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Unique Variation (unique + variation)
Selected AbstractsEVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS IN SHOREBIRD BREEDING SYSTEMS: SEXUAL CONFLICT, PARENTAL CARE, AND CHICK DEVELOPMENTEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2005Gavin H. Thomas Abstract Sexual selection, mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated, although the specific nature of these relationships is controversial. Two major hypotheses have been suggested. The parental investment hypothesis states that the relative parental investment of the sexes drives the operation of sexual selection. Thus, the sex that invests less in offspring care competes more intensely and monopolizes access to mates. The sexual conflict hypothesis proposes that sexual selection (the competition among both males and females for mates), mating opportunities, and parental behavior are interrelated and predicts a feedback loop between mating systems and parental care. Here we test both hypotheses using a comprehensive dataset of shorebirds, a maximum-likelihood statistical technique, and a recent supertree of extant shorebirds and allies. Shorebirds are an excellent group for these analyses because they display unique variation in parental care and social mating system. First, we show that chick development constrains the evolution of both parental care and mate competition, because transitions toward more precocial offspring preceded transitions toward reduced parental care and social polygamy. Second, changes in care and mating systems respond to one another, most likely because both influenced and are influenced by mating opportunities. Taken together, our results are more consistent with the sexual conflict hypothesis than the parental investment hypothesis. [source] On Being Holier-Than-Thou or Humbler-Than-Thee: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Religiousness and HumilityJOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 2 2002Wade C. Rowatt This research examined the association between religiousness and humility. Participants in Studies 1 and 2 completed measures of religiousness, socially desirable responding, and their own and other people's adherence to biblical commandments. Participants in Study 2 also rated how characteristic nonreligious positive and negative trait terms were of the self and others. Humility was operationalized as the magnitude of difference between individuals' evaluations of self and other. Overvaluing the self in relation to others or undervaluing others in relation to the self was considered evidence of less humility. Participants rated the self to be more adherent to biblical commandments than others (the holier-than-thou effect) and rated the self to be more positive and less negative than others (the self-other bias). In both studies, intrinsic religiousness was associated with an increase in the tendency to rate the self as more adherent to biblical commandments than others. Quest was associated with a slight decrease in the magnitude of the holier-than-thou effect. Religious motivations did not account for unique variation in the general self-other bias. Irrespective of motivations for being religious, however, highly religious people (i.e., upper thirds on general religiousness and religious fundamentalism) more so than less religious people (i.e., lower thirds on general religiousness and religious fundamentalism) rated the self to be better on nonreligious attributes than others. [source] A multiple motive perspective on strike propensitiesJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 4 2001James E. Martin Strike propensities refer to the extent to which union members are willing to engage in strikes. The present paper identifies four motivational explanations for individual propensity to strike: social exchange relationships between member and union, and member and company, economic circumstances, and social status. These four models complement each other, and together permit substantial integration of previous literature as well as suggesting new antecedents of strike propensities. We evaluated each model using survey data from 2548 unionized retail employees. While the economic model explained the most variance in strike propensity, each model accounted for a significant amount of unique variation in the members' strike propensities. Our organizational framework of the motivational explanations of strike propensity into four distinct but complementary motivational models and our addition of new predictor variables represent our study's major contributions. Implications for strike research and union member,union relations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Relative distribution of three major lactate transporters in frozen human tissues and their localization in unfixed skeletal muscleMUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 1 2002William N. Fishbein MD Abstract We have prepared affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the near-C-terminal peptides of human monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Each antiserum reacted only with its specific peptide antigen and gave a distinct molecular weight band (blocked by preincubation with antigen) after chemiluminescence reaction on Western blots from sodium dodecyl sulfate,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of tissue membrane proteins. Densitometry showed distinctive expression patterns for each MCT in a panel of 15 frozen human tissues, with the distribution of MCT1 ,L:MCT2>MCT4. Fluorescence microscopy of unfixed skeletal muscle using fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibody was correlated with reverse adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) stained sequential sections to identify fiber-type localization. MCT1 expression was high in the sarcolemma of type 1 fibers, modest to low in type 2a fibers, and almost absent in type 2b fibers. In contrast, MCT4 expression was low to absent in the membrane of most type 1 fibers, but high in most 2a and in all 2b fibers, favoring the view that their high lactate levels during work may be channeled in part to neighboring type 1 (and perhaps 2a) fibers for oxidation, thereby delaying fatigue. MCT2 expression was limited to the sarcolemma of a type 1 fiber subset, which varied from <5 to 40%, depending on the specific muscle under study. Quantitative chemiluminescent densitometry of 10 muscle biopsies for their MCT2 and MCT4 content, each normalized to MCT1, confirmed the unique variation of MCT2 expression with biopsy site. The application of these antibodies should add to the understanding of motor unit physiology, and may contribute to the muscle-biopsy assessment of low-level denervation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 101,112, 2002 [source] A unique variation of the sciatic nerveCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 8 2008R.O. Carare No abstract is available for this article. [source] Optical and electrochemical properties of copoly(aryl ether)s consisting of alternate 2,5-distyrylbenzene and electron-transporting oxadiazole or triazole derivativesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 21 2005Shinn-Horng Chen Abstract New copoly(aryl ether) P1 consisting of alternate electron-transporting 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-(4-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-2,5-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and hole-transporting 2,5-distyrylbenzene (DSB) was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution polymerization. We investigated the optical and electrochemical properties of alternate copoly(aryl ether)s P1,P6, which contain the same hole-transporting DSB segments, but with different electron transporting segments. The effect of trifluoromethyl groups in electron transporting segments is also discussed. Referencing to the spectra of their model compounds M1,M4, the emissions of P1,P3 are dominated exclusively by the hole-transporting fluorophores with longer emissive wavelength about 452,453 nm via efficient excitation energy transfer. Furthermore, P1,P3 also exhibit unique variations in energy transfer in acidic media and solvatochromism in organic solvents. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of P1,P4, estimated from electrochemical data, are ,5.12, ,5.15, ,5.18, ,5.00 eV and ,2.93, ,3.39, ,3.49, ,2.76 eV, respectively. The electron and hole affinity of P1,P6 can be enhanced simultaneously by introducing isolated hole- and electron-transporting segments in backbone. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5083,5096, 2005 [source] | ||||||||||