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Trends
Kinds of Trends Terms modified by Trends Selected AbstractsAN EMERGING TREND IN ANTI-REFLUX SURGERY?ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 7 2000Article first published online: 24 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT TRENDS IN GIRLS' VIOLENCE USING DIVERSE LONGITUDINAL SOURCES: IS THE GENDER GAP CLOSING?CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 2 2005DARRELL STEFFENSMEIER Applying Dickey-Fuller time series techniques in tandem with intuitive plot-displays, we examine recent trends in girls' violence and the gender gap as reported in four major sources of longitudinal data on youth violence. These sources are arrest statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, victimization data of the National Crime Victimization Survey (where the victim identifies sex of offender) and self-reported violent behavior of Monitoring the Future and National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. We find that the rise in girls' violence over the past one to two decades as counted in police arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reports is not borne out in unofficial longitudinal sources. Several net-widening policy shifts have apparently escalated girls' arrest-proneness: first, stretching definitions of violence to include more minor incidents that girls in relative terms are more likely to commit; second, increased policing of violence between intimates and in private settings (for example, home, school) where girls' violence is more widespread; and, third, less tolerant family and societal attitudes toward juvenile females. These developments reflect both a growing intolerance of violence in the law and among the citizenry and an expanded application of preventive punishment and risk management strategies that emphasize early identification and enhanced formal control of problem individuals or groups, particularly problem youth. [source] RECENT TRENDS IN AUSTRALIAN BANKINGECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue S1 2006KEITH HALL This paper discusses the performance of Australian banks over the past decade, focusing on the forces that have shaped bank strategies and outcomes. The robust Australian economy and associated demand for credit, particularly from the household sector, have been significant drivers of bank success. Intensifying competition in lending and deposits has also played a role, manifesting itself largely as price pressure, but also spurring product innovation and the easing of lending standards. While the combination of these forces has allowed bank balance sheets to grow rapidly, the sector has remained well capitalised and has low levels of non-performing assets. [source] TRENDS IN ASX-LISTED BANK GOVERNANCEECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue S1 2006STEPHEN CHU This paper reviews trends in bank governance in Australia over the past 15 years. It reviews changes in board size, board committee structures and executive remuneration trends. Remuneration has increased substantially, but there is not a strong relationship to bank performance. Changes in board committee structures have occurred independent of regulatory requirements. [source] AUSTRALIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM: AN EMPIRICAL NOTE ON LONG-TERM TRENDS IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE, 1969/70 TO 1994/95ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 3 2000BRIAN DOLLERY First page of article [source] THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL PLACE SYSTEM IN TRØNDELAG, NORWAY, OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS , VIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF OLD AND RECENT THEORIES AND TRENDSGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2007Britt Dale ABSTRACT. The IGU Symposium on Urban Geography in Lund in 1960 was a path-breaking event towards new nomothetic thinking within the discipline. In nearly half of the papers, the state of the art in central place research was presented and debated. The symposium was the main source of inspiration for a study of the central place system in Midt-Norge in the 1960s, a research project that has been followed up in stages over a 40-year period. The result is a unique collection of data, covering all central places in the region and the location of approximately 200 service functions of different categories in the 1960s, 1980s and c. 2000. Despite the profound changes that have taken place on the part of the consumer, as well as the supplier, the main structure of the central place hierarchy has been surprisingly stable. However, when looking at the growth and decline of each of the different service functions, considerable dynamics have been found. There are tendencies of centralization/concentration as well as decentralization/dispersion. Furthermore, the functional division of labour by vertical steps and tiers in the 1960s has been supplemented by horizontal specialization between places, and also in the lower levels of the central place hierarchy. In this paper, we present and discuss some of the main changes that have taken place in the system in the light of older and newer theories and trends. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: CORRUPTION: East African Bribery IndexAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: Africa: Roaring to GoAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: EGYPT: Water ScarcityAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: Drought and Floods: Central and West AfricaAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: GUINEA: Climbing Out of Donor Funding GapAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: KENYA: Referendum: Impetus To Growth?AFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: Namibia: Return to GrowthAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: NIGER: Too Little, Too Late?AFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: RWANDA: Economic OptimismAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: SOUTH AFRICA: Strike ThreatAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] ECONOMIC TRENDS: South Africa: Challenge of Job CreationAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 7 2010Article first published online: 1 SEP 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] METHODS, TRENDS AND CONTROVERSIES IN CONTEMPORARY BENEFIT TRANSFERJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 3 2010Robert J. Johnston Abstract Benefit transfer uses research results from pre-existing primary research to predict welfare estimates for other sites of policy significance for which primary valuation estimates are unavailable. Despite the sizable literature and the ubiquity of benefit transfer in policy analysis, the method remains subject to controversy. There is also a divergence between transfer practices recommended by the scholarly literature and those commonly applied within policy analysis. The size, complexity and relative disorganization of the literature may represent an obstacle to the use of updated methods by practitioners. Recognizing the importance of benefit transfer for policymaking and the breadth of associated scholarly work, this paper reviews and synthesizes the benefit transfer literature. It highlights methods, trends and controversies in contemporary research, identifies issues and challenges facing benefit transfer practitioners and summarizes research contributions. Several areas of future research on benefit transfers naturally emerge. [source] TRENDS IN NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE U.S.: 1980,2000,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Christopher H. Wheeler ABSTRACT This paper reports evidence on the geographic pattern of income inequality, both within and between neighborhoods, across a sample of 359 U.S. metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000. The results indicate that overall income inequality within a metro area tends to be driven by variation within neighborhoods, not between them, although we find that between-neighborhood differences rose dramatically during the 1980s and subsided somewhat during the 1990s. While this trend is similar to what existing research has found, our findings reveal potentially important differences in the magnitudes of the changes depending on whether neighborhoods are defined by block groups or tracts. [source] DETERMINATION OF MANATEE POPULATION TRENDS ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF FLORIDA USING A BAYESIAN APPROACH WITH TEMPERATURE-ADJUSTED AERIAL SURVEY DATAMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004Bruce A. Craig Abstract In many animal population survey studies, the construction of a stochastic model provides an effective way to capture underlying biological characteristics that contribute to the overall variation in the data. In this paper we develop a stochastic model to assess the population trend and abundance of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, along the Atlantic coast of the state, using aerial survey data collected at winter aggregation sites between 1982 and 2001. This model accounts for the method by which the manatees were counted, their movements between surveys, and the behavior of the total population over time. The data suggest an overall increase in the population from 1982 to 1989 of around 5%,7%, a reduction in growth or a leveling off (0%,4% annual growth) from 1990 to 1993, and then an increase again of around 3%,6% since 1994. In winter 2001,2002 (the most recent survey season for which analyses were done), we estimated the adult manatee population along the east coast of Florida to be 1,607 individuals (range = 1,353,1,972; 95% credible interval). Our estimate of manatee abundance corresponds well with maximum counts (approximately 1,600 manatees) produced during synoptic aerial surveys under optimal conditions. Our calculations of trends correspond well with mark and recapture analyses of trends in survival of adult manatees along the east coast through the early 1990s. Our population trend estimates since that time are more optimistic than those generated by mark-recapture models. [source] SCHOLARLY COLLABORATION AND PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ANALYSING RECENT TRENDSPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 3 2010ELIZABETH A. CORLEY Previous studies have confirmed the interdisciplinary nature of the field of public administration (Mosher 1956; Ventriss 1991; Forrester 1996; Rodgers and Rodgers 2000; Schroeder et al. 2004) and encouraged the exploration of one important indicator of interdisciplinarity: research collaboration. One way that collaboration patterns are explored is through the study of co-authorship among faculty members (Smart and Bayer 1986; Forrester 1996; Katz and Martin 1997). In the field of public administration, studies on co-authorship and productivity of scholars are sparse. In this article, we use bibliometric data to explore collaboration patterns as they relate to productivity levels and quality of publications within the field of public administration. Our study finds that more productive scholars, as well as those with the highest impact, are less likely to collaborate than their colleagues. Our results also indicate that there are gender differences in collaboration patterns and productivity within the field of public administration. [source] RECENT CHANGES AND TRENDS IN THE PRACTICE OF APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGYANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2008Satish Kedia The emergent global economy of the 21st century will create an ever greater need for research-based information and pragmatic utilization of social science skills, creating new work opportunities for applied anthropologists in a variety of settings. However, anthropologists may need to adjust their traditional roles and tasks, approaches and methods, and priorities and guidelines to practice their craft effectively. Anthropological training and education must be based in sound ethnographic techniques, using contemporary tools, participatory methods, and interdisciplinary knowledge in order to accommodate faster-paced work environments and to disseminate their findings efficiently to a diverse audience while fulfilling the goal of empowering and enabling humans around the world to address social, economic, and health issues, along with other pressing concerns facing their communities. [source] INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN WATER UTILITY REGIMESANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2007Yeti Nisha Madhoo ABSTRACT,:,This paper provides the taxonomy of country experiences in managing their water utilities. Institutions for water supply for various uses and their financial implications are analysed. Different episodes of governmental intervention in water supply and charging are examined. From the survey of different regimes and the existing literature, cost recovery and affordability emerge as the major building blocks for any reform of water utilities. Privatization of water services in terms of ownership change, public-private arrangements and international involvement seems to be a mixed blessing and donor assistance to water projects raises issues in international inequality and does not increase cost recovery levels. Cost recovery is positively associated with economic development, institutional quality and performance of water utilities. [source] MEASURING INEQUALITY TRENDS IN COLONIAL AUSTRALIA USING FACTOR,PRICE RATIOS: THE IMPORTANCE OF BOUNDARIESAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2007Martin P. Shanahan Australia; factor price; inequality; nineteenth century; globalisation Previous research on nineteenth century globalisation argues that during the second half of that century wage,rental ratios in labour scarce, land-abundant new world economies decreased. This suggests inequality rose in the new world. Australia has been cited as a conspicuous example of this trend. The paper re-examines this argument using disaggregated land and wage data for four Australian colonies. We reveal large regional differences in both factor,price levels and trends , something that has been overlooked when discussing Australian colonial inequality and we suggest that regional disparities in other nineteenth century economies are also likely to be important. [source] THE AGRICULTURAL TERMS OF TRADE IN BANGLADESH: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND MOVEMENTS, 1952,2006AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2008AKHAND AKHTAR HOSSAINArticle first published online: 21 APR 200 This paper investigates the trends and movements of agricultural prices, industrial prices and the agricultural terms of trade in Bangladesh with annual data for the period 1952,2006. The ADF and KPSS tests results suggest that both agricultural and industrial prices have a unit root while the agricultural terms of trade is trend-stationary. These results remain unchanged if allowance is made in the unit root test for the possibility of a structural break during 1971,1975 (when Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan and experienced economic shocks) by applying the two-step procedure of Perron (1989). A simple Nerlovian agricultural price determination model is specified within the framework of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The Johansen cointegration test results for the periods 1953,2006 and 1973,2006 suggest that there exists a cointegral relationship between agricultural prices, industrial prices, per-capita real income and the real exchange rate between the Bangladeshi taka and the US dollar under the restriction that per-capita real income and the real exchange rate are ,long-run forcing variables' in the sense of Pesaran and Shin (1995), and Pesaran, Shin and Smith (1996). The paper estimates a four-variable vector error-correction (VEC) model and conducts an impulse response analysis for the post-independence period, 1973,2006. [source] Outsourcing: A Growing Trend in EHS ManagementENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2001Bruce A. Martin This article explores the recent growth and current trends in outsourcing EHS services. More and more organizations are recognizing that outsourcing can cut costs, save time, improve staffing flexibility, and enhance the overall quality of EHS programs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Association evidence of schizophrenia with distal genomic region of NOTCH4 in Taiwanese familiesGENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 6 2007C.-M. Liu Evidence for association with schizophrenia has been reported for NOTCH4, although results have been inconsistent. Previous studies have focused on polymorphisms in the 5, promoter region and first exon of NOTCH4. Our aim was to test the association of the entire genomic region of NOTCH4 in 218 families with at least two siblings affected by schizophrenia in Taiwan. We genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of this gene, with average intermarker distances of 5.3 kb. Intermarker linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated using gold software, and single-locus and haplotype association analyses were performed using transmit software. We found that the T allele of SNP rs2071285 (P= 0.035) and the G allele of SNP rs204993 (P= 0.0097) were significantly preferentially transmitted to the affected individuals in the single-locus association analysis. The two SNPs were in high LD (D, > 0.8). Trend for overtransmission was shown for the T-G haplotype of the two SNPs to affected individuals (P= 0.053), with the A-A haplotype significantly undertransmitted (P= 0.034). The associated region distributed across the distal portion of the NOTCH4 gene and overlapped with the genomic region of the G-protein signaling modulator 3 and pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 2. In summary, we found modest association evidence between schizophrenia and the distal genomic region of NOTCH4 in this Taiwanese family sample. Further replication for association with the distal genomic region of NOTCH4 is warranted. [source] Trend and variability of China precipitation in spring and summer: linkage to sea-surface temperaturesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 13 2004Fanglin Yang Abstract Observational records in the past 50 years show an upward trend of boreal-summer precipitation over central eastern China and a downward trend over northern China. During boreal spring, the trend is upward over southeastern China and downward over central eastern China. This study explores the forcing mechanism of these trends in association with the global sea-surface temperature (SST) variations on the interannual and interdecadal time scales. Results based on singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses show that the interannual variability of China precipitation in boreal spring and summer can be well defined by two centres of action for each season, which are covarying with two interannual modes of SSTs. The first SVD modes of precipitation in spring and summer, which are centred in southeastern China and northern China respectively, are linked to an El Niño,southern oscillation (ENSO)-like mode of SSTs. The second SVD modes of precipitation in both seasons are confined to central eastern China, and are primarily linked to SST variations over the warm pool and the Indian Ocean. Features of the anomalous 850 hPa winds and 700 hPa geopotential height corresponding to these modes support a physical mechanism that explains the causal links between the modal variations of precipitation and SSTs. On the decadal and longer time scale, similar causal links are found between the same modes of precipitation and SSTs, except for the case of springtime precipitation over central eastern China. For this case, while the interannual mode of precipitation is positively correlated with the interannual variations of SSTs over the warm pool and Indian Ocean, the interdecadal mode is negatively correlated with a different SST mode, i.e. the North Pacific mode. The latter is responsible for the observed downward trend of springtime precipitation over central eastern China. For all other cases, both the interannual and interdecadal variations of precipitation can be explained by the same mode of SSTs. The upward trend of springtime precipitation over southeastern China and downward trend of summertime precipitation over northern China are attributable to the warming trend of the ENSO-like mode. The recent frequent summertime floods over central eastern China are linked to the warming trend of SSTs over the warm pool and Indian Ocean. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Estimates of direct and maternal genetic effects for weights from birth to 600 days of age in Nelore cattleJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2001Galvão de Albuquerque Estimates of direct and maternal variance and heritability for weights at each week (up to 280 days of age) and month of age (up to 600 days of age) in Zebu cattle are presented. More than one million records on 200 000 animals, weighed every 90 days from birth to 2 years of age, were available. Data were split according to week (data sets 1) or month (data sets 2) of age at recording, creating 54 and 21 data sets, respectively. The model of analysis included contemporary groups as fixed effects, and age of dam (linear and quadratic) and age of calf (linear) effects as covariables. Random effects fitted were additive direct and maternal genetic effects, and maternal permanent environmental effect. Direct heritability estimates decreased from 0.28 at birth, to 0.12,0.13 at about 150 days of age, stayed more or less constant at 0.14,0.16 until 270 days of age and increased with age after that, up to 0.25,0.26. Maternal heritability estimates increased from birth (0.01) to a peak of 0.14 for data sets 1 and 0.07,0.08 for data sets 2 at about 180,210 days of age, before decreasing slowly to 0.07 and 0.05, respectively, at 300 days, and then rapidly diminished after 300 days of age. Permanent environmental effects were 1.5 to four times higher than genetic maternal effects and showed a similar trend. Schätzung von direkten und maternal genetischen Effekten für Gewichte von der Geburt bis zum 600. Lebenstag beim Nelore-Rind Es werden Schätzwerte für die direkte und maternale Varianz sowie für Heritabilitäten der Gewichte in jeder Woche (bis zum 280. Lebenstag) und für jeden Monat (bis zum 600. Lebenstag) beim Zebu Rind gezeigt. Mehr als eine Million Datensätze vom 200.000 Tieren standen zur Verfügung, die alle 90 Tage bis zum zweiten Lebensjahr gewogen wurden. Die Daten wurden entsprechend dem Alter in Wochen (Datenset 1) oder Monaten (Datenset 2) aufgeteilt, woraus 54 bzw. 21 Datensets entstanden. Die Modelle beinhalteten Tiergruppen, die zur gleichen Zeit gelebt haben, als fixen Effekt, das Alter der Mutter (linear und quadratisch) und das Alter des Kalbes (linear) als Kovariablen. Als zufällige Effekte wurden der additive direkte, maternal genetische Effekt und maternal permanente Umwelteffekt berücksichtigt. Direkte Heritabilitätsschätzungen nahmen von 0,28 von Geburt auf 0,12,0,13 bei ca. 150 Lebenstagen ab, blieben mehr oder weniger konstant bei 0,14,0,16 bis zum 270. Lebenstag und nahmen ab dem 270. Lebenstag auf 0,25,0,26 zu. Maternale Heritabilitätsschätzungen nahmen von Geburt (0,01) zu einem Peak von 0, 14 beim Datenset 1 und 0,07,0,8 beim Datenset 2 bis ca. 180,210 Lebenstagen zu, bevor sie langsam wieder auf 0,07 bzw. 0,05 bei einem Alter von 300 Tagen sanken. Nach 300 Lebenstagen sanken sie rapide ab. Permanente Umwelteffekte waren 1,5 bis vierfach höher als genetisch maternale Effekte und zeigten einen ähnlichen Trend. [source] Does Simultaneous Antegrade and Retrograde Cardioplegia Improve Functional Recovery and Myocardial Homeostasis?JOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 5 2000F.E.T.C.S., M. J. Jasinski M.D. Methods: Forty patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were prospectively assigned to two clinically matched groups and analyzed in respect to cardioplegia protocol. Group I consisted of 24 patients who received continuous retrograde blood cardioplegia; Group II consisted of 16 patients who received simultaneous continuous ante- and retrograde cardioplegia. Hydrogen ion release, carbon dioxide, lactate concentration oxygen content, and oxygen extraction were measured from coronary sinus effluent and from the arterial line before and after cross-clamping of the aorta. Median changes of these parameters were reported. Cardiac output was measured and left and right ventricle stroke works were calculated. Incidence of low cardiac output, ventricular fibrillation, raised cardiac enzymes, and ischemic changes on electrocardiogram (ECG) were noted. Results: In the simultaneous group, oxygen content and oxygen extraction recovered well after cross-clamping. The same parameters did not recover to the same extent in the retrograde group. These changes were notable between groups. Hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and lactate releases were comparable between groups. Trend toward better recovery of left ventricle stroke work index was encountered in the simultaneous group. Conclusions: Viability of myocardium measured with oxygen utilization and functional recovery is better preserved with simultaneous antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia. However, there is no difference in anaerobic metabolism markers. Thus simultaneous ante- and retrograde cardioplegia is probably advantageous over retrograde alone. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||