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Transformation
Kinds of Transformation Terms modified by Transformation Selected AbstractsINDUSTRIAL SHIFT, POLARIZED LABOR MARKETS AND URBAN VIOLENCE: MODELING THE DYNAMICS BETWEEN THE ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION AND DISAGGREGATED HOMICIDE,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2004KAREN F. PARKER Industrial restructuring marks the removal of a manufacturing and production-based economy in urban areas, which had served as a catalyst in concentrating disadvantage and polarizing labor markets since the 1970s. Although scholars have established a relationship between concentrated disadvantage , poverty, joblessness, racial residential segregation , and urban violence in cross-sectional studies, this literature has yet to estimate whether economic restructuring contributed to the change in urban homicide over time. Modeling this relationship requires an analytical strategy that incorporates specific indicators of (race and gender) polarized labor markets, separate from indicators of urban disadvantage, on disaggregated homicides while taking into account the growing dependency of urban cities on formal social control (via police presence and rise in incarceration). In this study I provide a theoretical rationale for linking industrial restructuring to urban homicide. Using a multivariate strategy to capture the shift in labor market forces and disaggregated homicides from 1980 to 1990, I also estimate the impact of this relationship. The results provide evidence of the industrial ship and documents both the decline in Manufacturing jobs for black males and black females and a growth in the service sector opportunities for white males only. I also find that industrial restructuring had a unique impact on disaggregated homicide beyond what has previously been established in cross-sectional studies. [source] REASSESSING NONLINEARITY IN THE URBAN DISADVANTAGE/VIOLENT CRIME RELATIONSHIP: AN EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGICAL BIAS FROM LOG TRANSFORMATION,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2003LANCE HANNON Sociologists and criminologists have become increasingly concerned with nonlinear relationships and interaction effects. For example, some recent studies suggest that the positive relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and violent crime is nonlinear with an accelerating slope, whereas other research indicates a nonlinear decelerating slope. The present paper considers the possibility that this inconsistency in findings is partially caused by lack of attention to an important methodological concern. Specifically, we argue that researchers have not been sensitive to the ways in which logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable can bias tests for nonlinearity and statistical interaction. We illustrate this point using demographic and violent crime data for urban neighborhoods, and we propose an alternative procedure to log transformation that involves the use of weighted least-squares regression, heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors, and diagnostics for influential observations. [source] MANAGING EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORLD: A DEWEYAN PERSPECTIVEEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 4 2009Maura Striano In the globalization scenarios we currently face, educational systems are challenged by different and sometimes competing pressures and requests. These call for a deep transformation of the organization, role, and social function of educational systems. Within this context, the very concept of education has come to be understood in different ways, which sometimes distort its moral and social value. In this essay, Maura Striano contends that from a Deweyan perspective, educational transformation must be seen as strictly connected to social change, and education should be understood as a process that facilitates and supports social growth and development. In order to be effective and fruitful, Striano suggests, this transformation must occur from the inside of educational systems and can only be brought about by reflective and inquiry-based inner processes if it is to have a sound moral and social impact within the changing framework of the globalized world. That education shares in the confusion of transition, and in the demand for reorganization, is a source of encouragement and not of despair. It proves how integrally the school is bound up with the entire movement of modern life. ,John Dewey, The Educational Situation [source] TRAGEDY AND TRANSFORMATION IN NEW YORK CITYGEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2002BRIAN J. GODFREY First page of article [source] VORACIOUS TRANSFORMATION OF A COMMON NATURAL RESOURCE INTO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Frederick Van Der Ploeg I analyze a power struggle where competing factions have,private,financial assets and deplete a,common,stock of natural resources with no private property rights. I obtain a feedback Nash equilibrium to the dynamic common-pool problem and obtain political variants of the Hotelling depletion rule and the Hartwick saving rule. Resource prices and depletion occur too fast, so substitution away from resources to capital occurs too fast and the saving rate is too high. The power struggle boosts output, but depresses sustainable consumption. Genuine saving is nevertheless zero in a fractionalized society. World Bank estimates may be too optimistic. [source] ON HARMONY AS TRANSFORMATION: PARADIGMS FROM THE YIJING ????,JOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2009CHUNG-YING CHENG [source] PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM IN DUTCH HIGHER EDUCATION: THE ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE UNIVERSITYPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2007HARRY F DE BOER During the past few decades traditional state-centred governing arrangements have been critiqued and replaced by alternative modes of governance. Higher education is one of the public sectors where such shifts in governance have been seen. As a consequence of the reshuffling of authority and responsibilities across the different levels in Dutch higher education, universities as organizations have become important foci of attention in the system's coordination. The main question addressed in this article is to what extent we can speak of an organizational transformation of Dutch universities. Based on conceptual ideas from researchers such as Greenwood and Hinings (1996), Ferlie et al. (1996), and Brunsson and Sahlin-Andersson (2000), we use a framework that focuses attention on the concepts of the construction of identity, hierarchy and rationality to systematically analyse the various aspects of transformations of professional organizations. [source] THE REDISCOVERY OF AMERICAN SACRED SPACESRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Louis P. Nelson Book reviewed in this article: THE HERMENEUTICS OF SACRED ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCE, INTERPRETATION, COMPARISON (2 volumes) By Lindsay Jones TEMPLES OF GRACE: THE MATERIAL TRANSFORMATION OF CONNECTICUT'S CHURCHES, 1790,1840 By Gretchen Buggeln WHEN CHURCH BECAME THEATRE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF EVANGELICAL ARCHITECTURE AND WORSHIP IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA By Jeanne Kilde PRAYERS IN STONE: CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1894,1930 By Paul Eli Ivey SHUL WITH A POOL: THE "SYNAGOGUE-CENTER" IN AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY By David Kaufman MYTHS IN STONE: RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF WASHINGTON, D.C. By Jeffrey F. Meyer UGLY AS SIN: WHY THEY CHANGED OUR CHURCHES FROM SACRED PLACES TO MEETING SPACES AND HOW WE CAN CHANGE THEM BACK AGAIN By Michael S. Rose BUILDING FROM BELIEF: ADVANCE, RETREAT, AND COMPROMISE IN THE REMAKING OF CATHOLIC CHURCH ARCHITECTURE By Michael E. DeSanctis ARCHITECTURE IN COMMUNION: IMPLEMENTING THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL THROUGH LITURGY AND ARCHITECTURE By Steven J. Schloeder [source] THE INDIVIDUAL AND TRANSFORMATION OF BRIDEWEALTH IN RURAL NORTH CHINATHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 4 2005Yunxiang Yan Drawing on data collected from longitudinal fieldwork, this article explores how the practice of bridewealth in a north China village has been transformed into a new form of property division within the groom's family and how the bride has replaced her parents as the recipient of bridewealth. At the individual level, this transformation has evolved through a long process during which individual brides and grooms negotiated with their parents over control of bridewealth. A misunderstanding about Western individualism provides village youths with a new ideological tool to justify their relentless extraction of money from their parents. At the level of family life, the changing norm of bridewealth has shaped and in turn has helped to re-shape mate choice, family division, and support for the elderly. These family changes occurred within the context of other social changes at the macro level and are closely linked to the role of the powerful state. While emphasizing the active role of the individual in transforming the practice of bridewealth, an important phenomenon that by and large has been overlooked in most studies of marriage transactions, the article also examines the specific strategies by which individuals exercise their agency, choosing to take advantage of the custom of bridewealth instead of abandoning it when it affords them greater autonomy in mate choice and marriage negotiations. [source] A MICROCHANNEL FOR IN VITRO IMAGING OF ERYTHROCYTE SHAPE TRANSFORMATIONS BY VIDEO MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUEEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 4 2009S. Jayavanth First page of article [source] TRANSFORMATIONS OF CHINA'S POST-1949 POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2008R. Bin Wong This article lays out three different historical perspectives on China's post-1978 economic reform era. It argues that historical perspectives allow us to apprehend features of the Chinese economy as they are formed in particular moments and contexts at the same time as we can appreciate the ways in which the possibilities conceived and achieved both affirm certain past practices and reject others. Without such vantage points it is more difficult to explain the manner in which China's economy has changed in the past 30 years. [source] REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE TRANSFORMATIONS IN LIBERALISING ELECTRICITY INDUSTRIESANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2006Eva Niesten ABSTRACT,:,The European liberalising electricity industries are still heavily regulated. A prominent form of regulation is directed at the energy companies' forms of governance. European and national regulations prohibit the vertically integrated structures that characterised these companies for almost a century. Detailed rules on unbundling, independence of the transmission and distribution system operators, and network access influence to a large extent the type of new governance structures that are adopted. This paper takes the institutional organisation of regulation into account to explain the regulatory influence on governance changes at the level of the firm. Examples of the Dutch and French electricity industries illustrate that the new forms of governance are heavily influenced by the institutional organisation of regulation. [source] DYNAMIC SEARCH SPACE TRANSFORMATIONS FOR SOFTWARE TEST DATA GENERATIONCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 1 2008Ramón Sagarna Among the tasks in software testing, test data generation is particularly difficult and costly. In recent years, several approaches that use metaheuristic search techniques to automatically obtain the test inputs have been proposed. Although work in this field is very active, little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate search space. The present work describes an alternative to this issue. More precisely, two approaches which employ an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm as the metaheuristic technique are explained. In both cases, different regions are considered in the search for the test inputs. Moreover, to depart from a region near to the one containing the optimum, the definition of the initial search space incorporates static information extracted from the source code of the software under test. If this information is not enough to complete the definition, then a grid search method is used. According to the results of the experiments conducted, it is concluded that this is a promising option that can be used to enhance the test data generation process. [source] The Climate for Transformation: Lessons for LeadersCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2007Scott G. Isaksen This article reports insights for organizational leaders based on a series of case studies describing the use of the Situational Outlook Questionnaire as a tool to assist them with their transformation efforts. Leaders often assert the need to change their organizational cultures. This article seeks to clarify and differentiate culture from climate, and then focus on what leaders can do to transform their climate by applying a deliberate assessment tool. As the case studies illustrate, making organizational transformation happen is best approached through a systemic or ecological approach. This approach includes considering the people involved, the methods deployed, the desired outcome of the change as well as the context within which the transformation occurs. The broadest concept within this framework is context, which includes both culture and climate, among other things. Since context is key to initiating and sustaining transformation, emphasis on the leader's role in climate creation will be provided. [source] Transformation of a zinc inclusion complex to wurtzite ZnS microflowers under solvothermal conditionsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Liwei Mi Abstract Wurtzite zinc sulfide (ZnS) microflowers were synthesized successfully by a convenient solvothermal route in ethylene glycol (EG) and ethylenediamine (EN) using thiourea and zinc inclusion complex as starting materials. The inclusion complex {[Zn(bipy)2(H2O)2](4-Cl-3-NH2 -C6H3SO3)2(bipy) (H2O)2}n was achieved by the reaction of zinc oxide (ZnO) and 4-Cl-3-NH2 -C6H3SO3 with the bridging ligand bipy under moderate conditions, in which bipy is 4,4,-bipyridine and 4-Cl-3-NH2C6H3SO3NH is 4-Chloro-3-aminobenzene sulfonic acid. The phase purity of bulk products was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and element analysis. The factors that might affect the purity of the ZnS product during the synthesis were discussed in detail. It was found that the products were significantly affected by the mixed solvents and the starting materials. X-ray single crystal diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the products. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Democratizing Dance: Institutional Transformation and Hegemonic Re-Ordering in Postcolonial JamaicaCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Deborah A. Thomas First page of article [source] Shared Services Transformation: Conceptualization and Valuation from the Perspective of Real OptionsDECISION SCIENCES, Issue 3 2009Ning Su ABSTRACT In today's volatile global economy, where many organizations face severe pressure to downsize, the "shared services" model, in which a firm merges common functions performed by multiple units into a single service delivery organization, provides an innovative approach to make business more efficient and effective. To successfully implement shared services, firms need to strategically decide whether and how to pursue various service transformation alternatives such as simplification, standardization, consolidation, insourcing, or outsourcing. In this study, we develop the notion of real options into a unique theoretical lens for conceptualizing service organizations and their transformation in an uncertain business environment. Specifically, we view service organization as a set of strategic options that give the firm preferential access to future transformation opportunities. We create a taxonomy of these options, and introduce a decision methodology for valuing alternative shared services transformation approaches. We illustrate this methodology by applying it in a real business case to justify a global firm's decision regarding the transformation of its finance organization. [source] From Soviet Modernization to Post,Soviet Transformation: Understanding Marriage and Fertility Dynamics in UzbekistanDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2003Victor Agadjanian In this article we analyse the dynamics of marriage and childbearing in Uzbekistan through the prism of the recent socioeconomic and political history of that country. After becoming an independent nation in 1991, Uzbekistan abandoned the Soviet modernization project and aspired to set out on a radically different course of economic, social, and political development. We argue, however, that not only independence but also the preceding period of perestroika reforms (1985,91) had a dramatic effect on social conditions and practices and, consequently, the demographic behaviour of the country's population. Using data from the 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey we apply event,history analysis to examine changes in the timing of entry into first marriage, first and second births over four periods: two periods of pre,perestroika socialism, the perestroika years, and the period since independence. We investigate the factors that influenced the timing of these events in each of the four periods among Uzbeks, the country's eponymous and largest ethnic group, and among Uzbekistan's urban population. In general, our results point to a dialectic combination of continuity and change in Uzbekistan's recent demographic trends, which reflect the complex and contradictory nature of broader societal transformations in that and other parts of the former Soviet Union. [source] Export Processing Zones: Free Market Islands or Bridges to Structural Transformation?DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Andrew Schrank Do export processing zones draw local manufacturers into world markets , and thereby engender broader market reform , by way of a ,demonstration effect'? The answer is likely (i) to be determined, not in the EPZ, but in the host country's national customs area, and (ii) to vary systematically with the size of the relevant market. While manufacturers from large economies are able to compete in world markets, and are therefore susceptible to the demonstration effect, their counterparts from small economies are unable to do so, and are therefore intractable. Thus, the nature of the EPZ life-cycle, like the legacy of import-substituting industrialisation, is in no small measure a function of market size. [source] Transgression, Transformation and Enlightenment: the Trickster as poet and teacherEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2002James C. Conroy First page of article [source] Arsenite induces delayed mutagenesis and transformation in human osteosarcoma cells at extremely low concentrationsENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 5 2003Kanae Mure Abstract Arsenite is a human multisite carcinogen, but its mechanism of action is not known. We recently found that extremely low concentrations (,0.1 ,M) of arsenite transform human osteosarcoma TE85 (HOS) cells to anchorage-independence. In contrast to other carcinogens which transform these cells within days of exposure, almost 8 weeks of arsenite exposure are required for transformation. We decided to reexamine the question of arsenite mutagenicity using chronic exposure in a spontaneous mutagenesis assay we previously developed. Arsenite was able to cause a delayed increase in mutagenesis at extremely low concentrations (,0.1 ,M) in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in mutant frequency occurred after almost 20 generations of growth in arsenite. Transformation required more than 30 generations of continuous exposure. We also found that arsenite induced gene amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in a dose-dependent manner. Since HOS cells are able to methylate arsenite at a very low rate, it was possible that active metabolites such as monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) contributed to the delayed mutagenesis and transformation in these cells. However, when the assay was repeated with MMAIII, we found no significant increase in mutagenesis or transformation, suggesting that arsenite-induced delayed mutagenesis and transformation are not caused by arsenite's metabolites, but by arsenite itself. Our results suggest that long-term exposure to low concentrations of arsenite may affect signaling pathways that result in a progressive genomic instability. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:322,331, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Phyoremediation: Transformation and control of contaminants.ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 4 2003Inc. Hoboken, Jerald L. Schnoor John Wiley & Sons, NJ (2003) 987 Pages ISBN 0-471-39453-1 U.S. List Price: $115.00, Steven C. McCutcheon No abstract is available for this article. [source] Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in soil in the presence of the earthworm Eisenia andrei,ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2000Agnès Y. Renoux Abstract The ability of the earthworm Eisenia andrei to metabolize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied in experiments with TNT-spiked soils, dermal contact tests, and with an in vitro assay. Lethality of TNT in a forest sandy soil was first determined (14-d LC50 = 143 mg/kg). Then TNT at lethal and sublethal concentrations was applied to the same soil and was monitored along with its metabolites in extracts of soil and earthworm tissue for up to 14 d postapplication. High performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet analyses indicated that TNT was transformed in the presence of E. andrei by a reductive pathway to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), and traces of 2,6-di-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT) in earthworm tissues. This transformation could be explained by either a metabolic mechanism within the earthworm or by the enhancement of an earthworm-associated microbial activity or both. The TNT concentrations decreased from the spiked soils. However, the monoamino-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT and 4-ADNT) concentrations increased with exposure duration and were dependent on the initial TNT soil concentrations. This was also observed to a lesser extent in the TNT-spiked soils with no earthworms present. The biotransformation of TNT into 2-ADNT, 4-ADNT, and 2,4-DANT and the presence of these metabolites in E. andrei after dermal contact on TNT-spiked filter paper showed that dermal uptake can be a significant exposure route for TNT. In vitro experiments showed that earthworm homogenate could metabolize TNT and form 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT at room temperature and at 37°C. This effect was inhibited by heat inactivation prior to incubation or by incubation at 4°C, suggesting that the biotransformation of TNT in the presence of E. andrei may be enzymatic in nature. [source] Children's Sense of Self in Relation to Clinical Processes: Portraits of Pharmaceutical TransformationETHOS, Issue 3 2009Elizabeth Carpenter-Song This article presents in-depth accounts of pharmaceutical transformation from the perspective of two children diagnosed with behavioral and emotional disorders. These portraits provide the basis for an examination of the complex interrelation between self and clinical processes. Narrative data were collected in the context of a 13-month anthropological study of the lived experiences of children diagnosed with behavioral and emotional disorders and their families living in the northeastern United States. Participating families (N=20) were from diverse racial/ethnic (African American, Euro-American, and Latino) and socioeconomic backgrounds. Psychiatric diagnoses and pharmaceuticals present tangible constraints in the lives of children that call attention to otherwise fluid and ephemeral self processes. These accounts suggest that psychiatric diagnoses and psychotropic medications present dilemmas for children's developing sense of self, revealing limitations to biopsychiatric "pharmaceutical promises." [children, self processes, subjective experience, psychiatric disorder, pharmaceuticals] [source] Workers in the New Economy: Transformation as Border CrossingETHOS, Issue 1 2006Valerie Walkerdine In this article, I seek to make an intervention in debates between psycho-logical and postmodern anthropology by engaging with the theme of border crossing. I argue that the theme of the border is one that fundamentally instantiates a separation between interior and exterior with respect to subjectivity, itself a funda-mental transformation and a painful and difficult border. This is related to a Cartesian distinction critiqued in this article. How the distinction between interior and exterior may be transcended is discussed in relation to examples of transformation from the crossing of class borders to the production and regulation of workers in a globalized and neoliberal economy. I begin with reference to postwar transformations of class with its anxious borders and go on to think about changes in the labor market and how these demand huge transformations that tear apart communities, destroy work-places, and sunder the sense of safety and stability that those gave. Advanced liberalism or neoliberalism brings with it a speeding up of the transformations of liberalism in which subjects are constantly invoked as self-contained, with a trans-portable self that must be produced through the developmental processes of personality and rationality. This self must be carried like a snail carries a shell. It must be coherent yet mutable, fixed yet multiple and flexible. But this view of the subject covers over the many connections that make subjectivity possible. I conclude by ask-ing what it would mean to rethink this issue of the production of safe spaces beyond an essentialist psychological conception of only one mother child space, separated from the social world, as having the power to produce feelings of safety? I end the article with an argument for a relational approach to subjectivity and sociality. [subjectivity, relationality, neoliberalism, workers, class] [source] Aid to Agriculture, Growth and Poverty ReductionEUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2006Peter Hazell Agriculture and rural growth promotion show a recent ,comeback' in development cooperation, but action on the ground so far is not sufficient. After years of neglect, policy makers have recognized that poverty reduction in many low income countries can only be achieved if development efforts are clearly focused on the sector which employs most of the poor, and the space where most of the poor live. The importance of agricultural growth was amply demonstrated during the economic transformation of Asia. Forty years ago, Asia was a continent of widespread poverty. Today, most Asian countries are experiencing significant growth and poverty reduction. Rapid growth in productivity in the small-farm sector helped drive this process. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, failed to achieve rapid agricultural growth and remains mired in poverty and hunger. If Africa is to halve poverty by 2015 in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), agriculture will need to maintain an annual growth rate of 6 per cent between 2000 and 2015. China's experience from 1978 to 1984 shows such growth is possible. Achieving the desired rapid rates of growth in Africa will require coherent policies by governments and donors, a substantial investment of public resources in rural infrastructure and access to agricultural technology, and significant improvement in national governance. Dans les milieux de la coopération et de l'aide au développement, même si les actions sur le terrain sont encore insuffisantes, on assiste depuis peu au retour en scène de l'agriculture et du monde rural. Après s'en être désintéressés pendant des années, les décideurs politiques finissent par admettre que, dans beaucoup de pays a faible revenu, il ne sera pas possible de réduire la pauvreté sans focaliser les efforts de développement sur les secteurs qui emploient le plus de pauvres et les zones dans lesquelles ils vivent pour la plupart. Les transformations économiques de l'Asie montrent bien l'importance de la croissance agricole. Il y a quarante ans, l'Asie étaient le continent de la pauvreté généralisée. Aujourd'hui, la plupart des pays d'Asie connaissent une croissance très significative et la pauvreté s'y réduit. L'augmentation de la productivité dans le secteur des petites exploitations a contribuéà la mise en ,uvre de ce processus. L'Afrique sub-saharienne, au contraire, n'a pas réussi à développer une croissance agricole rapide, ce qui la fait s'embourber dans la faim et la pauvreté. Si l'Afrique doit réduire de moitié la pauvreté d'ici 2015 comme l'y invitent les objectifs millénaires du développement (MDG), il faudra y maintenir un taux de croissance annuel de 6% pour l'agriculture entre 2000 et 2015. L'expérience de la Chine entre 1978 et 1984 montre que c'est possible. Mais pour obtenir en Afrique le taux de croissance élevé qui est souhaité, il faudra de la cohérence dans les politiques entre les gouvernements et des donneurs, un investissement public substantiel dans les infrastructures rurales et les moyens d'accès aux techniques modernes, enfin, des modes de gestion publique significativement améliorés Die Förderung der Landwirtschaft und des Wachstums im ländlichen Raum erfreut sich seit kurzem erneuter Beliebtheit in der Entwicklungszusammenar beit; die bisher ergriffenen Maßnahmen sind jedoch noch nicht ausreichend. Nachdem dieses Thema jahrelang vernachlässigt wurde, haben die Politikakteure festgestellt, dass die Armutsbekämpfung in zahlreichen Ländern mit geringem Einkommen nur dann erfolgreich durchgeführt werden kann, wenn die Bemühungen zur Entwicklung deutlich auf den Sektor ausgerichtet werden, in welchem die meisten Armen beschäftigt sind, und auf die Räume, in welchen die meisten Armen leben. Bei der wirtschaftlichen Transformation in Asien wurde sehr deutlich, wie wichtig das landwirtschaftliche Wachstum ist. Vor 40 Jahren war Armut in Asien weit verbreitet. Heute zeichnen die meisten asiatischen Länder durch signifikantes Wachstum und durch Armutsverringerung aus. Ein schneller Anstieg der Produktivität bei den kleineren landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben half dabei, diese Entwicklung voran zu treiben. In den afrikanischen Ländern unterhalb der Sahara (Sub-Sahara-Afrika) konnte schnelles landwirtschaftliches Wachstum jedoch nicht erreicht werden, dort dominieren weiterhin Armut und Hunger. Wenn Afrika gemäß der Millenniumsentwicklungsziele (Millennium Development Goals, MDG) die Armut bis zum Jahr 2015 halbieren soll, muss die Landwirtschaft eine jährliche Wachstumsrate von sechs Prozent zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2015 aufrecht erhalten. Die Erfahrungen aus China aus den Jahren 1978 bis 1984 belegen, dass ein solches Wachstum möglich ist. Damit die gewünschten hohen Wachstumsraten in Afrika erzielt werden können, sind kohärente Politikmaßnahmen seitens der Regierungen und der Geldgeber, erhebliche Investitionen von öffentlichen Ressourcen in die ländliche Infrastruktur und in den Zugang zur Agrartechnologie sowie eine signifikante Verbesserung der nationalen Governance erforderlich. [source] A Dynamically Entangled Coordination Polymer: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Reversible Guest Inclusion and Structural TransformationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2010Arshad Aijaz Abstract A ZnII coordination polymer {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·3H2O}n (1) (cpa2, = 4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate and bpy = 4,4,-bipyridine) has been synthesized under solvothermal condition and structurally characterized. This coordination polymer has nanotubular threefold entangled (2D,3D) structure with embedded water molecules; the water molecules can be partially exchanged in reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-SC) fashion by different solvent molecules like methanol, ethanol and acetone giving rise to {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5MeOH)·(2.5H2O)}n (2), {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5EtOH)·(0.5H2O)}n (3) and {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5Me2CO)·(H2O)}n (4). Inclusion of EtOH or MeOH leaves the size of the voids in the framework unaltered. Inclusion of acetone, however, is accompanied by shrinking of the voids in the framework. Heating of 1 at 100 °C under vacuum for 4 h affords the de-solvated compound, {Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)}n (1,). Single-crystal X-ray structure of 1, shows sliding of the individual nanotubular components expanding the overall framework. Thus, the coordination polymer exhibits dynamic motion of the molecular components in SC-SC fashion. All compounds were further characterized via IR spectroscopy, PXRD, elemental and TGA analysis. When 1 is placed in benzene at 100 °C for 2 days, compound {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(2.5H2O)}n (5) is formed in a SC-SC fashion where coordination number of ZnII ion increases from four to five. Compound 1 also exhibits reversible guest-dependent photoluminescence properties. [source] Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and the Phase Transformation of Octacyanometallate-Based LnIII,WV Bimetallic Assemblies with Two-Dimensional Corrugated LayersEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 23 2010Ai-Hua Yuan Abstract The reactions between Ln(NO3)3·nH2O and (Bu3NH)3[W(CN)8]·H2O have led to two series of octacyanometallate-based complexes: Ln(H2O)5[W(CN)8] [Ln = La(1), Pr(2), Nd(3), Eu(4), Gd(5)] and Ln(H2O)4[W(CN)8] [Ln = Ho(6), Er(7), Tm(8), Lu(9)]. The crystal structures of 1,9 have two-dimensional corrugated layers in which the LnIII and WV centres are linked in an alternating fashion. Thermogravimetric (TG) and powder XRD results reveal the presence of a phase transformation in the LnIII,WV system with increasing atomic number of the LnIII atoms. [source] 1,3,5-Triazapentadiene Nickel(II) Complexes Derived from a Ketoxime-Mediated Single-Pot Transformation of NitrilesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2010Maximilian N. Kopylovich Abstract A series of cationic (2+) [Ni{HN=C(R)NHC(R)=NH}2](X)2 {R = 4-(Cl)C6H4 (1), 3-(NC)C6H4 (3), 4-(NC)C6H4 (4) and Me (7); X = Cl, (1, 3, 4) or MeCOO,·H2O (7)} and neutral [Ni{HN=C(R)NC(R)=NH}2](solvate) {R = 3-(Cl)-4-py (2), 3-py (5) and 4-py (6); solvate = MeOH and/or H2O; py = pyridyl} N,N -chelating bis(1,3,5-triazapentadiene/ato)nickel(II) [Ni(tap)2]2+/0 complexes has been easily generated by a ketoxime-mediated single-pot reaction of a nickel(II) salt [NiCl2·2H2O or Ni(MeCOO)2·4H2O] with 4-chlorobenzonitrile, isophthalonitrile, terephthalonitrile, acetonitrile, 2-chloro-4-cyanopyridine, 3-cyanopyridine or 4-cyanopyridine, respectively. The obtained compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, FAB-MS(+) or ESI-MS(+), elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction [for 7 and solvated mono- {1a·(Me2CO)0.33·(MeOH)0.67} and bis-deprotonated (2b·2Me2CO, 4b·CHCl3, 5b·Me2CO and 6b·MeOH) products, formed upon recrystallization of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, respectively]. The crystal structures of all compounds bear similar monomeric Ni(tap)2 units with a nearly square-planar geometry. In addition, the structure of 7 features the formation of infinite 1D zig-zag water,acetate chains {[(H2O)2(MeCOO)2]2,}n, which multiply interact with the [Ni(tap)2]2+ cations to generate a 2D hydrogen-bonded supramolecular assembly. [source] Lanthanide-Based Conjugates as Polyvalent Probes for Biological LabelingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2008Stéphanie Claudel-Gillet Abstract A series of lanthanide complexes of [LnL(H2O)] composition, suitable for biological labeling has been studied, in which L is a strongly chelating ligand containing chromophoric bipyridylcarboxylate units and Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy. For the Gd complex, a combined 17O NMR and 1H NMRD study has been performed. The water exchange rate obtained, kex298 = (5.2,±,0.6),×,106 s,1, is slightly higher than those for [Gd(dota)(H2O)], or [Gd(dtpa)(H2O)]2,. Transformation of the uncoordinated carboxylate function of the ligand into an activated ester ensures covalent linking of the complex to bovine serum albumine (BSA). The relaxivity properties of the Gd complex labeled on BSA revealed a limited increase of both longitudinal and transversal relaxivities. This can be related to the partial replacement of the inner-sphere water molecules by coordinating functions of the protein. Additionally, the Sm and Dy complexes are described and chemically characterized. Their photophysical properties were investigated by means of absorption, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, evidencing efficient photosensitization of the lanthanide emission by ligand excitation (antenna effect). Luminescence lifetime measurements confirmed the presence of a water molecule in the first coordination sphere that partly explained the relatively poor luminescence properties of the Dy and Sm complexes in aqueous solutions. The spectroscopic properties of the series of complexes are questioned in terms of time-resolved acquisition techniques. Finally, their availability for use in time-resolved luminescence microscopy is demonstrated by staining experiments of rat brain slices, where the complex showed enhanced localization in some hydrophilic regions of the blood,brain barrier (BBB).(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||