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Translation
Kinds of Translation Terms modified by Translation Selected AbstractsPHILOSOPHY AS TRANSLATION: DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION FROM DEWEY TO CAVELLEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 3 2007Naoko Saito In this essay Naoko Saito aims to find an alternative idea and language for "mutual national understanding," one that is more attuned to the sensibility of our times. She argues for Stanley Cavell's idea of philosophy as translation as such an alternative. Based upon Cavell's rereading of Thoreau's Walden, Saito represents Thoreau as a cross-cultural figure who transcends cultural and national boundaries. On the strength of this, she proposes a Cavellian education for global citizenship, that is, a perfectionist education for imperfect understanding in acknowledgment of alterity. Our founding of democracy must depend upon a readiness to "deconfound" the culture we have come from, the better to find new foundations together. The "native" is always in transition, by and through language, in processes of translation. [source] GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION: THE CHALLENGE OF TRANSLATION,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 2 2000Susan Seacrest ABSTRACT: Global climate change is examined from the perspective of its relevancy and urgency as a public policy issue. Interpreting from literature specific to investigations into public awareness and concern, climate change is seen as a legitimate though less than urgent issue. The literature reveals that the general public holds surprising misconceptions about the processes contributing to climate change, including failure to grasp the fundamental connection to CO2. General ambivalence is also suggested from the results of two surveys conducted by The Groundwater Foundation. They first asked participants in a recent Groundwater Guardian Conference to rate levels of discussion and concern for water resources implications in the participants' communities. A second survey polled national water resource organizations about the extent climate change has been a focus of their educational, investigative, or advocacy efforts. The paper concludes by describing basic barriers to stimulating public response to climate change, which education about the issue should address, and by offering a model to educate and involve citizens based on the Groundwater Guardian program developed by the The Groundwater Foundation. [source] Generate and Repair Machine TranslationCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2002Kanlaya Naruedomkul We propose Generate and Repair Machine Translation (GRMT), a constraint,based approach to machine translation that focuses on accurate translation output. GRMT performs the translation by generating a Translation Candidate (TC), verifying the syntax and semantics of the TC and repairing the TC when required. GRMT comprises three modules: Analysis Lite Machine Translation (ALMT), Translation Candidate Evaluation (TCE) and Repair and Iterate (RI). The key features of GRMT are simplicity, modularity, extendibility, and multilinguality. An English,Thai translation system has been implemented to illustrate the performance of GRMT. The system has been developed and run under SWI,Prolog 3.2.8. The English and Thai grammars have been developed based on Head,Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and implemented on the Attribute Logic Engine (ALE). GRMT was tested to generate the translations for a number of sentences/phrases. Examples are provided throughout the article to illustrate how GRMT performs the translation process. [source] English,Thai Structure,Based Machine TranslationCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2002Booncharoen Sirinaovakul We propose an alternative method of machine,aided translation: Structure,Based Machine Translation (SBMT). SBMT uses language structure matching techniques to reduce complicated grammar rules and provide efficient and feasible translation results. SBMT comprises the following four features: (1) source language input sentence analysis; (2) source language sentence transformation into target language structure; (3) dictionary lookup; and (4) semantic disambiguation or word sense disambiguation (WSD) for correct output selection. SBMT has been designed and a prototype system has been implemented that generates satisfactory translations. [source] Translation of Addictions Science into PracticeDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 6 2009Amy Pennay [source] Translation of an integral membrane protein in distal dendrites of hippocampal neuronsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Jeffrey C. Grigston Abstract Maintenance of synaptic plasticity requires protein translation. Because changes in synaptic strength are regulated at the level of individual synapses, a mechanism is required for newly translated proteins to specifically and persistently modify only a subset of synapses. Evidence suggests this may be accomplished through local translation of proteins at or near synapses in response to plasticity-inducing patterns of activity. A number of proteins important for synaptic function are integral membrane proteins, which require a specialized group of organelles, proteins and enzymatic activities for proper synthesis. Dendrites appear to contain machinery necessary for the proper production of these proteins, and mRNAs for integral membrane proteins have been found localized to dendrites. Experiments are described that investigate the local translation of membrane proteins in the dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Neurons were transfected with cDNAs encoding a fluorescently labeled transmembrane protein, TGN-38. Under conditions where the transport of this reporter construct was inhibited, the appearance of newly synthesized protein was observed via fluorescent microscopy. The dendritic translation of this protein required activation of glutamate receptors. The results demonstrate a functional capacity for activity-dependent synthesis of integral membrane proteins for distal dendrites in hippocampal neurons. [source] Women and Classical Translation in the Eighteenth CenturyGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2006Hilary Brown Women in Germany first began to take up their pens in substantial numbers during the eighteenth century. One area where they apparently did not leave their mark was in the translation of classical literature, despite a wave of interest in the classics in the literary world at large. However, this article sheds new light on women's involvement in this field. It focuses on a handful of women who translated from Greek or Latin, namely Luise Gottsched (1713,62), Fräulein von Erath (?,1776) and Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735,98). It looks at the conditions in which they did so, at their presentation of the texts, and at contemporary reactions to their work. It shows that women could only make their way in this area in exceptional cases, and that they usually exercised a considerable degree of caution. Yet, in some rare instances, translation gave women a new freedom. A translator could put her name to works of a surprising nature, such as philosophy and erotica. Adopting the detached stance of translator meant she could publish texts which women at the time would probably never have dared to write themselves. Thus, the act of translation could open up new spheres of literary activity for women. [source] A new global biome reconstruction and data-model comparison for the Middle PlioceneGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2008U. Salzmann ABSTRACT Aim, To produce a robust, comprehensive global biome reconstruction for the Middle Pliocene (c. 3.6,2.6 Ma), which is based on an internally consistent palaeobotanical data set and a state-of-the-art coupled climate,vegetation model. The reconstruction gives a more rigorous picture of climate and environmental change during the Middle Pliocene and provides a new boundary condition for future general circulation model (GCM) studies. Location, Global. Methods, Compilation of Middle Pliocene vegetation data from 202 marine and terrestrial sites into the comprehensive GIS data base TEVIS (Tertiary Environmental Information System). Translation into an internally consistent classification scheme using 28 biomes. Comparison and synthesis of vegetation reconstruction from palaeodata with the outputs of the mechanistically based BIOME4 model forced by climatology derived from the HadAM3 GCM. Results, The model results compare favourably with available palaeodata and highlight the importance of employing vegetation,climate feedbacks and the anomaly method in biome models. Both the vegetation reconstruction from palaeobotanical data and the BIOME4 prediction indicate a general warmer and moister climate for the Middle Pliocene. Evergreen taiga as well as temperate forest and grassland shifted northward, resulting in much reduced tundra vegetation. Warm-temperate forests (with subtropical taxa) spread in mid and eastern Europe and tropical savannas and woodland expanded in Africa and Australia at the expense of deserts. Discrepancies which occurred between data reconstruction and model simulation can be related to: (1) poor spatial model resolution and data coverage; (2) uncertainties in delimiting biomes using climate parameters; or (3) uncertainties in model physics and/or geological boundary conditions. Main conclusions, The new global biome reconstruction combines vegetation reconstruction from palaeobotanical proxies with model simulations. It is an important contribution to the further understanding of climate and vegetation changes during the Middle Pliocene warm interval and will enhance our knowledge about how vegetation may change in the future. [source] Translating women's human rights in a globalizing world: the spiral process in reducing gender injustice in Baroda, IndiaGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2009N. RAJARAM Abstract In this article we analyse the translation of global women's rights ideas in a local context, based on an ethnographic study of three women's organizations from Baroda, Gujarat state, India. On a macro-level, the local social and cultural norms, the development context, and the nature and role of the state strongly shaped the translation process. Micro processes of translation depend on the organization's core activity, the actors who direct the translation and where they are culturally anchored. Translation involves meaning-making, which consists of several simultaneous processes, including recuperation, hybridization, simplification and compartmentalization. The direction of the translation process is not linear, but resembles a spiral with ideas moving from global to local to global. Lastly, there are different types of translators, including converters, generators, conveyers, adaptors and transformers. [source] Block Copolymer Nanolithography: Translation of Molecular Level Control to Nanoscale PatternsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 47 2009Joona Bang Abstract The self-asembly of block copolymers is a promising platform for the "bottom-up" fabrication of nanostructured materials and devices. This review covers some of the advances made in this field from the laboratory setting to applications where block copolymers are in use. [source] Improving Parsing of ,BA' Sentences for Machine TranslationIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2008Dapeng Yin Non-member Abstract The research on Chinese-Japanese machine translation has been lasting for many years, and now this research field is increasingly thoroughly refined. In practical machine translation system, the processing of a simple and short Chinese sentence has somewhat good results. However, the translation of complex long Chinese sentence still has difficulties. For example, these systems are still unable to solve the translation problem of complex ,BA' sentences. In this article a new method of parsing of ,BA' sentence for machine translation based on valency theory is proposed. A ,BA' sentence is one that has a prepositional word ,BA'. The structural character of a ,BA' sentence is that the original verb is behind the object word. The object word after the ,BA' preposition is used as an adverbial modifier of an active word. First, a large number of grammar items from Chinese grammar books are collected, and some elementary judgment rules are set by classifying and including the collected grammar items. Then, these judgment rules are put into use in actual Chinese language and are modified by checking their results instantly. Rules are checked and modified by using the statistical information from an actual corpus. Then, a five-segment model used for ,BA' sentence translation is brought forward after the above mentioned analysis. Finally, we applied this proposed model into our developed machine translation system and evaluated the experimental results. It achieved a 91.3% rate of accuracy and the satisfying result verified effectiveness of our five-segment model for ,BA' sentence translation. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Translation of specification units between IP and ATM quality of service declarationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2003Jens Schmitt Abstract An integral part of any network quality of service (QoS) system are its QoS declarations. QoS declarations consist of service classes, parameters, and specification units. QoS declarations are a component of the QoS architecture, as such they are a source of heterogeneity stemming from the fact that different QoS systems may be based on different QoS architectures and thus use different QoS declarations. A particular problem in that domain is the translation of specification units for QoS systems that are based on different forwarding technologies with respect to variable vs fixed packet sizes, i.e. packet vs cell switching. This is a problem that can be dealt with generically such that its solution can be applied to several situations of technically heterogeneous QoS systems like an RSVP/IntServ,or DiffServ,over an ATM-based system. While straightforward translations have been proposed, we investigate how more efficient translations can be achieved by using a slight but effective modification of existing AAL framing schemes as well as making use of statistical knowledge about packet size distributions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion: Clinical Validation in Patients With Hypertensive CardiomiopathyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2006Rita de Cassia Gengo de Silva MS PURPOSE.,To validate defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion using vasomotor function assessment. METHODS.,Twenty-four patients with hypertensive cardiomiopathy were evaluated for 18 defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion and underwent vasomotor function assessment with induction of reactive hyperemia, intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, and pulse wave velocity measurement. The Student's t test and Kruskall,Wallis test were used to assess the significance of relationships between defining characteristics and vasomotor function data. FINDINGS.,Diminished lower extremity pulses were associated with diminished forearm blood flow during acetylcholine infusion; left ventricular overload, intermittent claudication, and diminished skin moisture were associated with elevated pulse wave velocity values. CONCLUSION.,The defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion were highly associated with vasomotor function data as "gold standards" for that diagnosis. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,Nurses should be able to accurately assess diminished lower extremity pulses, intermittent claudication, and diminished skin moisture as relevant characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with hypertensive cardiomiopathy. Irrigation Tissulaire Périphérique Inefficace: Validation Clinique Chez les Patients Atteints de Cardiomyopathie Hypertensive BUT.,Valider les caractéristiques de Irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace en utilisant l'évaluation de la fonction vasomotrice. MÉTHODES.,Vingt-quatre patients souffrant de cardiomyopathie hypertensive furent évalués au regard des 18 caractéristiques du diagnostic Irrigation vasculaire périphérique inefficace et de la fonction vasomotrice par induction d'une hyperémie réactionnelle, la perfusion intra-artérielle d'acétylcholine, et la mesure de la vélocité de l'onde du pouls. Les tests "Student t et Kruskall,Wallis" furent utilisés pour déterminer l'importance des liens entre les caractéristiques et les valeurs de la fonction vasomotrice. RÉSULTATS.,La diminution des pulsations périphériques des membres inférieurs fut associée à une diminution du flot sanguin pendant la perfusion d'acétylcholine; une surcharge ventriculaire gauche, de la claudication intermittente et une diminution de l'hydratation de la peau furent associées à des valeurs élevées de la vélocité de l'onde du pouls. CONCLUSION.,,Les caractéristiques de Irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace qui furent associées de manière significative à la fonction vasomotrice peuvent être considérées comme les "étalons or" de ce diagnostic. IMPLICATIONS POUR LA PRATIQUE.,Les infirmières devraient être capables d'évaluer correctement la diminution des pouls périphériques, la claudication intermittente, et la diminution de l'hydratation de la peau, car ce sont des caractéristiques pertinentes de l'irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace chez les patients atteints de cardiomyopathie hypertensive. Translation by Cécile Boisvert, MSN, RN Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz: Validação Clínica em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertensiva PROPÓSITO.,Validar as caraterísticas definidoras do diagnóstico de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz usando a avaliação da função vasomotora. MÉTODO.,Vinte e quatro pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertensiva foram avaliados segundo 18 características definidoras de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz e submetidos a avaliação da função vasomotora por indução de hiperemia reativa, infusão intra-arterial de acetilcolina e por mensuração da velocidade da onda de pulso. Testes T de Student e de Kruskall,Wallis foram aplicados para avaliar a significância das relações entre as características definidoras e os dados da função vasomotora. RESULTADOS.,Diminuição de pulso nas extremidades inferiores foi associada com o menor fluxo de sangue no antebraço durante a infusão de acetilcolina; sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, claudicação intermitente e diminuição da hidratação da pele foram associados com valores elevados de velocidade de onda de pulso. CONCLUSÃO.,Quatro características definidoras de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz foram altamente associadas com função vasomotora alterada como "padrão ouro" para este diagnóstico. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA.,As enfermeiras devem ser capazes de avaliar com precisão a diminuição dos pulsos das extremidades inferiores, claudicação intermitente e diminuição na hidratação da pele como características definidoras relevantes da perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertensiva. Translation by Alba Leite de Barros, PhD, RN Perfusión Tisular Periférica Inefectiva: Validación Clínica en Pacientes que Presentan Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva PROPÓSITO.,Validar las características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva utilizando una valoración de la función vasomotora. METODOLOGÍA.,Veinticuatro pacientes diagnosticados de Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva fueron evaluados con respecto a las 18 características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva y sometidos a una valoración de la función vasomotora con inducción de Hiperemia reactiva, infusión intra-arterial de acetilcolina, y medida de la velocidad de la onda del pulso. Se utilizaron los análisis estadísticos de t-Student y Kruskall,Wallis para valorar el significado de las relaciones entre las características definitorias y los datos obtenidos de la valoración de la función vasomotora. HALLAZGOS.,Durante la infusión de acetilcolina se detectó disminución de los pulsos en la extremidad inferior relacionado con la disminución del volumen de sangre en el antebrazo; la sobrecarga ventricular izquierda, claudicación intermitente y disminución de la hidratación de la piel fueron asociadas con la elevación de los valores de la velocidad de la onda del pulso. CONCLUSIÓN.,Las características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva estaban fuertemente asociadas a los datos procedentes de la valoración de la función vasomotora identificándose como "estándares fundamentales" para este diagnóstico. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA.,Las enfermeras deberían ser capaces de valorar cuidadosamente la presencia de pulsos disminuidos en las extremidades inferiores, y la disminución de la hidratación de la piel ya que son características relevantes del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva en pacientes que presentan Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva. Translation by Adolf Guirao, RN [source] Comparison of Nursing Interventions Performed by Medical-Surgical Nurses in Korea and the United StatesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2006Eunjoo Lee PhD PURPOSE.,To compare the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) interventions used in two countries, Korea and the United States. METHODS.,Data were collected from 167 nurses working in eight hospitals in Korea and analyzed with descriptive statistics. FINDINGS.,Korean nurses selected 202 interventions, nine of which were used by more than 50% of nurses surveyed. In comparison, the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses (AMSN) in the United States identified 68 interventions as core interventions. Among the top ranked 68 interventions selected by Korean nurses, 29 (43%) matched those selected by U.S. nurses. CONCLUSION.,The nursing interventions selected by Korean nurses were more heavily focused on the physiologic domain than those selected by the U.S. nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,The identified intervention lists can be used to develop nursing information systems, staff education, competency evaluation, referral networks, certification and licensing exams, and educational curricula for nursing students. Comparaison des interventions réalisées par les infirmières de Médecine-Chirurgie en Corée et aux Etats-Unis BUTS.,Comparer les interventions (tirées de la Classification des Interventions) utilisées dans deux pays: La Corée et les Etats-Unis. MÉTHODES.,Les données furent collectées auprès de 167 infirmières travaillant dans huit hôpitaux Coréens et furent analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives. RÉSULTATS.,Les infirmières Coréennes ont choisi 202 interventions, neuf d'entre elles furent utilisées par plus de 50% des infirmières incluses dans l'étude. En comparaison, l'Académie des Infirmières en Médecine-Chirurgie (E.U.) ont identifié 68 interventions clés. Parmi les 68 premières interventions choisies par les infirmières Coréennes, 29 (43%) correspondent à celles qui ont été choisies par les infirmières Américaines. CONCLUSION.,Les interventions de soins choisies par les infirmières Coréennes furent plus fortement centrées sur les domaines physiologiques que celles choisies par leurs collègues Américaines. IMPLICATIONS POUR LA PRATIQUE.,Les listes d'interventions identifées peuvent être utilisées pour développer des systèmes d'information, la formation du personnel, l'évaluation de la compétence, les réseaux de soin, les examens de certification et les programmes de formation des étudiantes infirmières. Translation by Cécile Boisvert, MSN, RN Comparação das Intervenções Realizadas por Enfermeiras Médico-Cirúrgicas na Coréia e nos Estados Unidos OBJETIVO.,Comparar as intervenções contidas na classificação de intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC) usadas nos dois paises, Coréia e Estados Unidos. MÉTODOS.,Os dados foram coletados com 167 enfermeiras que trabalhavam em oito hospitais na Coréia e analisadas com estaticista descritiva. RESULTADOS.,As enfermeiras coreanas selecionaram 202 intervenções, nas quais foram usadas por mais de 50% das enfermeiras entrevistadas. Em comparação, a Academia de enfermeiras médico-cirúrgicas (AMSN) nos Estados Unidos identificaram 68 intervenções como principais. Dentre as 68 intervenções como principais. Dentre as 68 intervenções mais importantes selecionadas pelas enfermeiras coreanas, 29 (43%) coincidiram com aquelas selecionadas pelas enfermeiras americanas. CONCLUSÃO.,As intervenções selecionadas pelas enfermeiras coreanas foram mais fortemente focadas no domínio fisiológico do que aquelas selecionadas pelas enfermeiras americanas. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA.,As listas das intervenções identificadas pode ser usada para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação de enfermagem, educação-permanente da equipe, avaliação da competência, rede de referências, exames de certificação e licença e currículo educacional para estudantes de enfermagem. Translation by Alba Leite de Barros, PhD, RN Estudio Comparativo de las Intervenciones Enfermeras Realizadas por Enfermeras Especialistas Médico-Quirúrgicas en Korea y Estados Unidos (EUA) PROPÓSITO.,Realizar un estudio comparativo entre las intervenciones enfermeras de la taxonomía NIC (Clasificación de las Intervenciones Enfermeras) utilizadas en dos países, Korea y EUA. METODOLOGÍA.,Los datos fueron recogidos entre 167 enfermeras que trabajaban en ocho hospitales de Korea y fueron analizadas utilizando medidas estadísticas descriptivas. HALLAZGOS.,Las enfermeras koreanas seleccionaron 202 intervenciones, nueve de las cuales fueron utilizadas por más del 50% de las enfermeras estudiadas. A diferencia, la Academia de Enfermeras especialistas Médico-quirúrgicas (AMSN) de los EUA, había identificado 68 intervenciones enfermeras. Entre las 68 intervenciones seleccionadas más frecuentemente por las enfermeras koreanas, 29 (43%) coincidían con las seleccionadas por las enfermeras americanas. CONCLUSIÓN.,Las intervenciones seleccionadas por las enfermeras koreanas estaban más centradas en el dominio fisiológico que las seleccionadas por las enfermeras americanas. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA.,La lista de intervenciones identificadas puede ser utilizada para desarrollar sistemas de información enfermeros, programas de formación, evaluación de la competencia, redes de enfermeras de referencia, exámenes de certificación y obtención de licencias, y currícula de formación para los estudiantes de enfermería. Translation by Adolf Guirao, RN [source] Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 6 2009GILLIAN H. M. LEE Objective., This study aimed to adapt the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) for pre-school children in a Chinese speaking community and to investigate its psychometric properties (validity and reliability). Methods., A Chinese language version of the ECOHIS was derived through a forward,backward translation and tested for face and content validity among a focus group. A convenient sample of pre-school children (n = 111) was recruited (including a sub-sample with early childhood caries and caries-free children). Parents of the children self-completed the derived Chinese-ECOHIS measure. Validity of the measure was assessed by investigating the relationship between dental caries status and Chinese-ECOHIS scores (construct and criterion validity). A sub-sample of the parents repeated the ratings of the measure to enable reliability assessments. Both internal and test,retest reliability were determined. Results., A Chinese version of ECOHIS was derived with minor modification to the original version. Chinese-ECOHIS scores were associated with children's caries experience (dmft) (r = 0.66, P < 0.05) supporting convergent validity. In addition, variations in ECOHIS scores were apparent with respect to caries and caries-free groups (P < 0.001), supporting the ability to distinguish between patient groups. Cronbach's alpha values (internal reliability) for total ECOHIS score were 0.91 and intraclass correlation coefficient value (test,retest reliability) was 0.64. Conclusions., A Chinese version of the ECOHIS was developed and demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. These findings can enable assessments of pre-school child oral health-related quality of life in Chinese speaking communities. [source] Translation and restandardization of an instrument: the Early Infant Temperament QuestionnaireJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2003Elisabeth O.C. Hall PhD RN Aims of the study. ,To test the psychometric properties of a Danish translation of the Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire (EITQ) and to establish standards for scoring the questionnaire. Rationale. ,The general aim was to create a translation that remained close to the original version, was meaningful for the Danish participants, and had acceptable psychometric properties. Background. ,Patterns of temperament can be discerned early in life and tend to persist over time and across situations. For the past 50 years, temperament has been studied by theorists, clinicians and nurse clinicians to predict behaviour, discover interventions that prevent serious behaviour disturbances, and help parents understand the implications of their child's temperament. Thomas and Chess's conceptualization of temperament in nine categories was the framework for the development of the English-language EITQ. Research methods. ,The translation followed a stepwise process of translation, back translation and consensus. A convenience sample of 204 Danish mothers with 1,4-month old infants completed the translated questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire in 1999. Results. ,Alpha coefficients for the nine subscales ranged from 0·59 to 0·82. All alpha coefficients were comparable to or higher than those reported on the original United States standardization study. There were statistically significant differences between reported United States mean scores and those in the Danish sample. Discussion. ,The psychometric properties of the Danish translation are equal to or better than those reported for the United States study. Differences in mean scores or most subscales point to the need to create Danish profiles for scoring. Conclusions. ,The Danish version of the EITQ has acceptable reliability and is ready for use in Denmark. [source] Continuing Medical Education, Continuing Professional Development, and Knowledge Translation: Improving Care of Older Patients by Practicing PhysiciansJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 10 2006David C. Thomas MD Many community-based internists and family physicians lack familiarity with geriatrics knowledge and best practices, but they face overwhelming fiscal and time barriers to expanding their skills and improving their behavior in the care of older people. Traditional lecture-and-slide-show continuing medical education (CME) programs have been shown to be relatively ineffective in changing this target group's practice. The challenge for geriatrics educators, then, is to devise CME programs that are highly accessible to practicing physicians, that will have an immediate and significant effect on practitioners' behavior, and that are financially viable. Studies of CME have shown that the most effective programs for knowledge translation in these circumstances involve what is known as active-mode learning, which relies on interactive, targeted, and multifaceted techniques. A systematic literature review, supplemented by structured interviews, was performed to inventory active-mode learning techniques for geriatrics knowledge and skills in the United States. Thirteen published articles met the criteria, and leaders of 28 active-mode CME programs were interviewed. This systematic review indicates that there is a substantial experience in geriatrics training for community-based physicians, much of which is unpublished and incompletely evaluated. It appears that the most effective methods to change behaviors involved multiple educational efforts such as written materials or toolkits combined with feedback and strong communication channels between instructors and learners. [source] Traces of the FlâneuseJOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2006From Roman Holiday to Lost In Translation This article critically considers the trope of the nineteenth-century flâneur/flâneuse as found in two films: Roman Holiday (William Wyler, 1953) and Lost in Translation (Sofia Coppola, 2003). Both films construct a traditional narrative from the adventures of a single female protagonist as she negotiates urban space. In tracing the references to the flâneur/the flanuese as found in these two films, one can begin to map a certain trajectory of contemporary gender relations in respect to urban space from the post,World War II era to the present, as well as to understand the context in which the "city" itself is seen as a site for such transformations. [source] Doubly Truncated FosB Isoform (,2,FosB) Induces Osteosclerosis in Transgenic Mice and Modulates Expression and Phosphorylation of Smads in Osteoblasts Independent of Intrinsic AP-1 Activity,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008George Sabatakos Abstract Introduction: Activator protein (AP)-1 family members play important roles in the development and maintenance of the adult skeleton. Transgenic mice that overexpress the naturally occurring ,FosB splice variant of FosB develop severe osteosclerosis. Translation of ,fosb mRNA produces both ,FosB and a further truncated isoform (,2,FosB) that lacks known transactivation domains but, like ,FosB, induces increased expression of osteoblast marker genes. Materials and Methods: To test ,2,FosB's ability to induce bone formation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress only ,2,FosB using the enolase 2 (ENO2) promoter-driven bitransgenic Tet-Off system. Results: Despite ,2,FosB's failure to induce transcription of an AP-1 reporter gene, the transgenic mice exhibited both the bone and the fat phenotypes seen in the ENO2-,FosB mice. Both ,FosB and ,2,FosB activated the BMP-responsive Xvent-luc reporter gene and increased Smad1 expression. ,2,FosB enhanced BMP-induced Smad1 phosphorylation and the translocation of phospho-Smad1 (pSmad1) to the nucleus more efficiently than ,FosB and showed a reduced induction of inhibitory Smad6 expression. Conclusions: ,FosB's AP-1 transactivating function is not needed to induce increased bone formation, and ,2,FosB may act, at least in part, by increasing Smad1 expression, phosphorylation, and translocation to the nucleus. [source] Hermeneutics of Translation: A Critical Consideration of the Term Dao in Two Renderings of the AnalectsJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2004Marc Andre Matten [source] Translation of STO charge distributionsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2005J. Fernández Rico Abstract Barnett and Coulson's ,-function method (M. P. Barnett and C. A. Coulson, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., Lond. A 1951, 243, 221) is one of the main sources of algorithms for the solution of multicenter integrals with Slater-type orbitals. This method is extended here from single functions to two-center charge distributions, which are expanded at a third center in terms of spherical harmonics times analytical radial factors. For s,s distributions, the radial factors are given by a series of factors corresponding to the translation of s -type orbitals. For distributions with higher quantum numbers, they are obtained from those of the s,s distributions by recurrence. After analyzing the convergence of the series, a computational algorithm is proposed and its practical efficiency is tested in three-center (AB|CC) repulsion integrals. In cases of large basis sets, the procedure yields about 12 correct significant figures with a computational cost of a few microseconds per integral. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 846,855, 2005 [source] Translation of variables and implementation of efficient logic-based techniques in the MINLP process synthesizer MIPSYNAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2009Marcel Ropotar Abstract This article describes alternative GDP formulation and convex hull representations for process synthesis problems and their implementation in a unique MINLP process synthesizer MIPSYN. A special translation of variables in mixed-integer, relaxed, and logic-based variations has been proposed, which enables modeling and solving process alternatives in a narrowed lifted space of variables, defined by nonzero lower and upper bounds. Based on these translation variations, alternative formulations have been developed for convex hulls, multiple-term generalized disjunctive programming problems, and logic-based outer-approximation algorithm, all of them being specialized for the synthesis of process flowsheets. Several studies were performed and three different large-scale synthesis problems were solved to test the performance and efficiency of different formulations. This initial research indicates that the proposed alternative convex hull representation usually outperforms the conventional one when solving both MILP and NLP steps in highly combinatorial MINLP process networks problems. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Translation of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) after ,1-adrenergic receptor stimulationJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2007Yaer Hu Abstract The ,-adrenergic system is implicated in long-term synaptic plasticity in the CNS, a process that requires protein synthesis. To identify proteins that are translated in response to ,-adrenergic receptor stimulation and the pathways that regulate this process, we investigated the effects of isoproterenol on the translation of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in both cortico-striatal slices and primary neuronal cultures. Isoproterenol stimulation induced a rapid dose-dependent increase in STEP expression. Anisomycin blocked the increase in STEP expression while actinomycin D had no effect, suggesting a translation-dependent mechanism. Isoproterenol-induced STEP translation required activation of ,1-receptors. Application of the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor SL327 blocked both isoproterenol-induced activation of pERK and subsequent STEP translation. Inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002) or mTOR (rapamycin) also completely blocked STEP translation. These results suggest that co-activation of both the ERK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways are required for STEP translation. As one of the substrates of STEP includes ERK itself, these results suggest that STEP is translated upon ,-adrenergic activation as part of a negative feedback mechanism. [source] Shut-Down of Translation , A Key Stress Response of NeuronsJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2003Article first published online: 26 NOV 200 First page of article [source] Zoledronic acid improves femoral head sphericity in a rat model of perthes diseaseJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2005David G. Little Abstract We hypothesized that the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) could improve femoral head sphericity in Perthes disease by changing the balance between bone resorption and new bone formation. This study tests the effect of ZA in an established model of Perthes disease, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). One hundred and twenty 4-week old SHR rats were divided into three groups of 40: saline monthly, 0.015 mg/kg ZA weekly, or 0.05 mg/kg ZA monthly. At 15 weeks DXA measurements documented that femoral head BMD was increased by 18% in ZA weekly and 21% in ZA monthly compared to controls (p < 0.01). Femoral head sphericity in animals with osteonecrosis was improved in ZA-treatment groups (p < 0.01) as measured by epiphyseal quotient (EQ). The proportion of "flat" heads (EQ ± 0.40) was significantly reduced from 32% in saline-treated animals to 12% in weekly ZA and 3% in monthly ZA (p < 0.01). Histologically there was a similar prevalence of osteonecrosis in all groups. The prevalence of ossification delay was significantly reduced by ZA treatment (p < 0.01). Zoledronic acid favorably altered femoral head shape in this spontaneous model of osteonecrosis in growing rats. Translation of these results to Perthes disease could mean that deformity of the femoral head may be modified in children, perhaps reducing the need for surgical intervention in childhood and adult life. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] Assessing the Severity of Hazardous Drinking and Related Consequences Among Incarcerated WomenALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2010David R. Strong Background:, Recent epidemiological efforts have demonstrated the utility of measuring individual differences in the severity of alcohol use along a single severity continuum marked by alcohol-related problems, symptoms of alcohol dependence, and the social consequences of drinking. Translation of this utility to specialized clinical populations is not assured. The expected inter-relationships among problems, symptoms and consequences, and enhanced sensitivity of combined assessments require confirmation in applied clinical settings. Method:, Subjects were 245 incarcerated women who met Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test criteria for hazardous use of alcohol. Participants were recruited from a statewide adult correctional facility for an ongoing clinical trial testing the effectiveness of brief motivational interviewing on alcohol use and HIV risk behaviors. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 56 (M = 34.1, SD = 8.9), 71.4% were Caucasian, and 65.7% reported <12 years of education. Results:, Analyses suggested that the 6 problems of alcohol abuse, 7 symptoms for alcohol dependence, and 14 alcohol-related social consequences loaded to a single factor (0.38 to 0.85) that formed a continuum of alcohol severity. Contrary to epidemiological studies, physical fights and being arrested were the most prevalent consequences and were associated with lower alcohol severity in this population. Three of the five items that discriminated best between higher and lower alcohol severity were related to familial and relationship consequences. Conclusions:, Consistent with epidemiological studies, alcohol severity can be measured among incarcerated hazardously drinking women on a single continuum that includes alcohol problems, symptoms, and social consequences. Replication of the expected alignment of problems and symptoms supports the construct validity of the continuum and further challenges the proposed hierarchical structure of abuse/dependence distinction. Large differences in rates of specific consequences and observed effectiveness of tailored social consequence items suggest the benefits of cross-sample validation to improve evaluation of clinical outcomes. [source] Review article: RNA interference , potential therapeutic applications for the gastroenterologistALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2008R. S. PELLISH Summary Background, A new technique of gene regulation, termed RNA interference, has emerged recently. RNA interference utilizes short double-stranded RNA to inhibit selectively gene expression of complementary RNA nucleotide sequences after transcription, but prior to translation. Gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders may be particularly amenable to therapeutic RNA interference intervention because of the relative ease of delivery of drugs to the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Aim, To examine the published literature for potential clinical uses of RNA interference in gastroenterology and speculate on future therapies for luminal disease. Methods, Reports were identified using PubMed and the search term ,RNA interference', focusing on therapeutic uses related to gastrointestinal and liver disease. Results, Cellular and animal models demonstrate the potential application of short-interfering RNA-based therapies for viral hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. With validation of specific targets and better in vivo delivery of short-interfering RNA, RNA interference may represent a new frontier for molecular-targeted therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. Conclusions, Short-interfering RNA provides a novel and specific means to inhibit gene expression. Translation to the clinical arena will require further definition of side-effects, off-target effects and delivery systems. Ultimately, mucosally applied or endoscopically delivered short-interfering RNA could be one of the earliest clinical uses of short-interfering RNA therapy. [source] Regulation of fungal gene expression via short open reading frames in the mRNA 5,untranslated regionMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Cristina Vilela Summary We review how the expression of fungal mRNAs can be controlled by ribosome interactions with short upstream open reading frames (uORFs) within the 5,untranslated region. The efficiency of uAUG recognition modulates the impact of a uORF but steps during and after translation of the uORF also influence uORF function. The post-termination behaviour of ribosomes, therefore, plays a major role in determining the expression level of these main ORFs. Translation of a uORF can produce a cis -acting peptide that causes effector molecule-dependent stalling of the ribosomes at the end of the uORF. In other cases it is the length or position, or other features of the uORF, rather than the peptide it encodes, that determine the efficiency with which ribosomes reinitiate translation downstream of it. Whether the form of the ribosome that resumes scanning after termination is the 40S subunit alone or the entire 80S ribosome is not known. Translation of the uORF can also control gene expression by affecting the stability of the mRNA. Finally, trans -acting factors may participate in the regulatory mechanisms. Future work will need not only to provide more information on the mechanisms underlying the known cases of uORF-mediated control but also to define the full complement of uORF-containing mRNAs in at least one fungal organism. [source] Translation at higher than an optimal level interferes with coupling at an intercistronic junctionMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Jae-Sung Yu In pairs of adjacent genes co-transcribed on bacterial polycistronic mRNAs, translation of the first coding region frequently functions as a positive factor to couple translation to the distal coding region. Coupling efficiencies vary over a wide range, but synthesis of both gene products at similar levels is common. We report the results of characterizing an unusual gene pair, in which only about 1% of the translational activity from the upstream gene is transmitted to the distal gene. The inefficient coupling was unexpected because the upstream gene is highly translated, the distal initiation site has weak but intrinsic ability to bind ribosomes, and the AUG is only two nucleotides beyond the stop codon for the upstream gene. The genes are those in the filamentous phage IKe genome, which encode the abundant single-stranded DNA binding protein (gene V) and the minor coat protein that caps one tip of the phage (gene VII). Here, we have used chimeras between the related phage IKe and f1 sequences to localize the region responsible for inefficient coupling. It mapped upstream from the intercistronic region containing the gene V stop codon and the gene VII initiation site, indicating that low coupling efficiency is associated with gene V. The basis for inefficient coupling emerged when coupling efficiency was found to increase as gene V translation was decreased below the high wild-type level. This was achieved by lowering the rate of elongation and by decreasing the efficiency of suppression at an amber codon within the gene. Increasing the strength of the Shine,Dalgarno interaction with 16S rRNA at the gene VII start also increased coupling efficiency substantially. In this gene pair, upstream translation thus functions in an unprecedented way as a negative factor to limit downstream expression. We interpret the results as evidence that translation in excess of an optimal level in an upstream gene interferes with coupling in the intercistronic junction. [source] The Promise of Sonic Translation: Performing the Festive Sacred in MoroccoAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 4 2008DEBORAH A. KAPCHAN ABSTRACT, How do international music festivals produce experiences of the sacred in multifaith audiences? What is their part in creating transnational communities of affect? In this article, I theorize what I call "the promise of sonic translation": the trust in the ultimate translatability of aural (as opposed to textual) codes. This promise, I assert, produces the "festive sacred," a configuration of aesthetic and embodied practices associated with festivity wherein people of different religions and nations create and cohabit an experience of the sacred through heightened attention to auditory and sense-based modes of devotion conceived as "universal." The festive sacred is a transnational (thus mobile) phenomenon inextricable from the enterprise of sacred tourism. Such festive forms not only produce a Turnerian communitas but also create new transnational categories that mediate religious sentiment and reenchant the world. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||