CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
Claire Arnaud
SUMMARY 1.,Heat stress (HS) is known to induce delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction 24 h later, but the exact signalling pathway of this response remains to be elucidated. In previous studies, we have shown evidence for the implication of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the HS-induced reduction in infarct size. Furthermore, in their phosphorylated state, small heat shock proteins (Hsp27) seem to confer cytoskeletal protection. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of HS on the subcellular distribution of PKC isoforms and on Hsp27 phosphorylation. 2.,Rats were subjected to either HS (42°C for 15 min; HS group) or sham anaesthesia (sham group) before their hearts were excised. Myocardial tissue extracts obtained 20 min or 24 h after HS were processed for western blot analysis. 3.,In the HS group, PKC, translocated from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction (4426 ± 128 vs 6258 ± 316 arbitrary units; P = 0.002). Chelerythrine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), a PKC inhibitor, abolished this translocation. Western blot analysis of Hsp27 24 h after HS showed a marked increase in protein expression and phosphorylation in the particulate fraction. 4.,In the present study, we have shown that HS induces the translocation of PKC, from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction. Along with our previous observation that PKC is a trigger of HS-induced myocardial preconditioning, the results of the present study suggest an important role of the , isoform of PKC in this cardioprotective mechanism. Furthermore, we have also demonstrated that the cytoprotective protein Hsp27 is phosphorylated following HS. Therefore, we can conclude that PKC and MAPK/Hsp27 are involved in the signalling pathway of HS-induced cardioprotection. [source]

An Xp; Yq Translocation Causing a Novel Contiguous Gene Syndrome in Brothers with Generalized Epilepsy, Ichthyosis, and Attention Deficits

EPILEPSIA, Issue 12 2003
Michael J. Doherty
Summary:,Purpose: We describe two brothers with generalized epilepsy, attention deficits, congenital ichthyosis, and Leri,Weill dyschondrosteosis who harbor an unusual Xp; Yq translocation chromosome, resulting in a novel contiguous gene syndrome because of deletion of genes from the distal short arm of the X chromosome. Methods: Physical examination, neuropsychologic testing, EEG, and neuroimaging studies were performed. Because of their unusual phenotype, karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and further molecular analyses were carried out to refine the break points of the underlying unbalanced sex chromosome rearrangement. Results: The subjects had generalized epilepsy, X-linked ichthyosis, Madelung deformities, mesomelia, normal intelligence, and attention deficits. The brothers' karyotype was unbalanced; they inherited a maternal derivative X chromosome. Deleted distal Xp genes included short-stature homeobox on the X chromosome (SHOX), aryl sulfatase E (ARSE), variably charged X-chromosome mRNA gene A (VCX-A), and steroid sulfatase (STS). The final karyotype was 46,Y,der(X)t(X; Y)(p22.3; q11.2).ish der(X) (DXZ1+, KAL+, STS-, SHOX-) mat. Conclusions: Loss of distal contiguous Xp genes resulted in a syndrome comprising bony deformities, ichthyosis, attention problems, and generalized epilepsy. Candidate epilepsy genes within the deleted segment, such as ASMT, a gene involved in the final synthesis of melatonin, are discussed. Cytogenetic analyses should be included in the clinical evaluation of patients with generalized epilepsy and complex phenotypes. [source]

Translocation of soils to stimulate climate change: CO2 emissions and modifications to soil organic matter

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007
M. Rey
Summary The effect of climate change on CO2 emissions was studied on undisturbed soil monoliths (40-cm diameter, 25-cm high), which were translocated to warmer zones than their place of origin. Thirty-two months after the translocation, a climatic factor deduced from the moisture content of the soil and from the effective mean temperature (temperatures in excess of 5°C) revealed that translocation increased the potential of the climate to enhance the biological processes by between 73% and 26% compared with what the soil would support in its place of origin. At the end of the study, the transported soils had lost a large proportion of both total carbon and nitrogen (between 20 and 45%). During the experiment, the CO2 emissions from the soils, measured under field conditions, were quite variable, but were usually greater than from soils in situ. The variation in labile C in the soil throughout the experiment was calculated from a first-order kinetic equation for organic matter decay. The relative CO2 emissions, expressed in terms of the labile carbon fraction in the soils, were clearly greater in those translocated soils that underwent the most intensive climate change, which indicates that the variations in emissions over time are basically a function of the size of the labile organic matter pool. [source]

Characterisation of preYvaY export reveals differences in the substrate specificities of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli leader peptidases

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2003
Dirk Linde
Abstract Translocation, processing and secretion of YvaY, a Bacillus subtilis protein of unknown function, were characterised both in B. subtilis and in Escherichia coli. In its natural host B. subtilis, YvaY was transiently synthesised at the end of the exponential growth phase. It was efficiently secreted into the culture supernatant in spite of a calculated membrane spanning domain in the mature part of the protein. In E. coli, despite the high conservation of Sec-dependent transport components, processing of preYvaY was strongly impaired. To uncover which elements of E. coli and B. subtilis translocation systems are responsible for the observed substrate specificity, components of the B. subtilis Sec-system were co-expressed besides yvaY in E. coli. Expression of B. subtilis secA or secYEG genes did not affect processing, but expression of B. subtilis signal peptidase genes significantly enhanced processing of preYvaY in E. coli. While the major signal peptidases SipS or SipT had a strong stimulatory effect on preYvaY processing, the minor signal peptidases SipU, SipV or SipW had a far less stimulatory effect in E. coli. These results reveal that targeting and translocation of preYvaY is mediated by the E. coli Sec proteins but processing of preYvaY is not performed by E. coli signal peptidase LepB. Thus, differences in substrate specificities of E. coli LepB and the B. subtilis Sip proteins provide the bottleneck for export of YvaY in E. coli. Significant slower processing of preYvaY in absence of SecB indicated that SecB mediates targeting of the B. subtilis precursor. [source]

Translocation of proteins across archaeal cytoplasmic membranes

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2004
Mechthild Pohlschröder
Abstract All cells need to transport proteins across hydrophobic membranes. Several mechanisms have evolved to facilitate this transport, including: (i) the universally-conserved Sec system, which transports proteins in an unfolded conformation and is thought to be the major translocation pathway in most organisms and (ii) the Tat system, which transports proteins that have already obtained some degree of tertiary structure. Here, we present the current understanding of these processes in the domain Archaea, and how they compare to the corresponding pathways in bacteria and eukaryotes. [source]

Translocation,excision,deletion,amplification mechanism leading to nonsyntenic coamplification of MYC and ATBF1,

GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2006
Nadine Van Roy
Despite oncogene amplification being a characteristic of many tumor types, the mechanisms leading to amplicon formation have remained largely unresolved. In this study, we used a combinatorial approach of fluorescence in situ hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphism chip gene copy number analyses to unravel the mechanism leading to nonsyntenic coamplification of MYC and ATBF1 in SJNB-12 cells. To explain our findings, we propose a complex series of events consisting of multiple double-strand breaks, accompanied (or triggered) by the formation of a reciprocal translocation t(8;16), as well as excisions and deletions near the translocation breakpoints. This study provides evidence for a translocation,excision,deletion,amplification sequence of events rather than a breakage,fusion,bridge model, which has been more frequently proposed to explain proto-oncogene amplification. Furthermore, it illustrates the power of presently available tools for detailed analysis of the complex rearrangements that accompany amplicon formation. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Effect of natural commensal-origin DNA on toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling cascade, chemokine IL-8 expression, and barrier integritiy of polarized intestinal epithelial cells

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 3 2010
Darab Ghadimi
Abstract Background and Aim: The intestinal epithelium is constantly exposed to high levels of genetic material like bacterial DNA. Under normal physiological conditions, the intestinal epithelial monolayer as a formidable dynamic barrier with a high-polarity structure facilitates only a controlled and selective flux on components between the lumen and the underlining mucosa and even is able to facilitate structure-based macromolecules movement. The aim of this study was to test the effect of natural commensal-origin DNA on the TLR9 signaling cascade and the barrier integrity of polarized intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Methods: Polarized HT-29 and T84 cells were treated with TNF-, in the presence or absence of DNA from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium longum. TLR9 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expression was assessed by semiquantitative and TaqMan real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression of TLR9 protein, degradation of inhibitor of kappa B alpha (I,B,), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAP) phosphorylation were assessed by Western blotting. To further reveal the role of TLR9 signaling, the TLR9 gene was silenced by siRNA. IL-8 secretion was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-,B) activity was assessed by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and NF-,B-dependent luciferase reporter gene assays. As an indicator of tight junction formation and monolayer integrity of epithelial cell monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was repetitively monitored. Transmonolayer movement of natural commensal-origin DNA across monolayers was monitored using qRT-PCR and nested PCR based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results: In response to apically applied natural commensal-origin DNA, polarized HT-29 and T84 cells enhanced expression of TLR9 in a specific manner, which was subsequently associated with attenuation of TNF-,-induced NF-,B activation and NF-,B-mediated IL-8 expression. TLR9 silencing abolished this inhibitory effect. Apically applied LGG DNA attenuated TNF-,-enhanced NF-,B activity by reducing I,B, degradation and p38 phosphorylation. LGG DNA did not decrease the TER but rather diminished the TNF-,-induced TER reduction. Translocation of natural commensal-origin DNA into basolateral compartments did not occur under tested conditions. Conclusions: Our study indicates that TLR9 signaling mediates, at least in part, the anti-inflammatory effects of natural commensal-origin DNA on the gut because TLR9 silencing abolished the inhibitory effect of natural commensal-origin DNA on TNF-,-induced IL-8 secretion in polarized IECs. The nature of the TLR9 agonist, the polarity of cells, and the tight junction integrity of IECs has to be taken into account in order to predict the outcome of TLR9 signaling. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010) [source]

Translocation of Proteins into Mitochondria

IUBMB LIFE, Issue 6 2001
Nicholas J. Hoogenraad
Abstract The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) is composed of receptors, a channel protein, and its modulators that function together to import proteins into mitochondria. Although the import pathway of proteins directed to the mitochondrial matrix has been well characterized, recent studies into the import pathway taken by proteins into the other submitochondrial compartments have broadened our understanding into the way the TOM machinery recognizes, interacts, and translocates proteins. [source]

Translocation of 14C-sucrose within the Ear in Durum and Aestivum Wheat Varieties

JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001
I. Ravi
Excised ears of Triticum durum (HD 4502 and B 449) and T. aestivum (Kalyansona and Kundan) varieties were cultured in 14C-sucrose, and the uptake and distribution of 14C within the ear was examined. Species-level differences in the distribution of 14C to spikelets at basal, middle and apical positions in the wheat ear (vertical distribution) were observed. T. aestivum var. Kalyansona and Kundan showed no limitation in vertical translocation of 14C-sucrose, whereas in T. durum there was a decrease in the distribution of 14C to apical spikelets. Within a spikelet, the distribution of 14C-sucrose to distal grains was significantly less than that to proximal grains in all the genotypes. Translokation von 14C-Sukrose innerhalb der Ähre von Durum-und Aestivumweizen-varietäten Abgetrennte Ähren von T. durum (HD 4502 und B 449) und T. aestivum (Sorten: Kalyansona und Kundan) wurden in14C-Sukrose kultiviert und Aufnahme und Verteilung von14C innerhalb der Ähren untersucht. Die artspezifischen Differenzen in der Verteilung von14C im Hinblick auf die Ährchen im basalen, mittleren und apikalen Teil der Weizenähre (vertikale Verteilung) wurden beobachtet. Triticum aestivum var. Kalyansona und Kundan zeigten keine Limitierung in der vertikalen Translokation von14C-Sukrose, während bei Triticum durum eine Abnahme in der Verteilung von14C zum apikalen Ährchen vorlag. Innerhalb der Ährchen war die Verteilung von14C-Sukrose zu den distalen Körnern bei allen Genotypen signifikant geringer als zu den proximalen Körnern. [source]

Cytokine Stimulation Promotes Increased Glucose Uptake Via Translocation at the Plasma Membrane of GLUT1 in HEK293 Cells

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2010
Angara Zambrano PhD
Abstract Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are two of the best-characterized cell survival factors in hematopoietic cells; these factors induce an increase in Akt activity in multiple cell lines, a process thought to be involved in cellular survival. It is known that growth factors require sustained glucose metabolism to promote cell survival. It has been determined that IL-3 and GM-CSF signal for increased glucose uptake in hematopoietic cells. Interestingly, receptors for IL-3 and GM-CSF are present in several non-hematopoietic cell types but their roles in these cells have been poorly described. In this study, we demonstrated the expression of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors in HEK293 cells and analyzed their effect on glucose uptake. In these cells, both IL-3 and GM-CSF, increased glucose uptake. The results indicated that this increase involves the subcellular redistribution of GLUT1, affecting glucose transporter levels at the cell surface in HEK293 cells. Also the data directly demonstrates that the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway is an important mediator of this process. Altogether these results show a role for non-insulin growth factors in the regulation of GLUT1 trafficking that has not yet been directly determined in non-hematopoietic cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1471,1480, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Translocation of viable Aeromonas salmonicida across the intestine of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 5 2006
F Jutfelt
Abstract The pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of the destructive disease furunculosis in salmonids. Horizontal transmission in salmonids has been suggested to occur via the skin, gills and/or intestine. Previous reports are contradictory regarding the role of the intestine as a route of infection. The present study therefore investigates the possibility of bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelia using Ussing chamber technology, in vitro. Intestinal segments were exposed for 90 min to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled pathogenic A. salmonicida. Sampling from the serosal side of the Ussing chambers showed that bacteria were able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium in both the proximal and distal regions. Plating and subsequent colony counting showed that the bacteria were viable after translocation. During the 90 min exposure to A. salmonicida, the intestinal segments maintained high viability as measured by electrical parameters. The distal region responded to bacterial exposure by increasing the electrical resistance, indicating an increased mucus secretion. This study thus demonstrates translocation of live A. salmonicida through the intestinal epithelium of rainbow trout, suggesting that the intestine is a possible route of infection in salmonids. [source]

Translocation of a cerclage band into the endocervical canal after preconception transabdominal cervico-isthmic cerclage

JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2010
Moon-Il Park
Abstract A 34-year-old woman, who had a history of five spontaneous losses and failures of two McDonald purse-string cerclages, underwent a transabdominal cervico-isthmic cerclage (TCC). She became pregnant 17 months after TCC. At 35 weeks of gestation, she was admitted to our hospital due to preterm labor and delivered a healthy female baby (2270 g) by cesarean section. After delivery of the newborn infant, we found a migration of about one third of the cerclage band into the endocervical canal. Two years later, she had one further pregnancy, reached 33 weeks of gestation, and delivered a 1450 g male baby by cesarean section due to a preterm labor without any signs of infection. Although it could have been a case of pure coincidence, we take a chance to speculate that the migration of the cerclage band into the endocervical canal might have been the reason for the preterm labor, and it must have been removed at her first cesarean section and replaced by a new cerclage band for her next pregnancy. [source]

Defective Translocation of PKC, in EtOH-Induced Inhibition of Mg2+ Accumulation in Rat Hepatocytes

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 9 2010
Lisa M. Torres
Background:, Rats chronically fed ethanol for 3 weeks presented a marked decreased in total hepatic Mg2+ content and required approximately 12 days to restore Mg2+ homeostasis upon ethanol withdrawal. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanisms responsible for the EtOH-induced delay. Methods:, Hepatocytes from rats fed ethanol for 3 weeks (Lieber-De Carli diet,chronic model), rats re-fed a control diet for varying periods of time following ethanol withdrawal, and age-matched control rats fed a liquid or a pellet diet were used. As acute models, hepatocytes from control animals or HepG2 cells were exposed to varying doses of ethanol in vitro for 8 minutes. Results:, Hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats presented a marked inhibition of Mg2+ accumulation and a defective translocation of PKC, to the cell membrane. Upon ethanol withdrawal, 12 days were necessary for PKC, translocation and Mg2+ accumulation to return to normal levels. Exposure of control hepatocytes or HepG2 cells to a dose of ethanol as low as 0.01% for 8 minutes was already sufficient to inhibit Mg2+ accumulation and PKC, translocation for more than 60 minutes. Also in this model, recovery of Mg2+ accumulation was associated with restoration of PKC, translocation. The use of specific antisense in HepG2 cells confirmed the involvement of PKC, in modulating Mg2+ accumulation. Conclusions:, Translocation of PKC, isoform to the hepatocyte membrane is essential for Mg2+ accumulation to occur. Both acute and chronic ethanol administrations inhibit Mg2+ accumulation by specifically altering PKC, translocation to the cell membrane. [source]

Activation of the Innate Immune System and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Effects of Ethanol per se or Enhanced Intestinal Translocation of Bacterial Toxins Induced by Ethanol?

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 2005
Christiane Bode
The mechanisms involved in the ethanol-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages (including Kupffer cells) are however, still a matter of debate. The brief review will summarize the published data from the literature on the two main pathomechanisms discussed until now: I) Gut-derived bacterial toxins, specially endotoxin; and II) metabolic changes induced by alcohol oxidation (independent of mechanism I). For pathomechanism I, clear evidence has been published from numerous groups: Alcohol induces mucosal injury in the upper gastrointestinal tract and leads to marked increase in the permeability of the gut mucosa to macromolecules such as endotoxin. The resulting endotoxemia then leads to activation of Kupffer cells and other macrophages. The increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-,, Il-1, reacting oxygen species) and infiltration of other inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils) finally causes liver damage. Regarding the second pathomechanism it has repeatedly been argued that the metabolic alterations which are induced by chronic administration of ethanol to rats or mice might increase the sensitivity of monocytes/macrophages to secrete TNF-, and other pro-inflammatory mediators thereby increasing the susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver injury. However, in all feeding experiments the effect of ethanol on intestinal permeability and enhanced translocation of bacterial toxins (endotoxin) is likely to occur (or at least cannot be excluded). The latter holds true also for experiments using isolated macrophages/Kupffer cells from ethanol fed animals. Therefore, to clarify whether or not alterations related to ethanol metabolism ("direct" effects of ethanol) contribute to the activation of the innate immune system studies using germ-free animals are needed to exclude the "indirect" effect of ethanol via gut-derived bacterial toxins. [source]

Germinal vesicle materials are not required for the activation of MAP kinase in porcine oocyte maturation

MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2001
K. Sugiura
Abstract The requirement of the germinal vesicle (GV) for the normal kinetics of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity during porcine oocyte maturation was investigated. Porcine follicular oocytes were enucleated, and the locations of their extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), major MAP kinases in maturating porcine oocytes, were detected by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The MAP kinase activity was assayed as myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase activity, and the phosphorylation states of ERK1/2 were detected by immunoblotting analyses. Translocation of MAP kinase into the GV and association with the spindle were observed in intact oocytes, while MAP kinase in enucleated oocytes was distributed almost uniformly in cytoplasm throughout the culturing period. The phosphorylation and the activation of MAP kinase were induced, and the activity was comparable with that of control denuded oocytes. The high level of activity was maintained through maturation, even in the absence of spindle formation. These results indicate that the presence of nuclear material and translocation into the GV are dispensable for the activation of MAP kinase and that associating with the spindle is not required for maintenance of its activity though porcine oocyte maturation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:215,220, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Translocation of 15N indicates nitrogen recycling in the mat-forming lichen Cladonia portentosa

NEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 2 2005
C. J. Ellis
Summary ,,Nitrogen translocation was measured in Cladonia portentosa during 2 yr growth in Scottish heathland. Translocation was predicted to occur if N is resorbed from senescent basal tissue and recycled within the thallus. ,,15N was introduced into either the lower (TU thalli) or upper (TD thalli) 25 mm of 50-mm-long thalli as 15N-NH4+, 15N-NO3, or 15N-glycine. Labelled thalli were placed within intact lichen cushions, either upright (TU) or inverted (TD). Vertical distribution of label was quantified immediately following labelling and after 1 and 2 yr. ,,Independently of the form of introduced label, 15N migrated upwards in TU thalli, with new growth being a strong sink. Sink regions for 15N during year 1 (including new growth) became sources of 15N translocated to new growth in year 2. Upward migration into inverted bases was minimal in TD thalli, but was again marked in new growth that developed from inverted apices. ,,Relocation of N to regions of growth could facilitate internal N recycling, a process postulated to explain the ecological success of mat-forming lichens. [source]

Uptake and translocation of carpropamid in rice (Oryza sativa L)

PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 3 2001
Rashmi Rohilla
Abstract Translocation of the antiblast compound, carpropamid, was investigated in rice using [14C]carpropamid. When applied to the seed, carpropamid was not only readily absorbed but was translocated to different parts of the seedlings emerging from treated seeds. A substantial portion of fungicide appeared to be exuded onto the leaf surface. In 21-day-old plants grown from [14C]carpropamid-treated seeds, 27.2% of the radioactivity isolated from leaves was present on the surface of lamina. This exuded fraction is probably responsible for its action as a fungal anti-penetrant compound. Following 30-min root dipping of 14-day-old seedlings, carpropamid was rapidly absorbed and translocated throughout the seedling. Its intra-laminar distribution was uniform as determined by autoradiography. Only a small fraction (<2%) of fungicide applied to the foliage was translocated beyond the site of application within the treated leaf. Translocation was primarily apoplastic. Approximately 54% of the radioactivity recovered from leaves was in the form of carpropamid. At least seven radiolabelled metabolic products were observed by TLC. Only 8.3% of radioactivity applied through the seeds could be recovered from 21-day-old seedlings. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Preliminary evidence of accumulation of stress during translocation in mantled howlers

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2010
M.A. Socorro Aguilar-Cucurachi
Abstract Translocation,an extensively used conservation tool,is a potentially stressful event, as animals are exposed to multiple stressors and cannot predict or control the changes in their environment. Therefore, it may be expected that during a translocation program stress accumulates and social behavior changes. Here, we present data from a translocation of four adult mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata), which was conducted in southern Veracruz (Mexico). We found that stress (measured in fecal corticosterone) increased during translocation, but that the rate of both affiliative and agonistic interactions remained unchanged. Females showed higher levels of corticosterone than males throughout translocation, although no sex differences were observed in social interactions. Our findings provide a preliminary evidence for accumulation of physiological stress during translocation in primates, and may have implications for decisions concerning releasing practices. Am. J. Primatol. 72:805,810, 2010.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

46, XX male sex reversal syndrome: a case report and review of the genetic basis

ANDROLOGIA, Issue 1 2009
T. Wang
Summary Sex reversal syndrome is a kind of human genetic disease about gender dysplasia, which is characterised by inconsistency between gonadal sexuality and chromosome sexuality; the incidence rate was about 1 : 20 000,100 000. The clinical manifestations, hormonal levels and cytogenetic findings in a patient of 46, XX male sex reversal syndrome retrospectively were analysed and related published reports were reviewed. The DNA fragments of sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene from the patient was found by polymerase chain reaction, but the fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis revealed that the SRY translocated from Y to X chromosome. We concluded that the Y chromosomal SRY gene is required for the regulation of male sex determination. The detection of SRY is important for the clinical diagnosis of sex reversal syndrome. Translocation of SRY to X chromosome or other autosomes would be one of the key factors that induced XX male SRS. [source]

Light-Induced Control of Protein Translocation by the SecYEG Complex,

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 40 2010
Francesco Bonardi
Schließt die Pore! Ein organochemischer Photoschalter wurde in zwei transmembranäre Segmente eingeführt, die die laterale Öffnung der proteinleitenden Pore in Bakterienmembranen umschließen. Reversibles Schalten des Azobenzols zwischen der trans - und cis -Konfiguration durch Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem und UV-Licht erzwingt das Öffnen und Schließen der Pore (siehe Schema). [source]

Microgel Translocation through Pores under Confinement,

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 12 2010
Grant
Knapp, aber passt: Hydrogelmikropartikel können sich so verformen, dass sie durch Poren mit bis zu 10-mal kleineren Durchmessern passen (siehe Bild) , und dies auch bei Größenverhältnissen und unter Druckgefällen, wie sie bei der physiologischen Filtration in der Niere vorherrschen. Dies macht sie für Anwendungen im Wirkstofftransport interessant. [source]

Could translocation aid hen harrier conservation in the UK?

ANIMAL CONSERVATION, Issue 1 2001
Mark Watson
Translocation is increasingly used in conservation to re-establish or augment populations of threatened species or to remove individual animals from areas of human-wildlife conflict. We assess the feasibility and utility of translocating hen harriers (Circus cyaneus) in the UK to enhance their distribution and abundance whilst simultaneously reducing the impact of harrier predation on red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) populations and shooting bags. Current knowledge of hen harrier feeding ecology, dispersal, survival and recruitment suggests that they would be suitable subjects for translocation with the aim of increasing their distribution in the UK. Assessment of habitat and food availability suggest that there are suitable recipient sites beyond the current range of the hen harrier in the UK. However, translocation would not be a sustainable method of reducing predation on grouse moors because it would have to continue indefinitely as long as grouse moors attracted harriers. Translocation of harriers to grouse moors where they have been locally extirpated would not be appropriate until levels of illegal control are reduced. Establishing new harrier populations through translocation away from grouse moors may become desirable if initiatives to reduce human-raptor conflicts on grouse moors are unsuccessful, or as an interim measure to accelerate the recovery of hen harriers in the UK. [source]

Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation of Nuclear Factor-,B in Interleukin-1,-Stimulated Chondrocytes

BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
Claudia Jomphe
In addition, chondroitin sulfate prevents joint space narrowing of the knee. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effect of chondroitin sulfate is associated to a decrease in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and of the transcription factors nuclear factor-,B (NF-,B) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin-1, (IL-1,) in presence of chondroitin sulfate. Nuclear translocation of NF-,B and AP-1, and nitrite concentrations (as an index for nitric oxide) was assessed 48 hr later. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on IL-1, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38MAPK was documented by immunoblot. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis was evaluated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling assay. Chondroitin sulfate reduced IL-1,-induced NF-,B nuclear translocation, but not AP-1 translocation, it decreased IL-1,-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and abrogated p38MAPK phosphorylation, but did not prevent IL-1,-induced increase in nitrite. Finally, chondroitin sulfate decreased nitroprusside-induced apoptosis of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that some of the biological activities of chondroitin sulfate may be associated to the reduction in Erk1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear transactivation of NF-,B. [source]

A nanophosphor-based method for selective DNA recovery in Synthosomes

BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 7-8 2006
Madhavan Nallani
Abstract A nanocompartment system composed of an ABA triblock copolymer, where A is poly(dimethylsiloxane) and B is poly(2-methyloxazoline), has been developed for selective recovery and detection of DNA. Translocation of TAMRA-labeled complementary primers into the nanocompartment system has been achieved through two deletion mutants (FhuA ,1,129; FhuA ,1,160) of the channel protein FhuA. Translocation was monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer through hybridization of the TAMRA-labeled primer to the complementary sequence of a nanophosphor-DNA-conjugate, which reduces its half-life (FhuA ,1,129, 16.0% reduced; FhuA ,1,160, 39.0% reduced). [source]

A1 Adenosine Receptors Accumulate in Neurodegenerative Structures in Alzheimer's Disease and Mediate Both Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing and Tau Phosphorylation and Translocation

BRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
Ester Angulo
Immunostaining of adenosine receptors in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex from necropsies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients shows that there is a change in the pattern of expression and a redistribution of receptors in these brain areas when compared with samples from controls. Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) immunoreactivity was found in degenerating neurons with neurofibrillary tangles and in dystrophic neurites of senile plaques. A high degree of colocalization for A1R and pA4 amyloid in senile plaques and for A1R and tau in neurons with tau deposition, but without tangles, was seen. Additionally, adenosine A2A receptors, located mainly in striatal neurons in controls, appeared in glial cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of patients. On comparing similar samples from controls and patients, no significant change was evident for metabotropic glutamate receptors. In the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, agonists for A1R led to a dose-dependent increase in the production of soluble forms of amyloid precursor protein in a process mediated by PKC. A1R agonist induced p21 Ras activation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, activation of A1R led to and ERK-dependent increase of tau phosphorylation and translocation towards the cytoskeleton. These results indicate that adenosine receptors are potential targets for AD. [source]

Escherichia coli,-haemolysin induces focal leaks in colonic epithelium: a novel mechanism of bacterial translocation

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 10 2007
Hanno Troeger
Summary Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are usually harmless colonizer of the intestinal microflora. However, they are capable to translocate and cause life-threatening disease. Translocation of ExPEC isolates was quantified in colonic monolayers. Transepithelial resistance (Rt) was monitored and local changes in conductivity analysed with conductance scanning. Confocal microscopy visualized the translocation route. Corroboratory experiments were performed on native rat colon. One translocating strain E. coli O4 was identified. This translocation process was associated with an Rt decrease (36 ± 1% of initial resistance) beginning only 2 h after inoculation. The sites of translocation were small defects in epithelial integrity (focal leaks) exhibiting highly increased local ion permeability. Translocation was enhanced by preincubation of monolayers with tumour necrosis factor-, or interleukin-13. Mutant strains lacking alpha-haemolysin lost the ability to induce focal leaks, while this effect could be restored by re-introducing the haemolysin determinant. Filtrate of a laboratory strain carrying the alpha-haemolysin operon was sufficient for focal leak induction. In native rat colon, E. coli O4 decreased Rt and immunohistology demonstrated focal leaks resembling those in cell monolayers. E. coli,-haemolysin is able to induce focal leaks in colonic cell cultures as well as in native colon. This process represents a novel route of bacterial translocation facilitated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. [source]

Should I stay or should I go?

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2007
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in plant innate immunity
Summary Communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic cells. Bidirectional transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope is typically mediated by receptors and occurs exclusively through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). The components and molecular mechanisms regulating nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and signalling processes are well studied in animals and yeast but are poorly understood in plants. Current work shows that components of the NPC and the nuclear import and export machinery play essential roles in plant innate immunity. Translocation of defence regulators and Resistance (R) proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus are recently uncovered aspects of plant defence responses against pathogens. Future studies will reveal more details on the spatial and temporal dynamics and regulation of this process. [source]

Direct Observation of Anion-Mediated Translocation of Fluorescent Oligoarginine Carriers into and across Bulk Liquid and Anionic Bilayer Membranes

CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 1 2005
Naomi Sakai Dr.
Abstract The recent hypothesis that counteranion-mediated dynamic inversion of charge and solubility might contribute to diverse functions of oligoarginines in biomembranes was tested with two fluorescently labelled oligomers, FL-R8, one of the most active cell-penetrating peptides, and its longer version, FL-R16. We report evidence for counteranion-mediated phase transfer from water into bulk chloroform and anionic lipid-bilayer membranes as well as reverse-phase transfer from bulk chloroform and across intact lipid-bilayer membranes into water. The differences found between FL-R8 and FL-R16 with regard to location in the bilayer and reverse-phase transfer from bulk and lipid-bilayer membranes into water implied that the reported results may be relevant for biological function. [source]

ChemInform Abstract: Anionic Indole N-Carbamoyl N,C Translocation.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 45 2008
2-Heteroarylindoles., A Directed Remote Metalation Route to 2-Aryl-
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]

Anionic O,,- and ,-Vinyl Carbamoyl Translocation of 2-(O-Carbamoyl) Stilbenes.

CHEMINFORM, Issue 44 2004
Mark A. Reed
Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source]