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Unexpected
Terms modified by Unexpected Selected AbstractsWhen Can We Expect the Unexpected?JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 1 2008Predicting Educational Attainment When it Differs from Previous Expectations Individuals' expectations are strong predictors of their behaviors; educational expectations predict enrollment in postsecondary education. Yet in many cases, a youth's previous educational expectations are not met or are exceeded. This study examines correlates of educational expectations and unexpected educational attainment using longitudinal data from Monitoring the Future, a U.S. national study. Demographic characteristics, educational experiences in high school, and other risk and protective factors were related to expectations for educational attainment during high school. Logistic regressions indicated that high school curriculum, average grades, educational aspirations, and parents' educational level were particularly strong indicators of youth not meeting their expectation to graduate from a 4-year college, or graduating from college despite expecting not to graduate by age 25/26. We discuss the implications of unexpected pathways in terms of discontinuity during transitions and consider the implications for improved educational and career counseling during high school. [source] Unexpected but authentic use of an ethnically,marked dialectJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 4 2002Julie Sweetland Recent work on language crossing in the U.S. has examined the temporary appropriation of African American Vernacular English by white youth in an effort to participate in the current popularity and prestige of hip,hop culture, or in order to highlight racial boundaries. While such verbal behavior probably encompasses most white use of AAVE, it is not the only way in which whites (or other non,blacks) can use the variety. This paper presents a case study of the language of a 23 year old white female who makes consistent use of many distinctive linguistic features associated with AAVE. I argue that the interaction of ideologies of race, class, localness and language allow her to be considered an ingroup member despite her biographical race. This suggests that there is a tension between academic linguistic theory and actual speaker practice in assigning authenticity to individuals, and I conclude that language ideologies and other forms of qualitative evidence should be taken into account by sociolinguists looking at the link between language and race. [source] Unexpected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Wing-Yan Au No abstract is available for this article. [source] Unexpected (Z)-Selectivity in (Sylvestre) Julia Olefinations with Bu3Sn-Containing Allyl Benzothiazolyl Sulfones: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,3-Butadienyl- and 1,3,5-Hexatrienylstannanes.CHEMINFORM, Issue 28 2005Achim Sorg No abstract is available for this article. [source] Conformational Effects on Circular Dichroism in the Photoelectron Angular DistributionCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 4 2006Devis Di Tommaso Dr. Abstract The B-spline density-functional method has been applied to the conformers of the (1R,,2R)-1,2-dibromo-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane molecule. The cross section, asymmetry, and dichroic parameters relative to core and valence orbitals, which do not change their nature along the conformational curve, have been systematically studied. While the cross section and the asymmetry parameter are weakly affected, the dichroic parameter appears to be rather sensitive to the particular conformer of the molecule, suggesting that this dynamical property could be a useful tool for conformational analysis. The computational method has also been applied to methyl rotation in methyloxirane. Unexpected and dramatic sensitivity of the dichroic-parameter profile to the methyl rotation, both in the core and valence states, has been found. Boltzmann averaging over the conformers reproduces quite closely the profiles previously obtained for the minimum-energy conformation, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. [source] Orexins/hypocretins and orexin receptors in apoptosis: a mini-reviewACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 3 2010M. Laburthe Abstract An unexpected and fascinating aspect of the neuropeptides orexins has recently emerged when it was shown that orexins acting at orexin receptors OX1R or OX2R induce dramatic apoptosis resulting in massive reduction in cell growth in various cancer cell lines. This mini-review will provide the reader with recent findings related to the proapoptotic actions of orexins and the entirely novel mechanism whereby the seven membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) OX1R triggers apoptosis. Recent data show that orexins induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine-based motifs , immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif , in OX1R. These phosphorylations result in the recruitment and activation of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and subsequent cytochrome c -mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Finally, this mini-review will also speculate on: (1) the potential importance of tyrosine-based motifs in the large family of GPCRs; (2) the interest of orexin receptors as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy; (3) the possible role of orexin receptor-mediated apoptosis in physiology and pathophysiology in the brain (neurodevelopment, neurodegenerative diseases) and in the periphery. [source] Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern SwedenCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2006K. Ryberg Contact allergy to disperse dyes in textiles is documented in prevalence studies from southern Europe. To evaluate the prevalence of allergic patch test reactions to different textile dyes in southern Sweden, and to look at the sites of dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to textile dyes, we retrospectively investigated 3325 consecutively patch-tested patients. They had all been patch tested with the standard test series supplemented with a textile dye mix (TDM) consisting of 8 disperse dyes, i.e. Disperse (D) Blue 35, 106 and 124, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3 and D Red 1 and 17. All but 3 of the TDM-positive patients were additionally tested with the separate dyes included in the mix. The frequency of contact allergy to TDM was 1.5%, which is comparable with studies from southern Europe. The most common dye allergen was D Orange 1. The high prevalence of allergic reactions to D Orange 1 was unexpected, whereas test reactions to D Blue 106 and 124 were lower than expected from other studies. Compared to all tested patients, the TDM-positive patients more often had dermatitis on their arms, face, neck and axillary folds, and women also had a higher frequency of hand dermatitis. [source] BRASSICALES , AN ORDER OF PLANTS CHARACTERISED BY SHARED CHEMISTRYCURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, Issue 3 2010Michael F. Fay Among the many advances in our understanding of angiosperm relationships in recent decades due to the advent of DNA sequence data is the confirmation that all plants (apart from Drypetes) that produce mustard oil precursors are related to each other and should be treated as one order, Brassicales. Due to the lack of obvious shared morphological characters, this is one of the more unexpected of these advances. Here we give the background to this development and introduce the families in Brassicales, including Tropaeolaceae, the subject of this issue. [source] Panic disorder: a review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-V,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 2 2010Michelle G. Craske Ph.D Abstract This review covers the literature since the publication of DSM-IV on the diagnostic criteria for panic attacks (PAs) and panic disorder (PD). Specific recommendations are made based on the evidence available. In particular, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria for PAs to ease the differentiation between panic and surrounding anxiety; simplification and clarification of the operationalization of types of PAs (expected vs. unexpected) is proposed; and consideration is given to the value of PAs as a specifier for all DSM diagnoses and to the cultural validity of certain symptom profiles. In addition, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria to increase clarity and parsimony of the criteria. Finally, based on the available evidence, no changes are proposed with regard to the developmental expression of PAs or PD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Microabrasion Versus Microabrasion Followed by 15% Trichloroacetic Acid for Treatment of Cutaneous Hyperpigmentations in Adult FemalesDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2003Claudia Cotellessa MD BACKGROUND Cutaneous hyperpigmentations are common skin disorders that are often refractory to currently available treatments. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of microabrasion alone or microabrasion with 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for treatment of cutaneous hyperpigmentations. METHODS Twenty female patients were treated with microabrasion alone every 2 weeks (group 1), and 20 female patients were treated with microabrasion and application of 15% TCA every 3 weeks (group 2). All patients underwent up to eight treatments. The overall duration of treatment ranged from 2 to 4 months. RESULTS In group 1, a complete remission was observed in 8 of 20 cases (40%), partial remission in 10 of 20 cases (50%), and no remission in 2 of 20 cases (10%). In group 2, a complete remission was observed in 10 of 20 cases (50%), a partial remission in 8 of 20 cases (40%), and no remission in 2 of 20 cases (10%). No unexpected or serious side effects were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS Microabrasion alone or microabrasion with 15% TCA is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for cutaneous hyperpigmentations. [source] Individuation of pairs of objects in infancyDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Alan M. Leslie Looking-time studies examined whether 11-month-old infants can individuate two pairs of objects using only shape information. In order to test individuation, the object pairs were presented sequentially. Infants were familiarized either with the sequential pairs, disk-triangle/disk-triangle (XY/XY), whose shapes differed within but not across pairs, or with the sequential pairs, disk-disk/triangle-triangle (XX/YY), whose shapes differed across but not within pairs. The XY/XY presentation looked to adults like a single pair of objects presented repeatedly, whereas the XX/YY presentation looked like different pairs of objects. Following familiarization to these displays, infants were given a series of test trials in which the screen was removed, revealing two pairs of objects in one of two outcomes, XYXY or XXYY. On the first test trial, infants familiarized with the identical pairs (XY/XY) apparently expected a single pair to be revealed because they looked longer than infants familiarized with the distinct pairs (XX/YY). Infants who had seen the distinct pairs apparently expected a double pair outcome. A second experiment showed outcomes of a single XY pair. This outcome is unexpected for XX/YY-familiarized infants but expected for XY/XY-familiarized infants, the reverse of Experiment 1. This time looking times were longer for XX/YY infants. Eleven-month-olds appear to be able to represent not just individual objects but also pairs of objects. These results suggest that if they can group the objects into sets, infants may be able to track more objects than their numerosity limit or available working memory slots would normally allow. We suggest possible small exact numerosity representations that would allow tracking of such sets. [source] Realising a resilient and sustainable built environment: towards a strategic agenda for the United KingdomDISASTERS, Issue 3 2007Lee Bosher Recent natural and human-induced emergencies have highlighted the vulnerability of the built environment. Although most emergency events are not entirely unexpected, and the effects can be mitigated, emergency managers in the United Kingdom have not played a sufficiently proactive role in the mitigation of such events. If a resilient and sustainable built environment is to be achieved, emergency management should be more proactive and receive greater input from the stakeholders responsible for the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. This paper highlights the need for emergency management to take a more systematic approach to hazard mitigation by integrating more with professions from the construction sector. In particular, design changes may have to be considered, critical infrastructures must be protected, planning policies should be reviewed, and resilient and sustainable agendas adopted by all stakeholders. [source] Association of ablation of Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardiaDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 4 2006R. E. Sampliner SUMMARY., There has been increasing application of endoscopic ablation therapy for patients with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE). Three cases are reported in which the patient developed adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia after thermal ablation of HGD. A definition of BE including endoscopic abnormality and intestinal metaplasia by biopsy was used. Strict and standardized criteria were utilized for the endoscopic landmarks. Three cases are reported with long-segment BE and a nodule or mass in the endoscopic cardia post-thermal ablation. Biopsies documented adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. The development of adenocarcinoma of the cardia is unexpected. Speculation is offered as to the potential of increased proliferation and mutations at the new squamocolumnar interface after endoscopic ablation therapy to explain this association. [source] Rock albedo and monitoring of thermal conditions in respect of weathering: some expected and some unexpected resultsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 7 2005Kevin Hall Abstract Broadly speaking, there is, at least within geomorphic circles, a general acceptance that rocks with low albedos will warm both faster and to higher temperatures than rocks with high albedos, reflectivity influencing radiative warming. Upon this foundation are built notions of weathering in respect of the resulting thermal differences, both at the grain scale and at the scale of rock masses. Here, a series of paving bricks painted in 20 per cent reflectivity intervals from black through to white were used to monitor albedo-influenced temperatures at a site in northern Canada in an attempt to test this premise. Temperatures were collected, for five months, for the rock surface and the base of the rock, the blocks being set within a mass of local sediment. Resulting thermal data did indeed show that the dark bricks were warmer than the white but only when their temperatures were equal to or cooler than the air temperature. As brick temperature exceeded that of the air, so the dark and light bricks moved to parity; indeed, the white bricks frequently became warmer than the dark. It is argued that this ,negating' of the albedo influence on heating is a result of the necessity of the bricks, both white and black, to convect heat away to the surrounding cooler air; the darker brick, being hotter, initially convects faster than the white as a product of the temperature difference between the two media. Thus, where the bricks become significantly hotter than the air, they lose energy to that air and so their respective temperatures become closer, the albedo influence being superceded by the requirement to equilibrate with the surrounding air. It is argued that this finding will have importance to our understanding of weathering in general and to our perceptions of weathering differences between different lithologies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Grain transport mechanics in shallow overland flowECOHYDROLOGY, Issue 3 2009S.N. Prasad Abstract A physical model based on continuum multiphase flow is described to represent saltating transport of grains in shallow overland flows. The two-phase continuum flow of water and sediment considers coupled StVenant-type equations. The interactive cumulative effect of grains is incorporated by a dispersive stress term. The mean fluid thrust on the particle in the saltation layer of grains is expressed in terms of a slip velocity. The continuum model leads to the unexpected, but an interesting result is that particle velocity increases with the solid concentration. This increase predicts monotonic behaviour leading to overestimates of particle velocity at higher sediment concentration. To improve the predictions, grain dynamic equations, which incorporate bed collision, are analysed. The analysis leads to an improved model for predicting saltation height. Incorporation of the results in the continuum model yields a velocity-concentration relationship that is consistent with experimental observations for increasing concentration. Laboratory flume experiments explore the evaluation of various parameters from the measured particle velocities by photonic probes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Food or sex; pollinator,prey conflict in carnivorous plantsECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 6 2001B. Anderson Carnivorous plants potentially trap their own pollinators and it has been argued that considerable spatial separation of flowers and traps has evolved to protect pollinators. We investigated flower-trap separation of Drosera and Utricularia. Short Drosera had a greater element of floral,trap separation than tall Drosera. Such a relationship is unexpected for plants whose peduncles were evolved to protect their pollinators. Utricularia can not trap pollinators but this genus still produces exceptionally long peduncles. We propose that flower-trap separation evolved because carnivorous plants are often short and need to project their flowers well above ground level to make them more attractive to pollinators. [source] Lost zooplanktivorous cichlid from Lake Victoria reappears with a new tradeECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 4 2003E. F. B. Katunzi Abstract,,, The zooplanktivorous cichlid Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus, which was one of the most common haplochromine species in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, had almost completely disappeared after the Nile perch upsurge in the 1980s. In the second half of the 1990s, this species suddenly reappeared in the strongly changed ecosystem. Gut content investigation revealed a change in diet. Currently, H. pyrrhocephalus eats large prey more frequently than in the past. These large prey comprise fish, shrimps and molluscs. The latter two were never encountered in specimens from the past. Particularly feeding on molluscs was unexpected, as it had been suggested that, because of anatomical constraints, molluscivory and zooplanktivory are incompatible in cichlid fish. Our observations provide a new example of the extreme versatility in feeding behaviour in haplochromine cichlids. [source] Key role of selective viral-induced mortality in determining marine bacterial community compositionENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007T. Bouvier Summary Viral infection is thought to play an important role in shaping bacterial community composition and diversity in aquatic ecosystems, but the strength of this interaction and the mechanisms underlying this regulation are still not well understood. The consensus is that viruses may impact the dominant bacterial strains, but there is little information as to how viruses may affect the less abundant taxa, which often comprise the bulk of the total bacterial diversity. The potential effect of viruses on the phylogenetic composition of marine bacterioplankton was assessed by incubating marine bacteria collected along a North Pacific coastal-open ocean transect in seawater that was greatly depleted of ambient viruses. The ambient communities were dominated by typical marine groups, including alphaproteobacteria and the Bacteroidetes. Incubation of these communities in virus-depleted ambient water yielded an unexpected and dramatic increase in the relative abundance of bacterial groups that are generally undetectable in the in situ assemblages, such as betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Our results suggest that host susceptibility is not necessarily only proportional to its density but to other characteristics of the host, that rare marine bacterial groups may be more susceptible to viral-induced mortality, and that these rare groups may actually be the winners of competition for resources. These observations are not inconsistent with the ,phage kills the winner' hypothesis but represent an extreme and yet undocumented case of this paradigm, where the potential winners apparently never actually develop beyond a very low abundance threshold in situ. We further suggest that this mode of regulation may influence not just the distribution of single strains but of entire phylogenetic groups. [source] Oxidation chemistry of acid-volatile sulfide during analysisENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2002Adrian M. Gonzalez Abstract The susceptibility of some components of sediment acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) to chemical oxidation is a critical factor impacting accurate measurement of AVS in sediment samples. This well-documented susceptibility to oxidation led to the requirement for oxygen-free conditions in the analytical method developed for AVS. In light of this acute potential to oxidize, the serendipitous finding that air can be used in the analysis of sediment AVS is counterintuitive and unexpected. To demonstrate and investigate this interesting observation, extraction experiments were performed using aqueous and solid-phase sulfide species. Experiments using air as the carrier gas showed a mean percentage recovery of sulfide matching that of traditional (nitrogen gas) analysis (i.e., >91%) and a time to completion of less than 30 min for aqueous sulfide and less than 60 min for sediment samples. These results are consistent with those of sulfide oxidation studies reported in the literature. Using air as the analytical carrier gas can provide an interesting alternative for developing an analytical method to determine AVS parameters in the field. [source] Data analysis of environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in EuropeENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 6 2004Kristina Voigt Abstract Public access to information about the environment is being strengthened across Europe. The concept of public's right to information gives the basis for the access to environmental information. In this paper the quality of air pollutant monitoring systems in the 15 European member states is analyzed. For pragmatic reasons only the capitals are looked upon. Comprehensive data on environmental monitoring programs concerning air pollutants like ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and sometimes suspended dust, benzene and other environmental chemicals are available on the free Internet. As different monitoring information systems exist in the European member states a comparison of these systems with their pros and cons is of great interest to the public. Environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in the capitals of the 15 EEC member countries (objects) are evaluated by applying 5 evaluation criteria for the differentiation of these systems. The scores run from 0,=,insufficient, 1,=,medium, to 2,=,excellent. Different data-analysis methods will be applied. As order theory is still not sufficiently presented in the scientific literature, a short overview about the so-called Hasse diagram technique and POSAC method is outlined. In several steps the data-matrix is analyzed coming to the conclusion that all methods (additionally PCA is used) identify one criterion as specifically important. Not unexpected, each method has its own advantage. The aim of this data-analysis is the evaluation of the publicly available air quality monitoring systems in Europe with their pros and cons. This might help the interested public to find and understand the information given on the Internet. Furthermore our evaluation approach might give some recommendations for an improvement of the air quality monitoring systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Components of Relationship Quality in ChimpanzeesETHOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Orlaith N. Fraser A novel approach to studying social relationships in captive adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was taken by using principal components analysis (PCA) to extract three key components of relationship quality from nine behavioural variables. Based on the loadings of the behavioural variables, the components appeared to match previously hypothesized critical aspects of social relationships and were therefore labelled Value, Compatibility and Security. The effects of kinship, sex combination, age difference and time spent together on each of the relationship quality components were analysed. As expected, kin were found to have more valuable, compatible and secure relationships than non-kin. Female,female dyads were found to be more compatible than male,male or mixed-sex dyads, whereas the latter were found to be most secure. Partners of a similar age were found to have more secure and more valuable relationships than those with a larger age gap. Individuals that were together in the group for longer were more valuable and more compatible, but their relationships were found to be less secure than individuals that were together in the group for a shorter time. Although some of the results may be unexpected based on chimpanzee socio-ecology, they fit well overall with the history and social dynamics of the study group. The methods used confer a significant advantage in producing quantitative composite measures of each component of relationship quality, obtained in an objective manner. These findings therefore promote the use of such measures in future studies requiring an assessment of the qualities of dyadic social relationships. [source] Pressure Effect Investigations on the Spin Crossover Systems{Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(bipy)} and {Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(phen)}EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2006Ana Galet Abstract Pressure effect studies on the spin crossover behaviour of the mononuclear compounds {Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(bipy)}(1) and {Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(phen)}(2) have been performed in the range of 105 Pa,1.02 GPa at variable temperatures (100,310 K). Continuous spin transitions and displacement of its characteristic temperature has been observed for 1 with increasing pressure. Meanwhile the response of 2 under applied pressures is quite unexpected, and can only be understood in terms of a crystallographic phase transition or change in the bulk modulus of the compound. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] NMDA receptor subunits GluR,1, GluR,3 and GluR,1 are enriched at the mossy fibre,granule cell synapse in the adult mouse cerebellumEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 11 2001Kazuyuki Yamada Abstract Cerebellar N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors are concentrated in the granular layer and are involved in motor coordination and the induction of long-term potentiation at mossy fibre,granule cell synapses. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of NMDA receptor subunits in the adult mouse cerebellum. We found that appropriate pepsin pretreatment of sections greatly enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical detection. As a result, intense immunolabelling for GluR,1 (NR2A), GluR,3 (NR2C), and GluR,1 (NR1) all appeared in synaptic glomeruli of the granular layer. Double immunofluorescence showed that these subunits were colocalized in individual synaptic glomeruli. Within the glomerulus, NMDA receptor subunits were located between centrally-located huge mossy fibre terminals and peripherally-located tiny Golgi axon terminals. By immunoelectron microscopy, all three subunits were detected at the postsynaptic junction in granule cell dendrites, forming synapses with mossy fibre terminals. Consistent with the known functional localization, GluR,1, GluR,3, and GluR,1 are, thus, anatomically concentrated at the mossy fibre,granule cell synapse. By contrast, immunohistochemical signals were very low in Purkinje cell somata and dendrites in the molecular layer. The lack of GluR,1 immunolabelling in Purkinje cells was unexpected because the cells express GluR,1 mRNA at high levels and high levels of GluR,1 protein in the molecular layer were revealed by immunoblot. As Purkinje cells are exceptionally lacking GluR, expression, the discrepant result may provide in vivo evidence suggesting the importance of accompanying GluR, subunits in synaptic localization of GluR,1. [source] Mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 in comparison with mature human skin mast cells , drastically reduced levels of tryptase and chymase in mast cell linesEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Sven Guhl Please cite this paper as: Mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 in comparison with mature human skin mast cells , drastically reduced levels of tryptase and chymase in mast cell lines. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 845,847. Abstract:, To circumvent the costly isolation procedure associated with tissue mast cells (MC), two human MC lines, i.e. HMC-1 and LAD2, are frequently employed, but their relation to mature MC is unknown. Here, we quantitatively assessed their expression of MC markers in direct comparison to skin MC (sMC). sMC expressed all lineage markers at highest and HMC-1 cells at lowest levels. LAD2 cells expressed comparable high-affinity IgE receptor , (Fc,RI,) and Fc,RI, but less Fc,RI, than sMC and displayed slightly reduced, but robust Fc,RI-mediated histamine release. Only minor differences were found for total histamine content and c-Kit expression. Huge, and to this level unexpected, differences were found for MC tryptase and chymase, with sMC >>> LAD2 > HMC-1. Taken together, HMC-1 cells represent very immature malignantly transformed MC, whereas LAD2 cells can be considered intermediately differentiated. Because of the minute levels of MC proteases, MC lines can serve as surrogates of tissue MC to a limited degree only. [source] Analytical and experimental studies on fatigue crack path under complex multi-axial loadingFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 4 2006L. REIS ABSTRACT In real engineering components and structures, many accidental failures are due to unexpected or additional loadings, such as additional bending or torsion, etc. Fractographical analyses of the failure surface and the crack orientation are helpful for identifying the effects of the non-proportional multi-axial loading. There are many factors that influence fatigue crack paths. This paper studies the effects of multi-axial loading path on the crack path. Two kinds of materials were studied and compared in this paper: AISI 303 stainless steel and 42CrMo4 steel. Experiments were conducted in a biaxial testing machine INSTRON 8800. Six different biaxial loading paths were selected and applied in the tests to observe the effects of multi-axial loading paths on the additional hardening, fatigue life and the crack propagation orientation. Fractographic analyses of the plane orientations of crack initiation and propagation were carried out by optical microscope and SEM approaches. It was shown that the two materials studied had different crack orientations under the same loading path, due to their different cyclic plasticity behaviour and different sensitivity to non-proportional loading. Theoretical predictions of the damage plane were made using the critical plane approaches such as the Brown,Miller, the Findley, the Wang,Brown, the Fatemi,Socie, the Smith,Watson,Topper and the Liu's criteria. Comparisons of the predicted orientation of the damage plane with the experimental observations show that the critical plane models give satisfactory predictions for the orientations of early crack growth of the 42CrMo4 steel, but less accurate predictions were obtained for the AISI 303 stainless steel. This observation appears to show that the applicability of the fatigue models is dependent on the material type and multi-axial microstructure characteristics. [source] Temperature-sensing telemetry , possibilities for assessing the feeding ecology of marine mammals and their potential impacts on returning salmonid populationsFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 5-6 2008B. BENDALL Abstract, Adult salmonids returning to the River Tees (north-east England) tagged with temperature-sensing acoustic transmitters provided some unexpected and novel information on the possible impact of seal predation at a tidal barrage 16 km from the sea. Predation events of tagged fish by seals were inferred by an increase in the temperature transmitted by the acoustic tags. Subsequent events of feeding or drinking by the seals were also inferred from further changes in temperature recorded by tags whilst in their stomachs. Rates of inferred predation on tagged individuals were high (47%). This is the first time that temperature-sensing transmitters deployed inside wild salmonids have revealed instances of predation by, and subsequent feeding ecology of, marine mammals. The results are discussed in relation to the use of such technology in future studies attempting to address the interactions between marine mammals and their fish prey species. [source] Elite Consensus as a Determinant of Alliance Cohesion: Why Public Opinion Hardly Matters for NATO-led Operations in AfghanistanFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2010Sarah Kreps Despite the increasing popularity of fighting wars through multilateral coalitions, scholars have largely been silent on the question of how public opinion in member states affects alliance cohesion. This article assesses public opinion data for states contributing to operations in Afghanistan. It finds that despite the unpopularity of the war, leaders have largely bucked public opinion and neither reduced nor withdrawn troops from NATO-led operations in Afghanistan. Theoretical expectations about international cooperation and evidence from case studies point to elite consensus as the reason why leaders are not running for the exits in Afghanistan when their publics would prefer that they do. As the article shows, operating through a formal institution such as NATO creates systemic incentives for sustained international cooperation. The result is that elite consensus inoculates leaders from electoral punishment and gives states' commitments to Afghanistan a "stickiness" that defies negative public opinion. A formal alliance such as NATO may therefore create more policy constraints than an ad hoc coalition but also increase the costs of defection and confer a degree of staying power that is unexpected given the adverse public opinion environment. [source] Seasonal mortality and the effect of body size: a review and an empirical test using individual data on brown troutFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Stephanie M. Carlson Summary 1,For organisms inhabiting strongly seasonal environments, over-winter mortality is thought to be severe and size-dependent, with larger individuals presumed to survive at a higher rate than smaller conspecifics. Despite the intuitive appeal and prevalence of these ideas in the literature, few studies have formally tested these hypotheses. 2We here tested the support for these two hypotheses in stream-dwelling salmonids. In particular, we combined an empirical study in which we tracked the fate of individually-marked brown trout across multiple seasons and multiple years with a literature review in which we compiled the results of all previous pertinent research in stream-dwelling salmonids. 3We report that over-winter mortality does not consistently exceed mortality during other seasons. This result emerged from both our own research as well as our review of previous research focusing on whether winter survival is lower than survival during other seasons. 4We also report that bigger is not always better in terms of survival. Indeed, bigger is often worse. Again, this result emerged from both our own empirical work as well as the compilation of previous research focusing on the relationship between size and survival. 5We suggest that these results are not entirely unexpected because self-sustaining populations are presumably adapted to the predictable seasonal variation in environmental conditions that they experience. [source] Overview of adverse reactions to nefopam: an analysis of the French Pharmacovigilance databaseFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2007G. Durrieu Abstract Nefopam is widely used for the relief of moderate acute pain. Its safety profile remains to be specified. The objective of the study was to review adverse reactions to nefopam spontaneously reported to the French Pharmacovigilance system. All cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with nefopam, registered in the French Pharmacovigilance database from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2004, were reviewed. For each reported ADR, information about patient (age, gender, medical history), drug exposure (suspected and concomitantly used drugs), characteristics of ADRs (imputability score, time of onset, seriousness, outcome) were collected. A total of 114 ADRs with an imputability rated from ,plausible' (I2) to ,likely' (I3) and ,very likely' (I4) was analysed. The most frequent ADRs included ,expected' ADRs such as sweating, nausea, tachycardia, malaise or vomiting; 61 ADRs were ,unexpected. No overdose was reported; 26 ADRs (23%) were considered as ,serious'. Most of them were ,unexpected', including neuropsychiatric (hallucinations, convulsions) or cutaneous (pruritus, erythema, urticaria) ADRs. Six cases of anaphylactic ADRs (two angioedema and four anaphylactic shocks) were reported, all occurring shortly after use of nefopam during the post-operative period. Physicians should be aware of the possible occurrence of some serious ADRs when using nefopam such as convulsions and anaphylactic shocks, especially when the drug is used in special medical conditions, like post-operative periods. [source] Interpretation of knockout experiments: the congenic footprintGENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 3 2007L. C. Schalkwyk In gene targeting experiments, the importance of genetic background is now widely appreciated, and knockout alleles are routinely backcrossed onto a standard inbred background. This produces a congenic strain with a substantial segment of embryonic stem (ES)-cell-derived chromosome still flanking the knockout allele, a phenomenon often neglected in knockout studies. In cholecystokynin 2 (Cckbr) knockout mice backcrossed with C57BL/6, we have found a clear ,congenic footprint' of expression differences in at least 10 genes across 40 Mb sequence flanking the Cckbr locus, each of which is potentially responsible for aspects of the ,knockout' phenotype. The expression differences are overwhelmingly in the knockout-low direction, which may point to a general phenomenon of background dependence. This finding emphasizes the need for caution in using gene knockouts to attribute phenotypic effects to genes. This is especially the case when the gene is of unknown function or the phenotype is unexpected, and is a particular concern for large-scale knockout and phenotypic screening programmes. However, the impact of genetic background should not be simply viewed as a potential confound, but as a unique opportunity to study the broader responses of a system to a specific (genetic) perturbation. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||