the bladder wall. The exact mechanisms that underline mechano-sensory transduction in bladder afferent terminals remain ambiguous; however, a wide range of ion channels (e.g. TTX-resistant Na+ channels, Kv channels and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotidegated cation channels, degenerin/epithelial Na+ channel), and receptors (e.g. TRPV1, TRPM8, TRPA1, P2X2/3, etc.) have been identified at bladder afferent terminals and have implicated in the generation and modulation of afferent signals, which are elcited by a wide range of bladder stimulations including physiological bladder filling, noxious distension, cold, chemical irritation and inflammation. The mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) family consists of 28 channels that can be subdivided into six different classes: TRPV (Vanilloid), TRPC (Canonical), TRPM (Melastatin), TRPP (Polycystin), TRPML (Mucolipin), and TRPA (Ankyrin). TRP channels are activated by a diversity of physical (voltage, heat, cold, mechanical stress) or chemical (pH, osmolality) stimuli and by binding of specific ligands, enabling them to act as multifunctional sensors at the cellular level. TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1 have been described in different parts of the urogenital tract. Although only TRPV1 among TRPs has been extensively studied so far, more evidence is slowly accumulating about the role of other TRP channels, ion channels, and receptors in the pathophysiology of the urogenital tract, and may provide a new strategy for the treatment of bladder dysfunction. [source] Assessment and Characterization of Purinergic Contractions and Relaxations in the Rat Urinary BladderBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Patrik Aronsson ATP elicited a transient bladder contraction followed by a sustained relaxation and ADP, UDP and UTP generated predominantly potent relaxations (relaxatory potencies: ADP = ATP > UDP = UTP). The ATP contractions were desensitized with the P2X1/3 purinoceptor agonist/desensitizer ,,,-meATP and reduced by the P2 purinoceptor antagonist PPADS but unaffected by the P2 purinoceptor antagonist suramin. Electrical field stimulation (1,60 Hz) evoked frequency-dependent bladder contractions that were decreased by incubation with ,,,-meATP but not further decreased by PPADS. Suramin antagonized relaxations generated by UDP but not those by ADP, ATP or UTP. PPADS antagonized and tended to antagonize UTP and UDP relaxations, respectively, but did neither affect ADP nor ATP relaxations. ADP relaxations were insensitive to the P2Y1 purinoceptor antagonist MRS 2179 and the ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist glibenclamide. The ATP relaxations were inhibited by the P1 purinoceptor antagonist 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline but unaffected by the A2A adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine and glibenclamide. Adenosine evoked relaxations that were antagonized by the A2B adenosine receptor antagonist PSB 1115. Thus, in the rat urinary bladder purinergic contractions are elicited predominantly by stimulation of the P2X1 purinoceptors, while UDP/UTP-sensitive P2Y purinoceptor(s) and P1 purinoceptors of the A2B adenosine receptor subtype are involved in bladder relaxation. [source] Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Implanted into Freeze-Injured Urinary Bladders Reconstruct Functional Smooth Muscle LayersLUTS, Issue 1 2010Tetsuya IMAMURA Regenerative medicine offers great hope for lower urinary tract dysfunctions due to irreversibly damaged urinary bladders and urethras. Our aim is the utilization of bone marrow-derived cells to reconstruct smooth muscle layers for the treatments of irreversibly damaged lower urinary tracts. In our mouse model system for urinary bladder regeneration, the majority of smooth muscle layers in about one-third of the bladder are destroyed by brief freezing. Three days after wounding, we implant cultured cells derived from bone marrow. The implanted bone marrow-derived cells survive and differentiate into layered smooth muscle structures that remediate urinary dysfunction. However, bone marrow-derived cells implanted into the intact normal urinary bladders do not exhibit these behaviors. The presence of large pores in the walls of the freeze-injured urinary bladders is likely to be helpful for a high rate of survival of the implanted cells. The pores could also serve as scaffolding for the reconstruction of tissue structures. The surviving host cells upregulate several growth factor mRNAs that, if translated, can promote differentiation of smooth muscle and other cell types. We conclude that the multipotency of the bone marrow-derived cells and the provision of scaffolding and suitable growth factors by the microenvironment enable successful tissue engineering in our model system for urinary bladder regeneration. In this review, we suggest that the development of regenerative medicine needs not only a greater understanding of the requirements for undifferentiated cell proliferation and targeted differentiation, but also further knowledge of each unique microenvironment within recipient tissues. [source] Urine cytological findings of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder: report of two casesCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009T. Sakuma First page of article [source] Diagnostic utility of mammaglobin and GCDFP-15 in the identification of metastatic breast carcinoma in fluid specimensDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7 2009Z. Yan M.D. Abstract Morphologic differentiation of breast carcinoma from nonmammary malignancies in fluid specimens can be a diagnostic challenge. Immunocytochemistry is often employed in the differential diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the expression of mammoglobin (MGB1) in body-cavity fluid specimens and compared its efficacy as a marker for metastatic breast carcinomas with that of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15). Cell blocks from 40 fluid specimens were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against MGB1 and GCDFP-15. They included 15 breast carcinomas and 25 nonmammary carcinomas (10 lungs, 10 ovaries, 3 gastrointestinal tracts, 1 kidney, and 1 urinary bladder). Positivity was defined as the presence of cytoplasmic staining in 10% or more carcinoma cells. Thirteen (87%) and seven (47%) breast carcinomas showed positive staining with MGB1 and GCDFP-15, respectively. Three (12%) nonmammary carcinomas (2 ovarian and 1 colonic) showed positive MGB1 staining; one (3%) nonmammary carcinoma demonstrated positive GCDFP-15 staining. The differences of MGB1 and GCDFP-15 staining between breast and nonmammary carcinomas were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Both MGB1 and GCDFP-15 are specific markers for metastatic breast carcinomas in cell block fluid specimens (88 vs. 96%). However, MGB1 is more sensitive than GCDFP-15 as a marker for metastatic breast carcinoma (87 vs. 46%). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytomorphology of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Report of two casesDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 8 2008Guoping Cai M.D. Abstract Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Here, we report urine cytologic findings in two cases of this rare entity, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by histopathological examination of the resected tumors. The cytomorphologic features included large tumor cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, vesicular chromatin, and prominent nucleoli, presented as single cells or intermixed with inflammatory cells. The differential diagnosis included otherwise typical high-grade urothelial carcinoma, reactive urothelial cells and rarely large cell lymphoma. The rarity of the tumor cells may impose a diagnostic challenge in urine specimen. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 600,603. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytologic features of recurrent lymphoma involving the urinary bladderDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Adam M. Quinn D.O. Abstract Recurrent lymphoma of the bladder only occasionally presents with genitourinary symptoms, and there are very few cases in the literature reporting the cytologic findings of involvement of the urinary bladder by lymphoma. We report the findings from a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with immunoblastic morphology that was identified in a bladder barbotage specimen of a 77-year-old man who presented with recurrent urinary tract infection and hematuria. We describe the cytomorphological features of lymphoma cells in the urine and discuss the differential diagnoses. Correlation of cytologic findings with immunohistochemical results is crucial in the diagnosis of lymphoma involving the urinary bladder. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:185,188. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid in drinking water did not affect DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells or micronuclei in bone marrow,ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 9 2009Amy Wang Abstract Arsenic is a human skin, lung, and urinary bladder carcinogen, and may act as a cocarcinogen in the skin and urinary bladder. Possible modes of action of arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis include oxidative stress induction and inhibition of DNA damage repair. We investigated the effects of arsenic in drinking water on DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells and on micronucleus formation in bone marrow. F344 rats were given 100 ppm arsenate [As(V)] or dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)] in drinking water for 1 week. The in vivo repair of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage resulting from a single oral gavage of CP, and the in vitro repair of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, resulting from adding H2O2 or formaldehyde into cell medium, were measured by the Comet assay. DMA(V) effects were not observed on either CP-induced DNA damage induction or on DNA repair. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the H2O2 - or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, and neither inhibited the repair of H2O2 -induced DNA damage. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the micronucleus frequency, nor did they elevate micronucleus frequency resulting from CP treatment above the level observed by the treatment with CP alone. These results suggest that arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis in the urinary bladder may not be via DNA damage repair inhibition. To our knowledge this is the first report of arsenic effects on DNA damage repair in the urinary bladder. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. Published 2009 by Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Inguinal rupture with herniation of the urinary bladder through the scrotal fascia in a Shetland pony foalEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 1 2010M. Cousty Summary Herniation of the urinary bladder in the inguinal region has not previously been described in the horse. A case of inguinal rupture with herniation of the bladder through the scrotal fascia in a 3-month-old Shetland pony, diagnosed by external palpation, urinary catheterisation and external ultrasonographic examination is reported. Surgical management of the case was by dissection of the scrotal fascia, partial cystectomy and unilateral castration. During the period of hospitalisation the only complication was a slight seroma, which resolved spontaneously. Follow-up after 6 months did not reveal any abnormality. [source] Morphological classification and definition of benign, preneoplastic and non-invasive neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladderHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2008R Montironi The morphological classification used in this essay has been based on the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the urinary system (i.e. 2004 WHO classification). It includes epithelial abnormalities and metaplasias as well as dysplasias and carcinomas in situ. The lesions are broadly subdivided into two major groups: benign, preneoplastic and non-invasive neoplastic lesions of the urothelium; and benign, preneoplastic and non-invasive neoplastic bladder lesions other than urothelial. Each of these lesions is defined with strict morphological criteria to provide more accurate information to urologists and oncologists in managing patients. There is still debate in the literature as to whether the 2004 WHO system should be the only one to be used and whether the 1973 WHO system should be abandoned. [source] Surveys of rodent-borne disease in Thailand with a focus on scrub typhus assessmentINTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee Abstract The epidemiology of many rodent-borne diseases in South-East Asia remains ill-defined. Scrub typhus and lep-tospirosis are common and medically significant, while other zoonotic diseases, such as spotted fever group Rickettsiae have been identified, but their overall medical significance is unknown. Rodent surveillance was conducted from June 2002 to July 2004 in 18 provinces from Thailand. Traps were set up for one to three nights. Blood and serum samples and animal tissue samples (liver, spleen, kidney and urinary bladder) were collected. Chiggermites, ticks and fleas were removed from captured rodents. A total of 4536 wild-caught rodents from 27 species were captured over two years of animal trapping. Rattus rattus was the dominant species, followed by Rattus exulans and Bandicota indica. Almost 43 000 ectoparasites were removed from the captured animals. Approximately 98% of the ectoparasites were chigger-mites, of which 46% belonged to the genus Leptotrombidium (scrub typhus vector). Other genera included Schoengastia and Blankaartia. Tick and flea specimens together comprised less than 1% of the sample. Among the five species of ticks collected, Haemaphysalis bandicota was the predominant species caught, followed by Ixodes granulatus other Haemaphysalis spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. Only two species of fleas were collected and Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea) was the predominant species. Using both commercial diagnostic kits and in-house molecular assays, animal tissue samples were examined and screened for zoonotic diseases. Seven zoonotic diseases were detected: scrub typhus, leptospirosis, murine typhus, tick typhus, bartonella, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Most samples were positive for scrub typhus. Other zoonotic diseases still under investigation include borrelosis, ehrlichiosis, the plague, and other rickettsial diseases. Using geographic information systems, global positioning systems and remote sensing technology, epidemiological and environmental data were combined to assess the relative risk in different biotopes within highly endemic areas of scrub typhus in Thailand. [source] Alterations in tropomyosin isoform expression in human transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2004Geraldine Pawlak Abstract Previous studies of transformed rodent fibroblasts have suggested that specific isoforms of the actin-binding protein tropomyosin (TM) could function as suppressors of transformation, but an analysis of TM expression in patient tumor tissue is limited. The purpose of our study was to characterize expression of the different TM isoforms in human transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. We found that TM1 and TM2 protein levels were markedly reduced and showed >60% reduction in 61% and 55% of tumor samples, respectively. TM5, which was expressed at very low levels in normal bladder mucosa, exhibited aberrant expression in 91% of tumor specimens. The Western blot findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis in a number of tumors. We then investigated the mechanism underlying TM expression deregulation, in the T24 human bladder cancer cell line. We showed that levels of TM1, TM2 and TM3 are reduced in T24 cells, but significantly upregulated by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling pathway. In addition, inhibition of this pathway was accompanied by restoration of stress fibers. Overall, changes in TM expression levels seem to be an early event during bladder carcinogenesis. We conclude that alterations in TM isoform expression may provide further insight into malignant transformation in transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder and may be a useful target for early detection strategies. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish family-cancer databaseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2002Kamila Czene Abstract The genetic and environmental components in 15 common cancers were estimated using the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Tetrachoric correlations were used to describe similarity in cancer liability among family members. Structural equation modeling was used to derive estimates of the importance of genetic and environmental effects. Statistically significant estimates of proportion of cancer susceptibility, accounted for by genetic effects, were obtained for all studied cancers except for leukemia. The estimate was highest in thyroid cancer (53%), followed by tumors at endocrine glands (28%), testis (25%), breast (25%), cervix (22%), melanoma (21%), colon (13%), nervous system (12%), rectum (12%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10%), lung (8%), kidney (8%), urinary bladder (7%), stomach (1%) and leukemia (1%). The estimates of shared environmental effects ranged from 0% (cervix) to 15% (stomach). The childhood shared environmental effects were most important in testicular cancer (17%), stomach cancer (13%) and cervix in situ (13%). Our results indicate that environment has a principal causative role in cancer at all studied sites except for thyroid. The relatively large effect of heritability in cancer at some sites, on the other hand, indicates that even though susceptibility genes have been described at many cancer sites, they are likely to explain only part of the genetic effects. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Idiopathic myelofibrosis with extramedullary haemopoiesis involving the urinary bladder in a Chinese ladyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Y. K. MAK Extramedullary haemopoiesis (EMH) associated with idiopathic myelofibrosis most commonly involves the reticuloendothelial organs, such as the spleen and liver, although ectopic haemopoietic tissue has also been described rarely in the lymph nodes, skin, gastrointestinal tract, pleura, peritoneum, central nervous system, and genital and urinary tracts. We report on a 54-year-old Chinese lady with a long history of idiopathic myelofibrosis who presented with gross haematuria and left hydronephrosis due to EMH in the bladder trigone. Cystoscopic examination revealed a sessile necrotic papillary growth at the trigone, obstructing the left ureteric orifice. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour was performed, and microscopic examination of the tumour chips demonstrated atypical megakaryocytes, immature granulocytes and normoblasts, confirming the presence of EMH. The residual bladder tumour responded well to low dose radiotherapy, with subsequent disappearance of haematuria and normalization of ultrasonogram findings. [source] Villous adenoma of the urinary bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2008Wooseuk Sung Abstract: Villous adenomas arising in the urinary tract are an uncommon occurrence. They have been identified in the urachus, urethra, prostate, and throughout the bladder. Villous adenomas arising in the bladder are rare tumors that have been described as isolated cases and a few case series. We report a new case of a large villous adenoma arising in the bladder that was treated by transurethral resection. [source] Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachusINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 10 2007Chisato Fujiyama Abstract: A 64-year-old man was admitted with complaints of abdominal pain and pollakisuria. A soft mass was palpable under his navel. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 9 × 6 cm tumor, which was composed of a cystic lesion arising from the urachus and a solid mass component at the urinary bladder dome. Urine cytology specimens showed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Serum SCC level was increased and the tumor was removed surgically. Histological examination detected well-differentiated SCC, which had invaded the urinary bladder and the peritoneum. The patient has been followed up without recurrence for 6 months. [source] Changing concepts of bladder regenerationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2007Akihiro Kanematsu Abstract: During the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in studies aimed at regeneration of the urinary bladder. Many studies employed animal-derived or synthetic materials as grafts for experimental bladder augmentation models, with or without additional measures to promote regeneration, such as autologous cell transplantation or growth factor loading. However, in spite of encouraging results in several reports, few methodologies have shown proven definitive clinical utility. One major problem in these studies is the lack of a clear distinction between native and regenerated bladder in total bladder function after augmentation. Another crucial problem is the absorption and shrinkage of larger grafts, which may result from insufficient vascular supply and smooth muscle regeneration. In contrast, researchers have recently attempted to establish alternative regenerative strategies for treating bladder diseases, and have employed far more diverse approaches according to the various pathological conditions to be treated. For total replacement of the bladder after cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer, urothelium-covered neobladder with non-urinary tract backbone remains a viable choice. In addition, functional bladder diseases such as urinary incontinence, weak detrusor, or non-compliant fibrotic bladder have also been major targets for many leading research groups in this field. These conditions are studied much more from different therapeutic standpoints, aiming at the prevention or reversal of pathological conditions in muscle remodeling or neural control. Such altered research direction would inevitably lead to less surgically based basic biological research, and also would include a far wider spectrum of adult and pediatric bladder diseases, from overactive bladder to dysfunctional voiding. [source] Nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma with osseous metaplasia of the urinary bladder: A case report and review of published reportsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 4 2007Nalan Ne Abstract: Nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma (NV-TCC) of the bladder is a rare and relatively new entity. The tumor is aggressive contrasted by its benign histopathologic appearance, and characterized by irregular urothelial nests and/or tubules. Herewith, a case with exceptional osseous metaplasia is presented emphasizing its diagnostic difficulties, because it can be confused with benign diseases or conventional TCC. [source] Carcinoma of the breast metastatic to the ureter seven years laterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2005NICOLA MONDAINI Abstract We present a case of ureteral metastasis from a primary breast cancer where the disease recurred with an episode of renal colic 7 years after diagnosis. A surgical operation was performed to remove the terminal ureter and the perimeatal area of the urinary bladder. Urological and radiological outcome was satisfactory after a 2-year follow up. [source] Electroporation-mediated muscarinic M3 receptor gene transfer into rat urinary bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2004MASAYUKI OTANI Abstract Background: Muscarinic M3 (M3) receptor has been recognized as a major muscarinic receptor for smooth muscle contractions of the urinary bladder. Under the hypothesis that overexpression of M3 receptor in the urinary bladder would enhance urinary bladder contractions, we have transferred the M3 receptor gene into rat bladders using electroporation (EP) and evaluated the functional expression of the transferred gene. Methods: Plasmids expressing luciferase, a green fluorescence protein and M3 receptor were injected into the rat bladder and square-wave electric pulses were immediately applied. Two days after gene transfer, we analyzed gene expression. Immunohistochemical staining was performed and the contractile responses from isolated bladder strips, which were induced KCl, carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS), were evaluated. Results: The optimal conditions of electroporation were 8 pulses, 45 voltages, 50 milliseconds/pulses and 1 Hz. Under these conditions, luciferase gene expression was enhanced approximately 300-fold, compared to an injection of DNA only. Regarding immunohistochemistry with an anti-M3 receptor, an increase in immunoactivity was observed in the M3 receptor gene transferred rat bladder, compared to the bladder of the control rat. In rats with the transferred M3 receptor gene, carbachol- and EFS-induced maximum contractile responses of bladder smooth muscle strips significantly increased. Conclusions: These findings suggest that an in vivo EP procedure is an useful method for gene transfer into the bladder and that an overexpression of M3 receptor in the rat bladder enhances bladder contractility. This technique may become a new treatment modality for detrusor underactivity. [source] Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder during pregnancyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 7 2003KENTARO MIZUNO Abstract We present a rare case of leiomyoma of the urinary bladder that was diagnosed during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the fourth case of its kind to be reported in the literature. Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy were useful for making an accurate diagnosis in this case. The diagnosis was confirmed by suprapubic transcutaneous needle biopsy. The tumor was resected approximately 3 years after diagnosis, during which period the patient delivered a normal baby by caesarian section. [source] Prostatic cystadenoma presenting as a large multilocular massINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 7 2002Kazumasa Matsumoto Abstract A case is reported here of a patient with a giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma who presented with gross hematuria and underwent extensive surgical resection. A 35-year-old man presented with asymptomatic gross hematuria. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis demonstrated a multilocular mass replacing the prostatic gland. At exploration the urinary bladder was found to be displaced anterolaterally and severely adherent to the large tumor. The pathological features were consistent with multilocular prostatic cystadenoma. There have been no signs of tumor recurrence during 24 months' follow-up after surgery. Although the natural history of prostatic cystadenoma remains unknown, complete surgical excision may not always be necessary. Physicians should at least be aware of the possibility of this disease entity before making treatment decisions. [source] Early stage small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2001Kazutoshi Fujita Abstract A 73-year-old man with primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent radical cystectomy. The pathological findings revealed the tumor confined to the submucosal layer (pT1) without metastasis. No adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out. He is alive with no evidence of the disease 24 months after the operation. [source] Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate: A case report with immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization staining for prostate-specific antigenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2001Sadatsugu Minei Abstract A 43-year-old man with urinary outlet obstruction was referred to our hospital. A digital rectal examination revealed an elastic hard prostate. The serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum prostatic acid phosphate and ,-seminoprotein levels were found to be within the normal range, and transrectal ultrasound sonography provided normal findings. The patient underwent a subcapsular prostatectomy under a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Histopathologically, the lesion was diagnosed as an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate. Because a further examination revealed a pathologic extension into the urinary bladder, a radical cystoprostatectomy was performed. The expression of PSA protein and PSA mRNA was studied by means of immunohistochemistry and an in situ hybridization technique. The adenoid cystic carcinoma in the patient did not show any positive signs for PSA protein or PSA mRNA. [source] The effect of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid on DNA methylation and cell proliferation in B6C3F1 miceJOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Rongrong Ge Abstract The chlorine disinfection by-products, dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), are carcinogenic in mouse liver. We have previously reported that DCA and TCA induced DNA hypomethylation in mouse liver. In the present study, we determined the temporal association for DNA hypomethylation and cell proliferation. Female B6C3F1 mice were administered daily doses of 500 mg/kg DCA or TCA by gavage and sacrificed at 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the first dose. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index in the liver was increased at 72 and 96 hours by both DCA and TCA, that is, at 72 hours the index was 1.00 ± 0.21, 0.51 ± 0.11, and 0.095 ± 0.016 for DCA, TCA, and the vehicle control, respectively. The mitotic index was also significantly increased at 96 hours. The promoter region for the c- myc gene was hypomethylated only at 72 and 96 hours and not at the earlier sacrifices. Similarly, the methylation of the c- myc gene in the kidney and urinary bladder was decreased only at 72 and 96 hours. In summary, enhancement of cell proliferation and decreased methylation of the c- myc gene were first observed simultaneously at 72 hours after the start of exposure. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that DCA and TCA induce DNA hypomethylation by inducing DNA replication and preventing the methylation of the newly synthesized strands of DNA. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:100,106, 2001 [source] Genetic and epigenetic aspects of bladder cancerJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Wun-Jae Kim Abstract Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder has a diverse collection of biologic and functional characteristics. This is reflected in differing clinical courses. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is based on the information provided by cystoscopy, the gold standard in combination with urinary cytology findings. Many tumor markers have been evaluated for detecting and monitoring the disease in serum, bladder washes, and urinary specimens. However, none of these biomarkers reported to date has shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the detection of the whole spectrum of bladder cancer diseases in routine clinical practice. The limited value of established prognostic markers requires the analysis of new molecular parameters of interest in predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients; in particular, the high-risk patient groups at risk of progression and recurrence. Over the past decade, there has been major progress elucidating of the molecular genetic and epigenetic changes leading to the development of transitional cell carcinoma. This review focuses on the recent advances of genetic and epigenetic aspects in bladder cancer, and emphasizes how molecular biology would be likely to affect the future therapies. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Urachal remnants in asymptomatic children: Gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findingsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 4 2001Süha Süreyya Özbek MD Abstract Purpose We undertook this study to evaluate the frequency of visualization and the sonographic appearances of urachal remnants (URs) in asymptomatic children. Methods One hundred eighty-two children without any urachus-related symptoms underwent sonography of the prevesical region and urinary bladder with high-frequency transducers. Results A UR was visualized in 180 (99%) of the children. The URs had a mean length ± standard deviation of 13 ± 5 mm. Most of the URs were ovoid, and most demonstrated a moderate protrusion into the bladder cavity. The URs with a central echogenic area were larger than those without central echogenicity. In 36 (61%) of the 59 URs that were evaluated with color Doppler sonography, vascular signals were demonstrated within the lesion. The URs with internal vascular signals were significantly larger than those without internal vascular signals. Conclusions The gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic characteristics of URs seem to be related to their size and their degree of involution rather than to the age of the child. We think that URs are present in almost all children. URs should be considered normal findings if they are asymptomatic and their length is not significantly greater than 22.5 mm, the 95th percentile in our study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:218,222, 2001. [source] Irritable bowel syndrome in the 21st century: Perspectives from Asia or South-east AsiaJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Full-Young Chang Abstract Asian irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) studies not only confirm the truth of this functional disorder but also describe the current disease situation of this continent, with its variable socioeconomic backgrounds. Most Asian community IBS prevalence is within 5,10%, regardless of gender or ethnic character. As well as meeting the main Rome II criteria, Asian IBS subjects also have many minor symptoms. Thus this recommendation remains useful to diagnose Asian IBS. Also, female patients commonly express constipation-predominant (C-) symptoms. Extra-colonic symptoms are common in Asia, for example dyspepsia, insomnia and irritable urinary bladder. Asian IBS subjects do experience psychological disturbances including anxiety, depression, agoraphobia and neuroticism. Accordingly, their quality of life is poor and there is absenteeism leading to excessive physician visits. Abnormal gut motor and sensory functions have been indicated among the Asian IBS subjects. Now, there is evidence of altered colonic neuroimmune function leading to gut hypersensitivity and dysmotility. An Asia,Pacific trial also confirmed tegaserod efficacy on female C-IBS subjects. More than 90% of nurses have very limited IBS knowledge, and are unable even to explain it clearly. In conclusion, Western recommended criteria clearly diagnose Asian IBS and many factors are mutual leading to IBS. Current IBS treatments remain useful but additional reeducation for medical professionals appears to be needed. [source] Radiographic herald lesion of the urinary bladder: Pictorial essayJOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Michael E Flisak SUMMARY At cystoscopy a focal mucosal abnormality may be indicative of a pathological process extrinsic to the urinary bladder and has been termed ,the herald lesion'. The aim of the present pictorial essay was to describe the radiographic counterpart to this cystoscopic finding. Radiographic herald lesions are shown in patients with extravesical inflammatory (Crohn's disease, colonic diverticulitis and pelvic inflammatory disease) and neoplastic (colon carcinoma) processes, and urinary tract complications of these conditions are described and illustrated. [source] Spontaneous pancreatic islet amyloidosis in 40 baboonsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2002G.B. Hubbard Spontaneous amyloidosis occurs in many nonhuman primate species but remains difficult to diagnose and treat. Nonhuman primates continue to offer promise as animal models in which to study amyloidosis in humans. Amyloidosis was not diagnosed clinically but was found histologically in four male and 36 female baboons. The baboons averaged 18 years of age at death (range, 7,28 years). Clinical signs, if present, were hyperglycemia and cachexia. Blood glucose values were elevated in 12 of 30 baboons with available clinical pathology data. Four baboons had been clinically diagnosed as diabetic and three were treated with insulin. Amyloid was found in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in 40 baboons; 35 baboons had amyloid only in the islets of Langerhans. Amyloid was found in nonislet tissue of baboons as follows: five, nonislet pancreas; four, intestine and adrenal; three, kidney; two, prostate and spleen; and one each, lymph node, liver, gall bladder, stomach, tongue, urinary bladder, and salivary gland. Sections of paraffin-embedded tissues were evaluated for amyloid with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and congo red (CR) staining, and using immunohistochemistry for human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin (SS), and porcine insulin. Islet amyloid was positive with HE in 40 baboons, with CR in 39 baboons, and with IAPP and CGRP in 35 baboons. IAPP and CGRP only stained islet amyloid. PP, SS, glucagon, and porcine insulin did not stain amyloid. Islet amyloidosis in the baboon appears to be difficult to diagnose clinically, age-related, and similar to islet amyloidosis in other species. The baboon may be a good model for the study of islet amyloidosis in humans. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||