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Transplantation Medicine (transplantation + medicine)
Selected AbstractsIntegration and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells transplanted to the chick embryoDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2002Ronald S. Goldstein Abstract Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into a large array of cell types and, thus, hold promise for advancing our understanding of human embryology and for contributing to transplantation medicine. In this study, differentiation of human ES cells was examined in vivo by in ovo transplantation to organogenesis-stage embryos. Colonies of human ES cells were grafted into or in place of epithelial-stage somites of chick embryos of 1.5 to 2 days of development. The grafted human ES cells survived in the chick host and were identified by vital staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate or use of a green fluorescent protein,expressing cells. Histologic analysis showed that human ES cells are easily distinguished from host cells by their larger, more intensely staining nuclei. Some grafted cells differentiated en masse into epithelia, whereas others migrated and mingled with host tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion. Colonies grafted directly adjacent to the host neural tube produced primarily structures with the morphology and molecular characteristics of neural rosettes. These structures contain differentiated neurons as shown by ,-3-tubulin and neurofilament expression in axons and cell bodies. Axons derived from the grafted cells penetrate the host nervous system, and host axons enter the structures derived from the graft. Our results show that human ES cells transplanted in ovo survive, divide, differentiate, and integrate with host tissues and that the host embryonic environment may modulate their differentiation. The chick embryo, therefore, may serve as an accessible and unique experimental system for the study of in vivo development of human ES cells. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Adverse drug reactions to biologicsJOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Issue 6 2010Kathrin Scherer Summary The use of biologics has rapidly expanded since the introduction of the first diagnostic antibodies; they are now widely employed in oncology, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases and transplantation medicine. Their widespread use has resulted in an increase in adverse drug reactions. Adverse effects result from both direct pharmacological actions and immunological actions, as well as through induction of a specific immune response. The nomenclature, particularly of the monoclonal antibodies, identifies the target structure and organ as well as the species of origin, which then helps predict their effects and antigenic properties. Depending on the extent of foreign protein, anti-allotypic or anti-idiotypic antibodies with or without neutralizing properties may be induced. Adverse drug reactions from biologics often depend on the target and may be explained by activation or inhibition of particular cytokine pathways. Adverse drug reactions are classified by their pathomechanism, which enhances understanding of the pathogenesis and facilitates both allergologic diagnostic measures and planning of premedication in future treatments. This review emphasizes immunostimulatory and hypersensitivity reactions. [source] Adult-to-adult right hepatic lobe living donor liver transplantationALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 11 2002P. H. Hayashi Summary Spurred on by the critical shortage of cadaveric livers, adult-to-adult right hepatic lobe living donor liver transplantation has grown rapidly as a therapeutic option for selected patients. In the USA alone, the number of living donor liver transplantations has increased six-fold in the last 4 years. The therapy can be complex, bringing together a variety of disciplines, including transplantation medicine and surgery, hepatology, psychiatry and medical ethics. Moreover, living donor liver transplantation is still defining itself in the adult-to-adult application. Uniform standards, guidelines and long-term outcomes are yet to be determined. Nevertheless, initial success has been remarkable, and a basic understanding of this field is essential to any physician contemplating options for their liver failure patients. This review covers a range of topics, including recipient and donor selection and outcomes, donor risk, controversies and future issues. [source] Optimizing the use of donated cadaver livers: Analysis and policy development to increase the application of split-liver transplantationLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 10 2002Jean C. Emond MD The American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Society of Transplantation jointly sponsored a conference in Crystal City, Virginia, on March 28th and 29th, 2001, to explore mechanisms for maximizing the cadaver-organ donor pool. Participants from transplantation medicine, surgery, organ procurement organizations, the general public, and government convened to address expanding utilization of each organ type. The committee assigned to review liver organ utilization identified multiple practices that could expand the potential donor pool including non,heart beating donors, marginal grafts, efficient allocation of cadaver organs, and wider application of split-liver transplantation. This article details the data reviewed by the liver committee and their recommendations on policy development for the expanded application of split-liver transplantation. [source] Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy in graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantationNEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Toshiko Nagashima In recent years a novel problem has arisen in organ transplantation medicine, namely GVHD. The nervous system has been involved mainly at the level of the CNS and this can lead to a serious outcome for the patient. In rare cases, peripheral nerves may be affected and show acute or chronic polyneuropathy. Here a case is reported of polyneuropathy associated with chronic GVHD. A 32-year-old man, suffering from chronic GVHD following an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for malignant lymphoma at the age of 25, developed a motor dominant polyneuropathy 5 years later. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated the demyelinating type of polyneuropathy. Biopsy specimens from skin and skeletal muscle disclosed perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates expressing T-cell markers. The sural nerve showed a loss of myelinated nerve fibers with epineurial fibrosis and rare occurrence of T cells, but without obvious vasculitic changes. The present case suggested that polyneuropathy could develop in association with chronic GVHD in some patients with a longstanding disease course. [source] Facial transplantation as an option in reconstructive surgery: no mountains too high?ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 12 2009Wojciech B, ogowski Abstract Background:, Human facial allotransplantation (FA) is a testament to the impressive progress, which was and is still happening in the field of transplantation medicine and reconstructive surgery. Like every pioneering treatment option, FA faces both the clinicians' and public opinion with a huge amount of medical and psychosocial dilemmas, which, in order to introduce FA as a scientifically and socially accepted procedure into clinical practice, need to be discussed, answered and solved. Methods:, This review is based on a detailed literature research in all relevant databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, specialist textbooks), however, recent papers (published between 2006 and 2008) were given highest priority for inclusion. Results:, In this review, two main limitations associated with facial tissue allotransplantation, that is, shortage of donations and life-long need for immunosuppressive treatment, are discussed and presented in both psychosocial and medical terms. Conclusion:, Although both of these limitations potentially could successfully inhibit the transformation of FA from an experimental therapy to the treatment of choice for patients with severe functional facial impairment, recent literature suggest that FA will find a meaningful place in facial reconstructive surgery. [source] | ||||||||||