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Triglycerides
Kinds of Triglycerides Terms modified by Triglycerides Selected AbstractsEFFECTS OF PRESTORAGE DRY AND HUMID HOT AIR TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY, TRIGLYCERIDES AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENTS IN ,HASS' AVOCADO FRUITJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 2 2004J. DE JESUS ORNELAS P. ABSTRACT ,Hass' avocado fruit were heated with dry (50% RH) or moist (95% RH) forced air at 38Cfor 6 h and then stored at 5C and 85% RHfor up to 8 weeks. Fruit were evaluated weekly for quality and for the content of three triglycerides and three tocopherols. Heated fruit had higher weight loss. The nonheated fruit and those heated with dry air displayed the best external quality. Fruit heated with dry air exhibited the best internal quality and the lowest chilling injury incidence. The respiration rate was more intense in fruit heated with moist air. Fruit firmness immediately after harvest was 51N, but decreased to less than 20 N at the end of the storage period in the three treatments. The analysis of triglycerides and tocopherols showed that the 1,2-Dilinoleil-3-Oleil-Glycerol and ,-tocopherol were the most abundant compounds. Therefore, postharvest treatment with dry forced hot air before storage or transport reduces the incidence of chilling injury, and decreases quality deterioration in ,Hass' avocado fruit. [source] Impaired contractile function and mitochondrial respiratory capacity in response to oxygen deprivation in a rat model of pre-diabetesACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009M. F. Essop Abstract Aim:, Obesity is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial respiratory capacity of the pre-diabetic heart is decreased leading to impaired contractile function and tolerance to ischaemia/reperfusion. Methods:, Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a high caloric diet for 16 weeks after which anthropometric, metabolic, cardiac and mitochondrial parameters were evaluated vs. age-matched lean controls. Cardiac function (working heart perfusions) and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were assessed at baseline and in response to acute oxygen deprivation. Results:, Rats fed the high caloric diet exhibited increased body weight and visceral fat vs. the control group. Heart weights of obese rats were also increased. Triglyceride, fasting plasma insulin and free fatty acid levels were elevated, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reduced in the obese group. Contractile function was attenuated at baseline and further decreased after subjecting hearts to ischaemia-reperfusion. Myocardial infarct sizes were increased while ADP phosphorylation rates were diminished in obese rats. However, no differences were found for mtDNA levels and the degree of oxidative stress-induced damage. Conclusions:, These data show that decreased mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity in pre-diabetic rat hearts may impair respiratory capacity and reduce basal contractile function and tolerance to acute oxygen deprivation. [source] 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer: In vivo,ex vivo profiles and effect of tumor loadJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 3 2004Marrita M. Mahon PhD Abstract Purpose To compare in vivo 1H magnetic resonance (MR) spectra of preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions with ex vivo magic angle spinning (MAS) spectra of intact biopsies from the same subjects and to establish the effects of tumor load in the tissue sampled on the findings. Materials and Methods A total of 51 subjects (nine with normal cervix, 10 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN], and 32 with cervical cancer) underwent endovaginal MR at 1.5 T. Single-voxel (3.4 cm3) 1H MR spectra were acquired and voxel tumor load was calculated (tumor volume within voxel as a percentage of voxel volume). Resonances from triglycerides ,CH2 and ,CH3 and choline-containing compounds (Cho) were correlated with voxel tumor load. Biopsies analyzed by 1H MAS-MR spectroscopy (MRS) had metabolite levels correlated with tumor load in the sample at histology. Results In vivo studies detected Cho in normal, CIN, and cancer patients with no significant differences in levels (P = 0.93); levels were independent of voxel tumor load. Triglyceride ,CH2 and ,CH3 signals in-phase with Cho were present in 77% and 29%, respectively, of cancer subjects (but not in normal women or those with CIN), but did not correlate with voxel tumor load. Ex vivo cancer biopsies showed levels of triglycerides ,CH2 and ,CH3 and of Cho that were significantly greater than in normal or CIN biopsies (P < 0.05); levels were independent of the tumor load in the sample. The presence of ,CH2 in vivo predicted the presence of cancer with a sensitivity and specificity of 77.4% and 93.8% respectively, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were 96% and 68.2%; for ,CH2 ex vivo, sensitivity was 100%; specificity, 69%; PPV, 82%; and NPV, 100%. Conclusion Elevated lipid levels are detected by MRS in vivo and ex vivo in cervical cancer and are independent of tumor load in the volume of tissue sampled. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:356,364. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Impact of postprandial lipaemia on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size and oxidized LDL in patients with coronary artery diseaseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 11 2006M. Granér Abstract Background, Remnant lipoprotein particles (RLPs) and oxidative stress are components of postprandial state. We investigated the concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), RLPs, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size, and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) during alimentary lipaemia, and evaluated whether changes among these variables could be associated with the severity and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methods, Eighty men and 27 women with clinically suspected CAD underwent quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). TRLs were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation before and 6 h after an oral fat load. RLPs were measured by an immunoseparation method, oxLDL by ELISA, and LDL size by gradient gel electrophoresis. Results, Triglycerides, apolipoprotein (apo) B-48, and apoB-100 concentration in Swedberg flotation units (Sf) > 400 and in Sf 12,400 fractions were markedly increased at 6 h. Postprandial cholesterol content of RLPs (RLP-C) correlated with respective triglycerides in Sf > 400 (r = 0·737) and Sf 12,400 (r = 0·857), apoB-48 in Sf > 400 (r = 0·710) and Sf 12,400 (r = 0·664), apoB-100 in Sf > 400 (r = 0·812) and Sf 12,400 (r = 0·533). RLP-C correlated with oxLDL both in fasting and in fed state (r = 0·482 and r = 0·543, respectively) and inversely with LDL size (r = ,0·459 and r = ,0·442, respectively). (P < 0·001 for all). OxLDL was elevated postprandially (P < 0·001). In multivariate analysis, oxLDL was a determinant of severity and extent of CAD. Conclusion, Postprandial state is associated with oxidative stress. The magnitude of oxLDL increases during alimentary lipaemia and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. [source] Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas diseaseHPB, Issue 4 2007Abhishek Mathur Abstract Background. Obesity leads to fat infiltration of multiple organs including the heart, kidneys, and liver. Under conditions of oxidative stress, fat-derived cytokines are released locally and result in an inflammatory process and organ dysfunction. In the liver, fat infiltration has been termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which may lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. No data are available, however, on the influence of obesity on pancreatic fat and cytokines, and nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) has not been described. Therefore, we designed a study to determine whether obesity is associated with increased pancreatic fat and cytokines. Materials and methods. Thirty C57BL/6J lean control and 30 leptin-deficient obese female mice were fed a 15% fat diet for 4 weeks. At 12 weeks of age all animals underwent total pancreatectomy. Pancreata from each strain were pooled for measurement of a) wet and dry weight, b) histologic presence of fat, c) triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFAs), cholesterol, phospholipids, and total fat, and d) interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-,). Data were analyzed by Student's t test and Fisher's exact test. Results. Pancreata from obese mice were heavier (p<0.05) and had more fat histologically (p<0.05). Pancreata from obese mice had more triglycerides, FFAs, cholesterol, and total fat (p<0.05). Triglycerides represented 11% of pancreatic fat in lean mice compared with 67% of pancreatic fat in obese mice (p<0.01). Cytokines IL-1, and TNF-, also were elevated in the pancreata of obese mice (p<0.05). Conclusions. These data suggest that obese mice have 1) heavier pancreata, 2) more pancreatic fat, especially triglycerides and FFAs, and 3) increased cytokines. We conclude that obesity leads to nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. [source] Enzyme-based approaches for pitch control in thermomechanical pulping of softwood and pitch removal in process waterJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Etienne Dubé Abstract BACKGROUND: In the pulp and paper manufacturing process, pitch colloidal particles have a tendency to agglomerate and deposit on pulp fibres and equipments. They reduce the efficiency of the washer, increase the dirt count and bleach chemical consumption, reduce pulp brightness thus leading to paper defects. Triglycerides are considered to be the most problematic compounds during the manufacturing of mechanical and acidic sulfite pulps from various softwood species. RESULTS: Using enzyme-based approaches, a pitch control method was developed for use with thermomechanical pulping of softwood and for pitch removal from process water. Results showed that with combination of a novel biodegradable surfactant and a lipase resin acids, sterols and triglyceride groups were reduced by 48%, 32% and 78%, respectively, compared with untreated samples. Using laccase treatment of the process water the fatty and resin acids were reduced by 42% and the lignans by 60%. CONCLUSION: By combining the proposed pulp treatment with laccase decontamination of the process water, this new method offers an efficient alternative to control the various pitch-associated problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] IGFBP-1 levels in adult women born small for gestational age suggest insulin resistance in spite of normal BMIJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2004A. Kistner Abstract. Objective., Impaired fetal development may contribute to decreased insulin sensitivity. This study was designed to characterize serum markers of insulin resistance in adults born small for date or born prematurely. Study design., Fifty subjects, all women, were evaluated at a mean age ± SD of 26 ± 2 years (range: 23,30 years). They were allocated to three groups: (i) born fullterm with birth weight <2600 g (n = 18) (small for gestational age, SGA), (ii) born before gestational week 32 (n = 15) (ex-preterm), and (iii) controls, born fullterm with appropriate birth weight (n = 17). Anthropometric data as well as fasting serum samples of plasma B-glucose, serum lipids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels were determined. Results., In the SGA group final height was lower and they weighed less compared with the controls. Fasting insulin and glucose levels did not differ amongst the groups. Triglycerides were lower in the SGA group and in the ex-preterm group compared with the controls (P < 0.05). The SGA group showed lower IGFBP-1 levels compared with the controls median 17 (range 3,121) vs. 26 (7,67) ,g L,1; P < 0.05]. The IGF-I levels in the SGA, ex-preterm and control groups were 212 ± 58, 259 ± 37 and 216 ± 32 ,g L,1, respectively, corresponding to a mean SD score of ,0.8 ± 1.0, 0.1 ± 0.6 and ,0.6 ± 0.6. Conclusion., As IGFBP-1 is a marker of insulin sensitivity, the low levels observed in adult women with normal BMI, born small for date, suggest relative insulin resistance in spite of normal BMI. [source] Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating TriglyceridesALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2007Guo-Qing Chang Background: Recent evidence has demonstrated that ethanol intake can stimulate the expression and production of the feeding-stimulatory peptide, galanin (GAL), in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that PVN injection of this peptide, in turn, can increase the consumption of ethanol. To test the hypothesis that other feeding-related systems are involved in ethanol intake, this study examined the effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic opioid peptides, enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN). Method: Adult, male Sprague,Dawley rats were trained to voluntarily drink increasing concentrations of ethanol, up to 9% v/v, on a 12-hour access schedule or were given a single injection of ethanol (10% v/v) versus saline vehicle. The effect of ethanol on GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and radiolabeled in situ hybridization, while radioimmunoassay was used to measure peptide levels. In addition to blood alcohol, circulating levels of triglycerides (TG), leptin, and insulin were also measured. Results: The data demonstrated that: (1) rats voluntarily drinking 9% v/v ethanol (approximately 2.0 g/kg/d) show a significant increase in GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA in the PVN compared with water-drinking rats; (2) voluntary consumption of ethanol also increases peptide levels of ENK and DYN in the PVN; (3) acute injection of 10% ethanol (1.0 g/kg of 10% v/v) similarly increases the expression of GAL, ENK, and DYN in the PVN; and (4) ethanol consumption and injection, while having little effect on leptin and insulin, consistently increase circulating levels of TG as well as alcohol, both of which are strongly, positively correlated with peptide expression in the PVN. Conclusions: These findings, together with published studies, suggest a possible role for hypothalamic opioid peptides in the drinking of ethanol. Based on evidence that dietary fat and lipid injections stimulate the PVN peptides and injection of the opiates and GAL increase ethanol intake, it is proposed that both TG and alcohol in the circulation, which are elevated by the ingestion or injection of ethanol, are involved in stimulating these peptides in the PVN, which in turn promote further consumption of ethanol. [source] GC analysis of extractive compounds in beech woodJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 14 2003Janja Zule Abstract Various highly hydrophobic beech wood lipids were characterized and their quantities measured in hexane extracts by GC, using short and long capillary columns. More polar compounds were also identified in acetone extracts. Triglycerides, steryl esters, sterols, unsaturated fatty acids, as well as various monosaccharide units were determined as possible pollutants of papermaking systems. [source] Association of polymorphisms within the transforming growth factor-,1 gene with diabetic nephropathy and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrationsNEPHROLOGY, Issue 6 2010ADÁN VALLADARES-SALGADO ABSTRACT Aim: The TGF-, gene participates in the development of chronic kidney disease. We investigated whether the 869 T > C, 915 G > C and ,800 G > A polymorphisms of TGF-,1 are associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Polymorphisms were genotyped in 439 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 233 with diabetic nephropathy (DN+) and 206 without (DN,). The sample was characterized for relevant clinical and biochemical parameters. Results: The 869 T > C (P = 0.016; odds ratio (OR) = 1.818, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.128,2.930) and the 915 G > C polymorphisms (P = 0.008, OR = 4.073, 95% CI = 1.355,12.249) were associated with diabetic nephropathy. The 869 T > C variant was associated with total cholesterol levels: CC + CT genotypes had a mean cholesterol concentration of 5.62 ± 1.40 mmol/L vs a mean concentration of 5.15 ± 1.40 mmol/L for the TT genotype (P = 0.011). Triglycerides were also higher in CC + CT genotypes (2.49 ± 1.56 mmol/L) in comparison with TT homozygotes (2.1 ± 1.22 mmol/L, P = 0.042). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the polymorphisms 869 T > C and 915 G > C were independent predictors for DN (P = 0.049 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusion: The 869 T > C and 915 G > C polymorphisms within the TGF-,1 gene were associated with DN+. Lower cholesterol and triglycerides levels were observed in TT homozygotes for the 869 T > C polymorphism. The TGF-,1 869 T allele seems to confer protection against DN+. [source] HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides: Emerging, Emerging,Emerged!PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Ezra A. Amsterdam MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed different ratios of dietary protein to energyAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 6 2008Y. HU Abstract A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight of 0.09 ± 0.002 g, mean ± SE). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (300, 340, 380 and 420 g kg,1) and three lipid levels (50, 75 and 100 g kg,1). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 L). The water temperature was 28.5 ± 2 °C and the salinity was 28 ± 1 g L,1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Shrimps fed the diets containing 300 g kg,1 protein showed the poorest growth. However, shrimp fed the 75 g kg,1 lipid diets had only slightly higher growth than that fed 50 g kg,1 lipid diets at the same dietary protein level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase of dietary lipid to 100 g kg,1. Shrimp fed the diet with 420 g kg,1protein and 75 g kg,1 lipid had the highest specific growth rate. However, shrimp fed the diet with 340 g kg,1 protein and 75 g kg,1 lipid showed comparable growth, and had the highest protein efficiency ratio, energy retention and feed efficiency ratio among dietary treatments. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 340 g kg,1 protein and 75 g kg,1 lipid with digestible protein/digestible energy of 21.1 mg kJ,1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and the increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein-sparing effect. [source] Active immunization against (Pro3)GIP improves metabolic status in high-fat-fed miceDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 9 2010I. A. Montgomery Aim: Ablation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor signalling can prevent many of the metabolic abnormalities associated with dietary-induced obesity-diabetes. The present study was designed to assess the ability of active immunization against (Pro3)GIP to counter metabolic dysfunction associated with diet-induced obesity in high-fat-fed mice. Methods: Normal male Swiss NIH mice were injected (s.c.) once every 14 days for 98 days with complexed (Pro3)GIP peptide, with transfer to a high-fat diet on day 21. Results: Active immunization against (Pro3)GIP resulted in circulating GIP antibody production and significantly (p < 0.05 p < 0.01) reduced circulating blood glucose concentrations compared to high-fat control mice from day 84 onwards. Glucose levels were not significantly different from lean controls. The glycaemic response to i.p. glucose was correspondingly improved (p < 0.01) in (Pro3)GIP-immunized mice. Furthermore, circulating and glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels were significantly (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) depressed compared to high-fat control mice. Liver triglyceride, pancreatic insulin and circulating LDL-cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced in (Pro3)GIP-immunized mice. These changes were independent of any effects on food intake or body weight. The glucose-lowering effect of native GIP was annulled in (Pro3)GIP-immunized mice consistent with the induction of biologically effective GIP-specific neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: These results suggest that immunoneutralization of GIP represents an effective means of countering the disruption of metabolic processes induced by high-fat feeding. [source] The long-term impact of ferritin level on treatment and complications of type 2 diabetesDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 6 2008L. Jiang Aim:, To investigate if high-serum ferritin has long-term impact on response to treatment and the development of diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods:, We analysed the record of 90 consecutive type 2 diabetic subjects who had serum ferritin level determined soon after diagnosis of diabetes and who also had long-term follow-up data. Results:, Patients with higher serum ferritin level had slightly worse triglyceride, blood pressure and liver enzyme levels at the end of follow up. However, ferritin level had no impact on the initial or final requirements for diabetic medication and the development of diabetic complications. Conclusions:, Although elevated serum ferritin is a marker of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, it is not necessarily a bad prognostic indicator that should affect the clinician's approach to management. [source] Discordance between intramuscular triglyceride and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of Zucker diabetic rats after treatment with fenofibrate and rosiglitazoneDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 5 2007K. J. Nadeau Aim:, Intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) correlates with insulin resistance, but there is no clear causal relationship. Insulin resistance and associated hyperinsulinaemia may increase IMTG, via the insulin-regulated transcription factor, sterol regulatory element,binding protein 1 (SREBP-1). PPAR agonists may also affect IMTG via changes in insulin sensitivity, SREBP-1 or other factors. Methods:, We examined skeletal muscle IMTG and SREBP-1 expression, and metabolic parameters in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF) after 25 weeks of PPAR-, or PPAR-, administration. Results:, Compared with Zucker lean rats (ZL), untreated ZDF had significantly higher weights, serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, total cholesterol and triglycerides. IMTG and SREBP-1c messenger RNA (mRNA) were also higher in untreated ZDF; both were decreased by fenofibrate (FF). Rosiglitazone (Rosi), despite marked improvement in glycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia, failed to affect SREBP-1 expression, and increased body weight and IMTG. Rosi/FF combination caused less weight gain and no IMTG increase, despite metabolic effects similar to Rosi alone. Conclusions:, IMTG and SREBP-1c mRNA are high in the ZDF. FF and Rosi both improved insulin sensitivity but had opposite effects on IMTG. Thus, there was a clear discordance between insulin sensitivity and IMTG with PPAR agonists, indicating that IMTG and insulin sensitivity do not share a simple relationship. [source] Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in the non-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVDDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 2 2010Lin Xu Abstract Background Increased arterial stiffness is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined determinants of arterial stiffness in subjects across strata of glycaemic status. Methods A total of 1249 subjects from a sub-study of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS-CVD) had brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measured by automatic oscillometric method. Major cardiovascular risk factors including glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fasting triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and both fasting and post 2-h oral glucose-load glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Results In all, 649, 479 and 121 subjects were classified into normoglycaemia, impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) and newly diagnosed diabetes groups, respectively. Both age and systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with increased baPWV in all three groups (all p < 0.001). In both normoglycaemic and IGM groups, hsCRP and HbA1c were positively associated with baPWV (p from 0.04 to < 0.001), whereas current smoking and triglyceride were associated with baPWV in the normoglycaemic and IGM group, respectively (p = 0.04 and 0.001). No gender difference in baPWV was observed in the normoglycaemic or IGM groups. However, in the newly diagnosed diabetes group, men had higher baPWV than women (p = 0.01). Conclusions In the normoglycaemic and IGM subjects, after adjusting for age, blood pressure and other confounders, increasing HbA1c was associated with increased baPWV, suggesting a pathophysiological role of chronic glycaemia that can contribute to vascular disease risk in persons without diabetes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The different mechanisms of insulin sensitizers to prevent type 2 diabetes in OLETF ratsDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 5 2007Sung Hee Choi Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment during pre-diabetic period for the prevention of diabetes in a rat model. Methods OLETF rats aged 18-weeks, were treated with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) and metformin (300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks from their pre-diabetic period. We measured weight, lipid profiles, fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and pancreatic insulin content. Results Prominent weight gain (mostly subcutaneous fat area) was observed in the pioglitazone-treated OLETF (O-P) rats versus significant weight loss was observed in the metformin-treated OLETF (O-M) rats. Pioglitazone reversed the serum triglyceride (TG) and FFAs levels to normal (TG 0.46 ± 0.04 vs 0.88 ± 0.05 mmol/l in LETO). At the age of 28 weeks, the O-P rats showed completely normal glucose tolerance, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was markedly improved (25.6 ± 0.4 vs 20.6 ± 0.5 mg/min/kg in O-C, p < 0.05). The O-M rats also showed an improved fasting glucose and GDR level, but not as much as those with O-P rats. The pancreas insulin contents were much improved in the O-P rats (22.9 ± 1.2 vs 18.8 ± 1.3 nmol/pancreas in O-M rats, p < 0.05) with histological improvement. Conclusion The pre-diabetic treatment with pioglitazone, despite significant weight gain, completely prevents to develop diabetes and enhances beta cell function with preservation of islet cell changes. Metformin treatment was also effective, but mainly by ameliorating the insulin resistance with marked reduction in body weight. The reversal of dyslipidaemia and the fat redistribution might contribute to the greater improvement of pioglitazone treatment compared to metformin in OLETF rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Short Report: Safe and rapid resolution of severe hypertriglyceridaemia in two patients with intravenous insulinDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2010J. M. Triay Diabet. Med. 27, 1080,1083 (2010) Abstract Aim, To rapidly reduce serum triglyceride to a safe serum level. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with uncontrolled diabetes, obesity and poor physical activity. Even moderate increases in triglyceride levels (> 5mmol/L) confer an increased risk of pancreatitis and coronary artery disease. We present two patients with diabetes and serum triglyceride levels of greater than 85mmol/L despite polypharmacy intervention. Method, 72-hour intravenous insulin infusion was administered. Results, Serum triglyceride levels fell to 9.4 and 4.6 mmol/L respectively, without adverse events and sustained effect over several months. Conclusion, We suggest the use of intravenous insulin infusion where lifestyle and oral drug therapies have failed can impact on severe hypertriglyceridaemia. [source] Effect of ABCA1 variant on atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with rosiglitazoneDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 6 2009S. E. Park Abstract Aims, To investigate the effect of two common ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) polymorphisms (rs4149263 and rs2020927) on atherogenic dyslipidaemia in Korean Type 2 diabetic patients who were treated with rosiglitazone. Patients and methods, Two hundred and fifty-six patients with Type 2 diabetes who had never previously received peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-,) agonists or lipid-lowering treatment were treated with 4 mg of rosiglitazone daily for 12 weeks without any adjustment to their glucose-lowering regimen. The primary outcome was the change in atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), calculated as log [triglyceride (mmol/l)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l)], before and after rosiglitazone treatment. The effect of rosiglitazone on the change in AIP was compared across the ABCA1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs41429263 and rs2020927. Results, Before adjustment, the change in AIP at 12 weeks was significantly different across the rs4149263 genotypes [median (interquartile range): ,0.05 (,0.21, 0.09) for TT; 0.02 (,0.09, 0.17) for TC; and 0.11 (0.03, 0.25) for CC; P = 0.003], but not across the rs2020927 [,0.04 (,0.18, 0.10) for TT; 0.03 (,0.17, 0.15) for TC; and ,0.03 (,0.13, 0.10) for CC; P = 0.401]. After controlling for age, gender and duration of diabetes, the presence of the C-allele was significantly associated with an increase in AIP by 0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04,0.21; P = 0.003]. This association did not change significantly when body mass index and pretreatment metabolic parameters were additionally controlled for (the change in AIP: 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04,0.24; P = 0.007). Conclusions, The ABCA1 SNP rs4149263 may be associated with the change in atherogenic lipid profile in Type 2 diabetes treated with rosiglitazone. [source] The benefits of oestrogens on postprandial lipid metabolism are lost in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetesDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 7 2006M. G. Masding Abstract Aims, Women with Type 2 diabetes appear to lose the protection against cardiovascular disease (CVD) afforded by oestrogens. We examined the effects of oestrogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on postprandial clearance of dietary fat in non-diabetic and diabetic post-menopausal women. Methods, In a cross-sectional study, fasting subjects [HRT+ and HRT, control and diabetic women; Type 2 diabetes (DM) HRT+n = 8, DM HRT,n = 14, control HRT+n = 7, control HRT,n = 11] consumed a meal containing the stable isotope 1,1,1,[13]C-tripalmitin, with blood and breath sampled for 6 and 24 h, respectively, in the postprandial period. Results, In diabetic women, there were no differences between the HRT+ and HRT, groups for any of these parameters. In contrast, in HRT+ compared with HRT, control women, the triglyceride (TG) area under the curve was lower [AUC; HRT+ median (range) 7.7 (4.1, 12.8) mmol/l per 6 h, HRT, 9.7 (3.9, 18.5) mmol/l per 6 h, P < 0.05] and [13]C-palmitic acid in the TG fraction was also lower [HRT+ 23.2 (10.3, 41.3) ng/ml per 6 h, HRT, 47.7 (12.6, 77.2) ng/ml per 6 h, P < 0.05], suggesting the lower postprandial triglyceridaemia associated with HRT in non-diabetic women is because of better chylomicron clearance. Conclusions, The oestrogen-associated advantage in clearance of dietary lipid we observed in non-diabetic post-menopausal women is not seen in post-menopausal diabetic women. This is likely to promote an atherogenic lipoprotein profile and may contribute to the loss of CVD protection seen in diabetic women. [source] Serum ,-glutamyltransferase within its normal concentration range is related to the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factorsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005D.-J. Kim Abstract Aims Although many studies have reported an association between serum ,-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and cardiovascular risk factors, the mechanism of this relationship has not been clarified. Methods The medical records of 29 959 subjects (age, median 48, range 14,90 years; 16 706 men, 13 253 women) who visited the Center for Health Promotion at Samsung Medical Center for a medical check-up between January 2001 and December 2003, were investigated. Subjects with hepatic enzyme/GGT concentrations higher than three times the upper limit of the reference range, a positive test for hepatitis C virus antibody, a positive test for hepatitis B virus surface antigen, currently taking anti-diabetic/anti-hypertensive/anti-lipid medication, or a white blood cell (WBC) count higher than 10 000 cells/ml, were excluded. The subjects of each gender were classified into five groups according to their serum GGT concentrations, into quartiles of the normal range of GGT (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) and into a group with elevated GGT (group 5). Results As the group number increased (group 1 , 5), the frequencies of all of the following increased: (i) diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG); (ii) hypertension, obesity (body mass index , 27 kg/m2), dyslipidaemia (LDL-cholesterol , 4.1 mmol/l and/or triglyceride , 2.46 mmol/l, or HDL-cholesterol < 1.16 mmol/l); (iii) metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these significant relationships between GGT concentrations within its normal range and the presence of diabetes/IFG, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic syndrome persisted after adjusting for several clinical and biochemical variables and for the presence of fatty liver based on ultrasonographic findings. Odds ratios (95% CI) for group 4 (highest quartile of normal range of GGT) vs. group 1 (lowest quartile of normal range of GGT); the referent group, were 3.16 (2.15,4.65) for diabetes, 2.24 (1.73,2.90) for IFG, 1.93 (1.59,2.33) for obesity, 1.38 (1.23,1.55) for dyslipidaemia and 2.88 (2.28,3.65) for metabolic syndrome in men. In women, the odds ratios were 2.72 (1.34,5.52), 3.67 (2.26,5.97), 2.10 (1.61,2.74), 1.80 (1.58,2.04) and 3.57 (2.52,5.07), respectively. Conclusions Our data show that, even within its normal range, serum GGT concentrations are closely associated with the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors, and that these associations are independent of a fatty liver by ultrasonography. [source] Alveolar bone loss associated with glucose tolerance in Japanese menDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2003T. Marugame Abstract Aims Type 2 diabetes is known to affect alveolar bone loss (ABL). The purpose of this study was to examine whether impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with ABL, as is diabetes. Methods A case,control study was performed with 664 Japanese men aged 46,57 years. Panoramic radiographs revealed 513 severe ABL cases, 22 moderate ABL cases, and 129 controls with good alveolar bone. Diabetes status was classified into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), IGT, and newly diagnosed diabetes according to the fasting plasma glucose and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diabetes under treatment was excluded. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from ordinal logistic regression analysis. Statistical adjustment was made for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, rank in the Self Defence Forces (SDF), cigarette-years, alcohol use, body mass index, previous 10 years' brushing habits and instrument use other than toothbrush, and history of periodontal treatment. Results A significant, approximately three-fold increase in the crude OR (crude OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.16,9.27) and non-significant 2.6-fold increase in the adjusted OR (adjusted OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 0.86, 7.54) of ABL was observed among men with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes compared with the reference group (NGT combined with IFG). However, there was no association between IGT and ABL (adjusted OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.59,1.64). Conclusions Type 2 diabetes, but not IGT, was positively associated with ABL. Preventive maintenance against periodontitis is important in middle-aged men with diabetes. [source] Insulin resistance Type A and short 5th metacarpalsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 6 2003Vinod K. Patel Abstract Background/aims Insulin resistance is associated with a number genetic syndromes and a variety of defects of insulin action. Methods We describe three members of an extended family spanning two generations with insulin resistance Type A and short 5th metacarpals. The proband had secondary amenorrhoea, male pattern hair distribution, acne, hirsutism, deep voice, acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovaries, diabetes, features of acromegaly, raised creatine kinase and triglyceride levels and short 5th metacarpals. Her growth hormone, adrenal steroid and testosterone levels were normal. The proband's daughter had severe acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovaries, raised triglyceride, glucose and testosterone level short metacarpals and normal insulin receptor gene. The proband's son had a muscular build, raised creatine kinase, hypertriglyceridaemia and short 5th metacarpals. His fasting insulin levels were normal but pro-insulin was raised. Result/conclusion There are many familial and genetic syndromes associated with insulin resistance. This family was diagnosed as having insulin resistance Type A. This family does not conform entirely to any of the previously described syndromes and a number of family members have the phenotype of short 5th metacarpals, which appears to be associated with the features of insulin resistance Type A. Diabet. Med. 20, 500,504 (2003) [source] Rheological determinants of red blood cell aggregation in diabetic patients in relation to their metabolic controlDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 2 2002K. Elishkevitz Abstract Aims To determine whether increased red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation in diabetic patients is related to the extent of their metabolic control. Methods We measured erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in a group of 85 adult patients with diabetes mellitus by using citrated venous whole blood and a simple slide test. The erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation was determined by measuring the size of the spaces that are formed between the aggregated erythrocytes. We divided the patients into those with either low or high erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation values. Results The erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation values of the two groups differed significantly in terms of their fibrinogen concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the concentrations of HbA1c. Logistic regression was applied to construct a model to predict the belonging of a patient in the low or high erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation group. A linear regression was applied to construct a model to predict the erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation values. Both models turned out to include gender, age, fibrinogen, triglyceride, retinopathy, coronary artery disease and age and gender interaction. Neither HbA1c nor CRP entered the models. Conclusions The degree of erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation and several variables of the acute-phase response in patients with diabetes mellitus are not directly related to the degree of metabolic control as evaluated by means of HbA1c concentration. Diabetic patients might benefit from rheological or anti-inflammatory interventions regardless of their metabolic control. [source] The influence of the polymorphism in apolipoprotein B codon 2488 on insulin and lipid levels in a Danish twin populationDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 1 2002J. Bentzen Abstract Aims The apolipoprotein B codon 2488 polymorphism has been associated with the metabolism of lipoproteins in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. However, no data are available on the influence of the polymorphism on insulin or glucose metabolism. This study examines the impact of the polymorphism on parameters associated with the insulin resistance syndrome in Danish twins. Methods The effect of the polymorphism on lipid, glucose and insulin measures was studied in 548 same sex twins aged 55,74 years. Results The codon 2488 polymorphism influenced fasting triglyceride levels, as well as insulin, as measured at 120 min in an oral glucose tolerance test. Subjects with the genotype T2488T had 14% higher triglyceride levels (P = 0.02) and 31% higher insulin levels (P = 0.004) than subjects with genotype C2488C. In twins discordant for genotype, the T-allele was associated with higher levels of triglyceride (P = 0.04) and insulin (P = 0.02) and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04). Conclusion The T-allele of the codon 2488 polymorphism influenced parameters related to the insulin resistance syndrome, i.e. increased levels of insulin, increased levels of triglyceride and decreased levels of HDL. As the polymorphism is silent, these effects must be mediated through linkage to other polymorphisms in apolipoprotein B or other genes on chromosome 2. [source] Glibenclamide improves postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in Type 2 diabetic patients by reducing chylomicrons but not the very low-density lipoprotein subfraction levelsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 10 2001I. Skrapari Abstract Aim, There are scarce data dealing with the degree of postprandial lipaemia after sulphonylurea administration. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute glibenclamide administration on postprandial lipaemia in Type 2 diabetic patients. Methods, Eight randomly selected Type 2 diabetic individuals, aged 43,65 years (mean, 54 years), who had never received any anti-diabetic drug, were included in the study. Each patient was given a 485 kcal mixed meal (45% fat, 40% carbohydrate and 15% protein) twice on separate days after an overnight fast: once with placebo and once with 5 mg glibenclamide, per os, in a random order. The two tests were performed with an interval of 7 days. Venous blood samples were drawn just before and 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after meal consumption. Total triglyceride levels in plasma, in chylomicrons (CM), in CM-deficient plasma, in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subfractions (VLDL-1, VLDL-2) and in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) were determined. Free fatty acid (FFA) and total cholesterol levels in plasma, as well as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in CM-deficient plasma, were also measured. Finally, serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations were measured in each sample. Results, As expected there was a significant decrease in postprandial glycaemia after glibenclamide administration compared to placebo (mean area under the curve values: AUC = 53.3 ± 18.2 and 69.1 ± 21.6 mm/h, P = 0.00009). In addition, the mean AUC values of insulin and C-peptide were significantly greater after drug administration. The AUC values of total plasma triglyceride and of CM triglyceride following glibenclamide administration were significantly lower compared to placebo, while the AUC values of postprandial triglyceride in CM-deficient plasma and of postprandial triglyceride in VLDL-1, VLDL-2 and IDL were not different after drug administration compared to placebo. Finally, no significant differences were noted in the AUC values of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and plasma FFA levels after glibenclamide administration. Conclusions, These results demonstrate that glibenclamide administration improves postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia acutely by reducing postprandial triglycerides of intestinal origin. Diabet. Med. 18, 781,785 (2001) [source] Acute toxicity of fatty acids to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutumENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Yasushi Kamaya Abstract The acute toxicity of fatty acids (C14 to C18) commonly found in wood was determined by the standard algal growth inhibition test using the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Toxicity, quantified as IC50 values, varied depending on the number of total carbons and double bonds. Of the tested acids, oleic (cis -9-octadecenoic) acid showed the highest toxicity (72-h IC50 = 0.47 mg/L) to the alga, and triolein, a triglyceride of oleic acid, showed no apparent toxicity. Further examination of a series of C18:1 acids with a double bond at the 6, 11, or 12 position revealed that both double-bond position and cis or trans configuration affected toxicity. The 72-h IC50 data for these fatty acids and related compounds seemed to correlate well with the melting point (mp), showing two separate linear relationships: at mp < 35°C toxicity increased with increasing melting point, and at mp > 40°C toxicity decreased with melting point. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 289,294, 2003. [source] A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsyEPILEPSIA, Issue 5 2009Elizabeth G. Neal Summary Purpose:, To conduct the first randomized trial on classical and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) versions of the ketogenic diet, examining efficacy and tolerability after 3, 6, and 12 months. Methods:, One hundred forty-five children with intractable epilepsy were randomized to receive a classical or an MCT diet. Seizure frequency was assessed after 3, 6, and 12 months. Treatment withdrawals were documented. Tolerability was assessed by questionnaire, and blood ketone levels were measured. Results:, Of the 61 children who started a classical diet and the 64 who started an MCT diet, data from 94 were available for analysis: 45 classical and 49 MCT. After 3, 6, and 12 months there were no statistically significant differences in mean percentage of baseline seizures between the two groups (3 months: classical 66.5%, MCT 68.9%; 6 months: classical 48.5%, MCT 67.6%; 12 months: classical 40.8%, MCT 53.2%; all p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups in numbers achieving greater than 50% or 90% seizure reduction. Serum acetoacetate and ,-hydroxybutyrate levels at 3 and 6 months were significantly higher in children on the classical diet (p < 0.01); this was the case at 12 months for acetoacetate. There were no significant differences in tolerability except increased reports in the classical group of lack of energy after 3 months and vomiting after 12 months. Discussion:, This study has shown classical and MCT ketogenic diet protocols to be comparable in efficacy and tolerability; both ways of implementing the diet have their place in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. [source] Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapyEPILEPSIA, Issue 2008Yeou-mei Christiana Liu Summary The medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCTD) is a variant of the classic 4:1 ketogenic diet (KD) introduced in 1971 by Huttenlocher as an attempt to improve the palatability of the KD by allowing more carbohydrates yet preserving ketosis. Although initially found to be equally effective as the classic KD, use of the MCTD declined because of frequent gastrointestinal side effects such as cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. Recently, we have used the MCTD in more than 50 patients. We have found excellent seizure control, similar to the classic KD, and with careful monitoring, we have encountered minimal side effects. The MCTD should remain a viable dietary option for children with refractory epilepsy who have large appetites, can tolerate more calories, or cannot accept the restrictions of the classic KD. [source] Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of poniesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009R. A. CARTER Summary Reasons for performing study: The ability to predict ponies at increased risk of laminitic episodes, when exposed to nutrient dense pasture, would facilitate management to avoid disease. Objectives: To identify variables and clinically useful cut-off values with reproducible diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of ponies that subsequently developed laminitis when exposed to nutrient dense pasture. Methods: A cohort of predominantly Welsh and Dartmoor ponies from a closed herd was evaluated in March 2006 (n = 74) and March 2007 (n = 57). Ponies were categorised as never laminitic or previously laminitic according to reported laminitic history and as clinically laminitic (CL) if laminitis was observed within 3 months following evaluation. Body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), girth and neck circumferences (NC), withers height, blood pressure and hoof surface temperature, and plasma insulin, glucose, triglyceride, leptin, cortisol, ACTH, uric acid and TNF-, concentrations were measured. Analysis of sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic curves was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for a variable to predict CL ponies. Results: Variables with diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of CL ponies included insulin, leptin, BCS, CNS, and NC:height ratio. Specific cut-off values of insulin (>32 mu/l), leptin (>7.3 ng/ml), BCS (,7), CNS (,4) and NC:height ratio (>0.71) had reproducible diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of laminitis. Combining tests did not result in higher diagnostic accuracy than individual tests of insulin or leptin during either evaluation. Conclusions: Tests of insulin and leptin concentrations and measures of generalised (BCS) and localised (CNS or NC:height ratio) obesity were beneficial in the prediction of laminitic episodes. Potential relevance: These results highlight the importance of monitoring and reducing insulin concentration, and generalised and regional obesity in ponies to reduce risk of laminitis. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||