Unequal Treatment (unequal + treatment)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


PRICE AND EFFICIENCY EFFECTS OF TAXES AND SUBSIDIES FOR AUSTRALIAN HOUSING

ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 2 2007
PETER ABELSON
This paper quantifies the major subsidies and taxes that affect housing, the impacts on house prices and housing consumption, and the efficiency effects. Private housing receives an estimated net subsidy of $6.3 billion per annum. Most of this subsidy accrues to homeowners, who as a group receive about an 8% subsidy on imputed gross rentals. The rental sector receives a subsidy of approximately 0.4% of rents. On plausible (unitary elasticity) demand and supply assumptions, the homeowner subsidy increases all housing prices by about 2% and total housing consumption by about 2%, with the rise in consumption by home owners more than offsetting the fall in consumption by renters. The housing subsidy produces an estimated deadweight loss from expenditure on renovations of about $100 million per annum. However, contrary to previous work, the paper finds that the housing subsidy produces welfare gains from expenditure on new housing in the order of $187 million a year. This arises because the subsidy offsets the over-regulated supply of new housing. Transaction taxes on housing have a separate deadweight loss of $375 million per annum. Also, the unequal treatment of homeowners and renters creates a small annual deadweight loss. [source]


More or Less Unequal?

GENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 1 2007
Evidence on the Pay of Men, Women from the British Birth Cohort Studies
Gender pay differences are not merely a problem for women returning to work and part-time employees, but also for those in full-time, continuous careers. In data from cohort studies, the gender wage gap for full-time workers in their early thirties fell between 1978 and 2000. This equalization reflects improvements in women's education and experience rather more than a move towards equal treatment. Indeed, had the typical woman full-timer in 2000 been paid at men's rates she would have actually received higher pay than the typical man. Within one cohort, passing from age 33 to 42, gender inequality increased. This was partly due to differences in the qualifications and experience of the women in employment at those points, but unequal treatment also rose among women employed full time at both ages. [source]


Easy to say, difficult to do: diversity management in retail

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005
Carley Foster
This article examines how operational managers are interpreting the management of diversity in practice. It is explicitly concerned with the way in which managing diversity was understood and applied in one large, long-established British retailing company. The findings suggest that while the business benefits attributed to diversity management are appealing to employers, it is a concept that lacks clarity for line managers both in terms of what it is and how it should be implemented within the anti-discrimination legal framework. Line managers, familiar with the value of demonstrating a common approach in their decision-making as the key means of defence against claims of discriminatory treatment, regarded a diversity management agenda concerned with recognising and responding to individual differences as more likely to lead to feelings of unfairness and claims of unequal treatment. It will be argued that, in the implementation of organisational diversity initiatives, employers need to take greater account of the tensions facing line managers, their interpretation of diversity management and perceptions of fair treatment as well as the operational context. [source]


Sex differences in child nutritional and immunological status 5,9 years post contact in fringe highland Papua New Guinea

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010
Jason A. Decaro
Objectives: This study examines sex differences in vulnerability among children experiencing rapid culture change that may reflect distinct microecologies driven by differential parental investment and/or sex-specific life history strategies. Apparent female growth canalization may be a life history strategy favoring growth over maintenance but also may reflect sex-differentiated selection for resilience based on unequal treatment during early life. Methods: Stature, weight, and serum measures of C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammation marker) and Epstein-Barr Virus antibodies (EBV, a humoral immune response marker) were collected longitudinally among children/adolescents ages 5,20 years (N = 65), 5,9 years after sustained contact in a fringe highland hunter-horticulturalist group from the Schrader Range in Papua New Guinea exhibiting male preference and sex-biased survival. It was hypothesized that girls would exhibit canalization, with better nutritional status than boys; lower maintenance investment would yield lower female immune activation; and because of differential survivorship, females would appear increasingly canalized as early conditions for girls worsened relative to boys. Results: Girls had greater arm circumference z -scores than boys, less frequent stunting, and lower CRP despite high pathogen load. Average nutritional status for girls improved over time as the sex ratio became increasingly male biased and the condition of female infants reportedly worsened. Conclusions: Both canalization and survivorship effects were found. Although a life history perspective on female canalization can help explain developmental outcomes in populations undergoing rapid culture change amid adversity, possible sex differences in the strength of survivorship effects that select for resiliency should not be ignored. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:657,666, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Racism in Court: The Experience of Ethnic Minority Magistrates

THE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 5 2006
GWYNN DAVIS
The study was conducted in 14 magistrates' courts in England and Wales. Most of those interviewed had not encountered racist attitudes or behaviour in their dealings with fellow magistrates, but a substantial minority (28%) had perceived instances of racism, and four magistrates (out of 128) believed that they had been subject to unequal treatment at the institutional level. The researchers found that ethnicity intersects with education, social class, gender, and aspects of personality or personal philosophy to determine ease or difficulty of integration within the court environment, and that these factors can also influence ethnic minority magistrates' response to incidents that might be construed as racist. This article explores these intersections. [source]