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Translation Process (translation + process)
Selected AbstractsGenerate and Repair Machine TranslationCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2002Kanlaya Naruedomkul We propose Generate and Repair Machine Translation (GRMT), a constraint,based approach to machine translation that focuses on accurate translation output. GRMT performs the translation by generating a Translation Candidate (TC), verifying the syntax and semantics of the TC and repairing the TC when required. GRMT comprises three modules: Analysis Lite Machine Translation (ALMT), Translation Candidate Evaluation (TCE) and Repair and Iterate (RI). The key features of GRMT are simplicity, modularity, extendibility, and multilinguality. An English,Thai translation system has been implemented to illustrate the performance of GRMT. The system has been developed and run under SWI,Prolog 3.2.8. The English and Thai grammars have been developed based on Head,Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and implemented on the Attribute Logic Engine (ALE). GRMT was tested to generate the translations for a number of sentences/phrases. Examples are provided throughout the article to illustrate how GRMT performs the translation process. [source] Translating women's human rights in a globalizing world: the spiral process in reducing gender injustice in Baroda, IndiaGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2009N. RAJARAM Abstract In this article we analyse the translation of global women's rights ideas in a local context, based on an ethnographic study of three women's organizations from Baroda, Gujarat state, India. On a macro-level, the local social and cultural norms, the development context, and the nature and role of the state strongly shaped the translation process. Micro processes of translation depend on the organization's core activity, the actors who direct the translation and where they are culturally anchored. Translation involves meaning-making, which consists of several simultaneous processes, including recuperation, hybridization, simplification and compartmentalization. The direction of the translation process is not linear, but resembles a spiral with ideas moving from global to local to global. Lastly, there are different types of translators, including converters, generators, conveyers, adaptors and transformers. [source] Melanotrope Cells of Xenopus laevis Express Multiple Types of High-Voltage-Activated Ca2+ ChannelsJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2005H.-Y. Zhang Abstract Pituitary melanotrope cells are neuroendocrine signal transducing cells that translate physiological stimuli into adaptive hormonal responses. In this translation process, Ca2+ channels play essential roles. We have characterised which types of Ca2+ current are present in melanotropes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis, using whole-cell, voltage-clamp, patch-clamp experiments and specific blockers of the various current types. Running an activation current,voltage relationship protocol from a holding potential (HP) of ,80 mV/or ,110 mV, shows that Xenopus melanotropes possess only high-voltage activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. Steady-state inactivation protocols reveal that no inactivation occurs at ,80 mV, whereas 30% of the current is inactivated at ,30 mV. We determined the contribution of individual channel types to the total HVA Ca2+ current, examining the effect of each channel blocker at an HP of ,80 mV and ,30 mV. At ,80 mV, ,-conotoxin GVIA, ,-agatoxin IVA, nifedipine and SNX-482 inhibit Ca2+ currents by 21.8 ± 4.1%, 26.1 ± 3.1%, 24.2 ± 2.4% and 17.9 ± 4.7%, respectively. At ,30 mV, ,-conotoxin GVIA, nifedipine and ,-agatoxin IVA inhibit Ca2+ currents by 33.8 ± 3.0, 24.2 ± 2.6 and 16.0 ± 2.8%, respectively, demonstrating that these blockers substantially inhibit part of the Ca2+ current, independently from the HP. We have previously demonstrated that ,-conotoxin GVIA can block Ca2+ oscillations and steps. We now show that nifedipine and ,-agatoxin IVA do not affect the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, whereas SNX-482 reduces the Ca2+ step amplitude. We conclude that Xenopus melanotrope cells express all four major types of HVA Ca2+ channel, as well as the resulting currents, but no low-voltage activated channels. The results provide the basis for future studies on the complex regulation of channel-mediated Ca2+ influxes into this neuroendocrine cell type as a function of its role in the animal's adaptation to external challenges. [source] PerioGlas® Regulates Osteoblast RNA InterferingJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 7 2008Annalisa Palmieri PhD Abstract Purpose: PerioGlas® (PG) is an alloplastic material that has been used for grafting periodontal osseous defects since the 1990s. In animal models, it has been proven that PG achieves histologically good repairs of surgically created defects. In clinical trials, PG is effective as an adjunct to conventional surgery in the treatment of intrabony defects; however, how PG alters osteoblast activity to promote bone formation is poorly understood. We therefore attempted to address this question by using microRNA (miRNA) microarray techniques to investigate the translation process in osteoblasts exposed to PG. Materials and Methods: By using miRNA microarrays containing 329 probes designed from human miRNA sequences, we identified several miRNA whose expression was significantly modified in osteoblast-like cell lines (MG-63) cultured with PG. Results: There were ten up-regulated miRNA (mir-337, mir-377, mir-9, mir-516, mir-515-3p, mir-496, mir-200b, mir-489, mir-25, mir-423) and two down-regulated miRNA (mir-26a, mir-30d). Conclusion: PG acts on miRNAs, which in turn regulate several messengers. Among them there are mRNAs related to bone formation and skeletal and cartilage development. The vast majority of detected genes are down-regulated, and some are homeobox genes like NOG, EN1, and CHRD. Other down-regulated genes are receptors (like GHRHR) and extracellular matrix proteins (like COMP). Although the exact mechanism of PG action on osteoblasts is still incompletely understood, these data demonstrate that PG has not only an osteoconductive effect, but also regulates bone formation. [source] Context-based generic cross-lingual retrieval of documents and automated summariesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Wai Lam We develop a context-based generic cross-lingual retrieval model that can deal with different language pairs. Our model considers contexts in the query translation process. Contexts in the query as well as in the documents based on co-occurrence statistics from different granularity of passages are exploited. We also investigate cross-lingual retrieval of automatic generic summaries. We have implemented our model for two different cross-lingual settings, namely, retrieving Chinese documents from English queries as well as retrieving English documents from Chinese queries. Extensive experiments have been conducted on a large-scale parallel corpus enabling studies on retrieval performance for two different cross-lingual settings of full-length documents as well as automated summaries. [source] Rapamycin and CCI-779 inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling in hepatocellular carcinomaLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2010Ivan Chun-Fai Hui Abstract Background: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which phosphorylates p70S6K and 4EBP1 and activates the protein translation process, is upregulated in cancers and its activation may be involved in cancer development. Aims: In this study, we investigated the tumour-suppressive effects of rapamycin and its new analogue CCI-779 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Rapamycin and its new analogue CCI-779 were applied to treat HCC cells. Cell proliferation, cell cycle profile and tumorigenicity were analysed. Results: In human HCCs, we observed frequent (67%, 37/55) overexpression of mTOR transcripts using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Upon drug treatment, PLC/PRF/5 showed the greatest reduction in cell proliferation using the colony formation assay, as compared with HepG2, Hep3B and HLE. Rapamycin was a more potent antiproliferative agent than CCI-779 in HCC cell lines. Proliferation assays by cell counting showed that the IC50 value of rapamycin was lower than that of CCI-779 in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that both drugs could arrest HCC cells in the G1 phase but did not induce apoptosis of these cells, suggesting that these mTOR inhibitors are cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. Upon rapamycin and CCI-779 treatment, the phosphorylation level of mTOR and p70S6K in HCC cell lines was significantly reduced, indicating that both drugs can suppress mTOR activity in HCC cells. In addition, both drugs significantly inhibited the growth of xenografts of PLC/PRF/5 cells in nude mice. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that rapamycin and its clinical analogue CCI-779 possess tumour-suppressive functions towards HCC cells. [source] Detection and characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of two truncated goat ,s2 -caseinsRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 7 2006Vincenzo Cunsolo The identification and characterization of truncated forms of goat ,s2 -Cn variants A and E are reported. The two proteins, which have experimental Mr values of 24,183 and 24,227,Da, were detected as minor components in a goat milk sample from an autochthonous breed of southern Italy, ,Rossa Mediterranea', by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS). Characterization of the amino acid sequences, performed by coupling trypsin digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), RP-HPLC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrated that the polypeptide chains correspond to the 1-204 sequence of mature ,s2 -Cn variant A (component with Mr of 24,183,Da) and E (component with Mr of 24,227,Da), respectively. These components seem to be the product of a differential splicing of pre-messenger RNA during the translation process of the ,s2 -Cn variants A and E. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Intraneuronal localization of Nogo-A in the ratTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2003Wei-Lin Jin Abstract Nogo-A is known to be a myelin-associated protein with strong inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth and has been considered one of the major factors that hinder fiber regeneration in the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated widespread occurrence of nogo-A mRNA and Nogo-A protein in neurons. Our concurrent immunohistochemical study substantiated the widespread distribution of neuronal Nogo-A. The present study was thus focused on its intraneuronal distribution in the central nervous system, using Western blotting, immunohistochemical, and immunogold electron microscopic techniques. Western blotting of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane subcellular fractions of the cerebellum and spinal cord tissues demonstrated that all three fractions contained Nogo-A. Nogo-A immunoreactivity could be identified under confocal microscope in the nucleus, perikayon, and proximal dendrite and along the cell membrane. Under the electron microscope, the perikaryonal Nogo-A immunogold particles were mainly distributed at polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting its relationship with translation process. The immunogold particles could also be found beneath or on the plasma membrane. In the nucleus, the Nogo-A immunogold particles were found to be localized at the chromatins of the nucleus, indicating its possible involvement in gene transcription. The presence of Nogo-A in the nucleus was further supported by transfection of COS-7L cells with nogo-A. This study provides the first immunocytochemical evidence for intraneuronal distribution of Nogo-A. Apparently, the significance of Nogo-A in the central nervous system is far more complex than what has been envisioned. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:1,10, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lost in Translation: Methodological Considerations in Cross-Cultural ResearchCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2007Elizabeth D. Peña In cross-cultural child development research there is often a need to translate instruments and instructions to languages other than English. Typically, the translation process focuses on ensuring linguistic equivalence. However, establishment of linguistic equivalence through translation techniques is often not sufficient to guard against validity threats. In addition to linguistic equivalence, functional equivalence, cultural equivalence, and metric equivalence are factors that need to be considered when research methods are translated to other languages. This article first examines cross-cultural threats to validity in research. Next, each of the preceding factors is illustrated with examples from the literature. Finally, suggestions for incorporating each factor into research studies of child development are given. [source] The Conventions of Management Research and their Relevance to Management PracticeBRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2002M. Kelemen This paper recognizes the failure of management research to communicate with practitioners, and speculates over the reasons why this may be the case. It is possible that the researchers' interests may not always coincide with management practitioners'; however, even when such interests are congruent, it seems that relatively little management research is published in practitioner journals. We suggest that this is because academic research is written in a style that tends to alienate most practitioners. This paper isolates the stylistic conventions associated with research targeted to academics (typically published in academic journals) and research targeted to practitioners (typically published in practitioner-oriented journals). Such stylistic differences are illustrated through a study of organizational change whose findings have been published in both academic and practitioner format, namely in the Administrative Science Quarterly and the Harvard Business Review. We suggest that the gap between these two types of research could be narrowed through processes of translation (i.e. academic jargon could be translated in practitioner language). In addition we might consider greater use of Mode 2 research over Mode 1 research (academic). Mode 2 research presupposes that teams of academics and practitioners assemble to define the research problem and methodology in terms appropriate to a particular context and in a way that accounts for all existing interests so that translation processes are seamless. However, Mode 2 creates its own gap in that the knowledge is more contextual and may not reach a wide audience. [source] Women's perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a meta-ethnographyJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 10 2010Rakime Elmir elmir r., schmied v., wilkes l. & jackson d. (2010) Women's perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing,66(10), 2142,2153. Abstract Aim., This study presents the findings a meta-ethnographic study reporting women's perceptions and experiences of traumatic birth. Background., Childbirth is viewed by many as a life transition that can bring a sense of accomplishment. However, for some women, birth is experienced as a traumatic event with a minority experiencing post-traumatic stress. A traumatic birth experience can have a significant impact on the physical and emotional well-being of a woman, her infant and family. Data source., The CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and PubMed databases were searched for the period January 1994 to October 2009 using the keywords birth trauma, traumatic birth, qualitative research, birth narrative and birth stories. Review methods., A meta-ethnographic approach was used. Quality appraisal was carried out. An index paper served as a guide in identifying particular findings and comparing them with other findings. This ,reciprocal translation' process started with a search for common themes, phrases and metaphors. Results., Ten qualitative studies were included in the final sample. Six major themes were identified: ,feeling invisible and out of control', ,to be treated humanely', ,feeling trapped: the reoccurring nightmare of my childbirth experience', ,a rollercoaster of emotions', ,disrupted relationships' and ,strength of purpose: a way to succeed as a mother'. Conclusions., It is evident that a small percentage of women experience a traumatic birth. Although some women who experience a traumatic birth do not necessarily have physical or psychological adverse outcomes, others identify a significant personal impact. Healthcare professionals must recognize women's need to be involved in decision-making and to be fully informed about all aspects of their labour and birth to increase their sense of control. [source] | |||||||||||||