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Training Programme (training + programme)
Kinds of Training Programme Selected AbstractsA NEW SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMMEANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 7 2007John P. Collins Educating and training tomorrow's surgeons has evolved to become a sophisticated and expensive exercise involving a wide range of learning methods, opportunities and stakeholders. Several factors influence this process, prompting those who provide such programmes to identify these important considerations and develop and implement appropriate responses. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons embarked on this course of action in 2005, the outcome of which is the new Surgical Education and Training programme with the first intake to be selected in 2007 and commence training in 2008. The new programme is competency based and shorter than any designed previously. Implicitly, it recognizes in the curriculum and assessment development and processes, the nine roles and their underpinning competencies identified as essential for a surgeon. It is an evolution of the previous programme retaining that which has been found to be satisfactory. There will be one episode of selection directly into the candidate's specialty of choice and those accepted will progress in an integrated and seamless fashion, provided they meet the clinical and educational requirements of each year. The curriculum and assessment in the basic sciences include both generic and specially aligned components from the commencement of training in each of the nine surgical specialties. Born of necessity and developed through extensive research, discussion and consensus, the implementation of this programme will involve many challenges, particularly during the transition period. Through cooperation, commitment and partnerships, a more efficient and better outcome will be achieved for trainees, their trainers and their patients. [source] LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: AN AUDIT OF OUR TRAINING PROGRAMMEANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 4 2005Swee Ho Lim Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure in general surgical practice but it also has an inherently steep learning curve. The training of surgeons in this procedure presents a challenge to teaching hospitals, which essentially have to strike a balance between effective training and safety of the patient. The present study aims first to assess the safety of the structured training programme for this procedure at the Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. Secondly, it seeks to audit the conversion and bile duct injury rates among the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by the department, and the factors which influence these. Methods: Notes of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the department over an 18-month period were reviewed retrospectively and the relevant data prospectively collected. Demographics, as well as details of cases of conversion to open operation and of bile duct injury were identified and the reasons for each recorded. Results: A total of 443 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the 18-month period. The most common indication for surgery was biliary colic/dyspepsia (61.4%), followed by cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis and common bile duct stone. The overall conversion rate was 11.5%. Three hundred and fifty-five patients were operated on by consultant surgeons, while 88 were by registrars who had been through the structured training programme. There was no statistically significant difference found in the conversion rates between these two groups (P = 0.284). Twenty-two of the 268 female (8.2%) patients had conversion to open operation, while 29 of the 175 male patients (16.6%) underwent conversion (P = 0.007). Amongst cases of cholecystitis and cholangitis, the conversion rate for patients operated on within 7 days of onset of symptoms was 35%, while those operated on 8 or more days later had a conversion rate of 29.7% (P = 0.639). There was a solitary case of bile duct injury among the 443 cases, equating to a bile duct injury rate of 0.23%. Conclusion: A structured training programme involving stepwise progression of training, with close supervision by consultant surgeons and a built-in system of audit can effectively train junior surgeons in laparoscopic cholecystectomy without exposing patients to undue risks. [source] A Communication Training Programme for Residential Staff Working with Adults with Challenging Behaviour: Pilot Data on Intervention EffectsJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2007Andy Smidt Background, Challenging behaviour often serves a communicative function. It therefore stands to reason that the residential staff working in developmental disability services require training to foster appropriate communicative interactions with adults with challenging behaviour. Method, Eighteen members of staff working in three residential services participated in a 4 week communication training programme. The programme focused on staff attitudes to and beliefs about challenging behaviour, communicative interactions between staff and residents and working as a team. Objective measurements were made of the effects of the training programme on staff use of augmentative and alternative communication, praise and use of inappropriate language in a multiple-baseline design across three organizations. Changes in the rate of challenging behaviours among the residents were also evaluated. Results, As staff's use of AAC and praise increased, and inappropriate language decreased, there was some concomitant decrease in residents' levels of challenging behaviour; however, these results were not sustained in the long-term. Conclusion, This pilot data suggest that an approach to staff training based on modifying attitudes and beliefs is potentially beneficial to both staff and residents. [source] Choosing the Best Training Programme: Is there a Case for Statistical Treatment Rules?,OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, Issue 2 2010Jonas Staghøj Abstract When treatment effects of active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are heterogeneous in an observable way across the population, the allocation of the unemployed into different programmes becomes particularly important. In this article, we present a statistical model that can be used to allocate unemployed into different ALMPs. The model presented is a duration model that uses the timing-of-events framework to identify causal effects. We compare different assignment rules, and the results suggest that a significant reduction in the average duration of unemployment may result if a statistical treatment rule is introduced. [source] Effective Interaction With Patients With Schizophrenia: Qualitative Evaluation of the Interaction Skills Training ProgrammePERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 4 2009Berno Van Meijel RN PURPOSE., The purpose of this study was to describe experiences of caregivers with the Interaction Skills Training Programme, and to evaluate the training effects observed by caregivers. DESIGN AND METHODS., A qualitative research design was applied. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 17 caregivers who had followed the training program. FINDINGS., The research findings clearly confirm the value of the program. Positive effects of the training were reported in terms of: (a) awareness and insightfulness; (b) the attitude of caregivers; (c) the quality of the therapeutic alliance; and (d) job perception. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS., Training interactive skills may contribute to a better quality of care for chronic psychiatric patients. Based on the qualitative study, implementation of the skills training program can be recommended. [source] Safer Caring: A Training ProgrammeCHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK, Issue 3 2008Peter Denenberg No abstract is available for this article. [source] Training programme in techniques of self-control and communication skills to improve nurses' relationships with relatives of seriously ill patients: a randomized controlled studyJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2000Luisa García De Lucio RN Training programme in techniques of self-control and communication skills to improve nurses' relationships with relatives of seriously ill patients: a randomized controlled study The interpersonal relationships with relatives of seriously ill patients may cause anxiety on the part of nurses and the need for adequate communication and self-control skills. To assess the efficacy of training nurses in self-control techniques and communication skills when they interact with relatives of seriously ill patients we planned a randomized, controlled trial in two parallel groups: an experimental group, with immediate training, and a control group, with training delayed for 6 months. We recruited 61 nurses from the nursing staff of a university hospital of 500 beds. The intervention consisted of training in relaxation, cognitive restructuring and some communication skills. The outcome variables were communication skills measured under simulated conditions using an observation instrument of our own, administered by observers masked with respect to the study groups, and the levels of state-anxiety measured with the self-assessment questionnaire the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, under imaginary conditions. The two groups initially had similar scores in the scales of communication skills, and state and trait-anxiety. After intervention, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvements in the skills of listening, emphasizing, interrupting and coping with emotions (P < 0·05). State-anxiety levels did not show any changes. In conclusion, the joint training in self-control and communication improves some communication skills in nurses when they interact with relatives of seriously ill patients under simulated conditions. [source] Nurturing of surgical careers by the wellington surgical interest clubANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 4 2009Sanket Srinivasa The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) has recently introduced the new Surgical Education and Training programme. The purpose of this was, in part, to help address the anticipated shortage of surgeons in the future, by streamlining the surgical training programme. The formation of the Wellington Surgical Interest Club (WSIC), a student-led initiative, had several complementary goals. These included the desire to identify potential candidates for a career in surgery, promote a surgical career to students especially women, help students acquire basic surgical skills early, inform students about surgical careers, promote student involvement in surgical research and to create an effective mentorship model during undergraduate and junior surgical training. The strengths of WSIC are its goals, which are similar to those of the RACS with regard to promoting surgery as a career option; its easy reproducibility at other medical institutions; its ability to focus on issues of relevance to both students and junior doctors; and being a bridging solution at a time when early exposure to surgical specialties is both desired and necessary. [source] A NEW SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMMEANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 7 2007John P. Collins Educating and training tomorrow's surgeons has evolved to become a sophisticated and expensive exercise involving a wide range of learning methods, opportunities and stakeholders. Several factors influence this process, prompting those who provide such programmes to identify these important considerations and develop and implement appropriate responses. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons embarked on this course of action in 2005, the outcome of which is the new Surgical Education and Training programme with the first intake to be selected in 2007 and commence training in 2008. The new programme is competency based and shorter than any designed previously. Implicitly, it recognizes in the curriculum and assessment development and processes, the nine roles and their underpinning competencies identified as essential for a surgeon. It is an evolution of the previous programme retaining that which has been found to be satisfactory. There will be one episode of selection directly into the candidate's specialty of choice and those accepted will progress in an integrated and seamless fashion, provided they meet the clinical and educational requirements of each year. The curriculum and assessment in the basic sciences include both generic and specially aligned components from the commencement of training in each of the nine surgical specialties. Born of necessity and developed through extensive research, discussion and consensus, the implementation of this programme will involve many challenges, particularly during the transition period. Through cooperation, commitment and partnerships, a more efficient and better outcome will be achieved for trainees, their trainers and their patients. [source] Measuring the shortage of medical practitioners in rural and urban areas in developing countries: a simple framework and simulation exercises with data from IndiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2008Homi Katrak Abstract This paper suggests a simple framework to estimate the shortage of medical practitioners in rural and urban areas in developing countries. Shortages are defined with respect to four main considerations. The overall numbers and also the different categories of practitioners in the rural and urban areas, the relatively greater difficulties of access in the rural areas (which reduce the number of accessible practitioners) and the greater health hazards in those areas (which lead to greater need for medical treatment). The quantitative effect of these factors is examined by undertaking simulation exercises with data for the Ujjain district in Madhya Pradesh state, India and also data for that state. The simulations turned up the following results. The un-weighted total number of practitioners, per head of population, is relatively greater in the rural areas; this is because of the relatively large numbers of the unqualified doctors in those areas. On the other hand, a ,quality adjusted' total, with lower weights for the unqualified doctors, found little overall difference between the rural and urban areas. Third, allowance for rural,urban differences in the difficulties of access showed that the number of accessible practitioners is much lower in the rural areas. Fourth, rural,urban differences in the incidence of health hazards and estimates of the need for medical treatment also showed a marked shortage of practitioners in the rural areas. The main implication of the results is that developmental efforts in the rural areas, including improvements in transport facilities and reduction of health hazards, would help to greatly reduce the shortage of practitioners in those areas. Training programmes to improve the quality of practitioners in the rural areas are also required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Training response of mitochondrial transcription factors in human skeletal muscleACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 1 2010J. Norrbom Abstract Aim:, Mitochondrial function is essential for physical performance and health. Aerobic fitness is positively associated with mitochondrial (mt) biogenesis in muscle cells through partly unknown regulatory mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of exercise and training status on key mt transcription factors in relation to oxidative capacity in human skeletal muscle. Methods:, The basal mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), mitochondrial transcription factors B1 (TFB1M) or B2 (TFB2M), and mRNA levels of mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF), were measured in a cross-sectional study with elite athletes (EA) and moderately active (MA) and the basal mRNA levels of these factors were measured during a 10-day endurance training programme with (R-leg) and without (NR-leg) restricted blood flow to the working leg. Results:, TFAM protein expression was significantly higher in the EA than in the MA, while protein levels of TFB1M and TFB2M were not different between the groups. There was no difference between EA and MA, or any effect with training on TFAM mRNA levels. However, the mRNA levels of TFB1M, TFB2M and mTERF were higher in EA compared with MA. For TFB1M and TFB2M, the mRNA expression was increased in the R-leg after 10 days of training, but not in the NR-leg. mTERF mRNA levels were higher in EA compared with MA. Conclusion:, This study further establishes that TFAM protein levels are higher in conditions with enhanced oxidative capacity. The mRNA levels of TFB1M and TFB2M are influenced by endurance training, possibly suggesting a role for these factors in the regulation of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. [source] A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 10 2003Karen J Dodd PhD This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effects of a home-based, six-week strength-training programme on lower limb strength and physical activity of 21 young people (11 females, 10 males; mean age 13 years 1 month, SD 3 years 1 month; range 8 to 18 years) with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) with independent ambulation, with or without gait aids; (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I to III). Compared with the 10 controls, the 11 participants in the strength-training programme increased their lower limb strength (combined ankle plantarflexor and knee extensor strength as measured by a hand-held dynamometer) at 6 weeks (F(1,19)=4.58, p=0.046) and at a follow-up 12 weeks later (F(1,18)=6.25, p=0.041). At 6 weeks, trends were also evident for improved scores in Gross Motor Function Measure dimensions D and E for standing, running and jumping, and faster stair climbing. A relatively short clinically feasible home-based training programme can lead to lasting changes in the strength of key lower-limb muscles that may impact on the daily function of young people with CP. [source] Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength trainingDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2003C Andersson MSc PT The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a progressive strength training programme on walking ability in adults with cerebral palsy. Ten individuals with spastic diplegia (seven males, three females; mean age 31, range 23,44 years) participated twice a week over 10 weeks. Seven individuals with spastic diplegia (four males, three females; mean age 33, range 25,47 years) who did not receive strength training served as controls. All individuals were ambulatory but motor ability ranged from functional walkers to individuals who always required walking aids and used a wheelchair regularly. Significant improvements were seen in isometric strength (hip extensorsp=0.006, hip abductors p=0.01), and in isokinetic concentric work at 30/s (knee extensors p=0.02) but not in eccentric work. Results also showed significant improvements in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) dimensions D and E (p=0.005), walking velocity (p=0.005), and Timed Up and Go (p=0.01). There was no increase in spasticity for those who underwent strength training. Individuals in the control group did not show any significant improvement in any measured variable. The groups were small, however, and there was no significant difference between the groups in any measured variable. These findings suggest that a 10-week progressive strength training programme improves muscle strength and walking ability without increasing spasticity. [source] Perceived need for emergency medicine training in Pakistan: A survey of medical education leadershipEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 2 2009Junaid A Razzak Abstract Objective: To assess the perception of leaders of the academic medical institutions regarding the need for specialty training in emergency medicine. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in all medical colleges of Pakistan in September 2005. Our sample included all academic leaders of recognized medical colleges in Pakistan. A questionnaire was designed and sent (mailed and faxed) to vice chancellors, deans, principals or medical directors of the institutions. Reminders were sent through faxes and emails wherever available, followed by phone calls if responses were not available after several attempts. Results: At the time of study, there were 39 medical colleges recognized by Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. Of these, responses were received from 26 teaching institutions in the country. A majority of the respondents (85%) were not satisfied with the care provided in the ED of their primary teaching hospital, and three-fourth (74%) thought that doctors specialized in other disciplines, like internal medicine and family medicine, cannot adequately manage all emergencies. When asked if Pakistan should have a separate residency training programme in emergency medicine, 96% responded in affirmative, and many (85%) thought that they will start a residency programme in emergency medicine if it was approved as a separate specialty. Conclusion: This survey shows significant support for a separate local training programme for emergency medicine in the country. [source] Rural hospital generalist and emergency medicine training in Papua New GuineaEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 2 2007David Symmons Abstract The present paper describes the role of the hospital generalist in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the contribution of emergency medicine training to that practice. Generalist practice in Tinsley District Hospital in Western Highlands Province is described, with emphasis on emergency surgery and anaesthesia. The potential of the PNG emergency medicine training programme for preparing generalists is discussed. Tinsley Hospital served a population of 40 000 people, with 4000 admissions and 300,400 operations performed annually. Two doctors and 50 nurses and community health workers provided care with minimal resources. The doctors provided supervision and teaching for nurses, community health workers, hospital administrators and primary health carers, including on long range medical patrols. Over 16 months, doctors performed 243 emergency surgical procedures including orthopaedics, general surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology. The generalist in rural hospitals is required to perform a wide variety of medical tasks in isolated settings yet there is no active postgraduate training programme. The Master of Medicine, Emergency Medicine programme includes rotations through the major disciplines of surgery, anaesthesia, internal medicine, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology. It has the potential to train doctors in PNG for a generalist role as graduates will learn the foundations of the required skills. [source] The effect of long-term exercise on glucose metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity in Standardbred horsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006E. de GRAAF-ROELFSEMA Summary Reasons for performing study: To study the possible long-term effect of improved glucose tolerance in horses after long-term training, as the impact of exercise training on glucose metabolism is still unclear in the equine species. It is not known whether there is a direct long-term effect of training or if the measurable effect on glucose metabolism is the residual effect of the last exercise session. Objectives: To determine the chronic effect on glucose metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity of long-term training in horses by use of the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. Methods: Eleven Standardbred horses were acclimatised to running on the high-speed treadmill for 4 weeks (Phase 1) followed by training for 18 weeks with an alternating endurance (, 60% HRmax) high intensity training programme (, 80% HRmax) (Phase 2). Training frequency was 4 days/week. At the end of Phase 1, a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp was performed 72 h after the last bout of exercise in all horses. At the end of Phase 2, the horses were clamped 24 h or 72 h after the last bout of exercise. Results: Glucose metabolism rate did not change significantly after 18 weeks of training, measured 72 h after the last exercise bout (0.018 ± 0.009 and 0.022 ± 0.006 mmol/kg bwt/min, respectively). Peripheral insulin sensitivity also did not change significantly following training (7.6 ± 5.7 times 10,6 and 8.0 ± 3.1 times 10,6, respectively). The same measurements 24 h after the last bout of exercise showed no significant differences. Conclusions: Results indicated that long-term training in Standardbreds neither changed glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity 72 h after the last bout of exercise. Potential relevance: The fact that the beneficial effect of increased insulin sensitivity after acute exercise diminishes quickly in horses and no long-term effects on insulin sensitivity after chronic exercise have as yet been found in horses, implies that exercise should be performed on a regular basis in horses to retain the beneficial effect of improved insulin sensitivity. [source] Training evaluation of a course in diabetic retinopathy screeningEUROPEAN DIABETES NURSING, Issue 2 2005R Pauli PhD Senior Lecturer Abstract The success and effectiveness of diabetic screening programmes are dependent on the availability of appropriately trained image graders. This study was designed to evaluate graders enrolled on a locally devised, formal training course by means of a performance-based measure. The course consisted of four days of classroom-based tuition followed by three months of practice-based learning in the workplace. The aim was to establish whether trainees showed an improvement in their ability to grade images, and secondly whether test sets of images are useful in measuring training outcome. Thirteen trainees were required to grade a test set of 24 single images both before and after training. A significant improvement in sensitivity (from 35% before training to 45% after training) was observed as a result of training but at a cost of a decline in specificity. Trainees' confidence ratings measured on a five-point scale increased from an average of 2.4 to 4.1 (p<0.01). We concluded that the course needs to focus more on trainees' ability to discriminate between normal and abnormal images as well as improving grading accuracy in line with increased grading confidence. Test-based course evaluation can be seen to be a valuable instrument in establishing a quality standard for stated learning outcomes. In this research it has clearly indicated weaknesses of the training programme in its current form. Copyright © 2005 FEND. [source] Endothelial markers in chronic heart failure: training normalizes exercise-induced vWF releaseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 9 2004L. W. E. Sabelis Abstract Background, Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Vascular endothelium is important for control of haemostasis and vasoregulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate plasma levels of several endothelial markers and the exercise-induced changes on these plasma levels in CHF patients. Subsequently, the effect of a 6-month training programme on these markers is described. Materials and methods, Twenty-nine male CHF patients (NYHA II/III, age 60 ± 8 year, body mass index 26·7 ± 2·3 kg m,2, left ventricular ejection fraction 26·3,7·2%; mean ± SD) participated. Patients were randomly assigned to a training or control group. Training (26 weeks; combined strength and endurance exercises) was four sessions/week: two sessions supervised and two sessions at home. Before and after intervention, anthropometry, endothelial markers (haemostasis and vasoregulation), maximal workload and peak oxygen uptake were assessed. Results, Physical training positively affected maximal workload. Plasma levels of endothelial markers were not affected by physical training and not related to exercise tolerance. After training, stimulated (maximal exercise) plasma von Willebrand Factor (vWF) release was present, whereas at baseline this release was absent. Conclusion, Physical training led to normalization of the stimulated plasma vWF release. Plasma levels of other endothelial markers were not affected by physical training either at rest or under stimulated (maximal exercise) conditions. [source] Effect of augmented visual feedback from a virtual reality simulation system on manual dexterity trainingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2005E. Wierinck Little research has been published about the impact of simulation technology on the learning process of novel motor skills. Especially the role of augmented feedback (FB) on the quality of performance and the transfer of the acquired behaviour to a no-augmented FB condition require further investigation. Therefore, novice dental students were randomly assigned to one of three groups and given the task of drilling a geometrical class 1 cavity. The FB group trained under augmented visual FB conditions, provided by the virtual reality (VR) system (DentSimTM). The no-FB group practised under normal vision conditions, in the absence of augmented FB. A control group performed the test sessions without participating in any training programme. All preparations were evaluated by the VR grading system according to four traditional (outline shape, floor depth, floor smoothness and wall inclination), and two critical, criteria (pulp exposure and damage to adjacent teeth). Performance analyses revealed an overall trend towards significant improvement with training for the experimental groups. The FB group obtained the highest scores. It scored better for floor depth (P < 0.001), whilst the no-FB group was best for floor smoothness (P < 0.005). However, at the retention tests, the FB group demonstrated inferior performance in comparison with the no-FB group. The transfer test on a traditional unit revealed no significant differences between the training groups. Consequently, drilling experience on a VR system under the condition of frequently provided FB and lack of any tutorial input was considered to be not beneficial to learning. The present data are discussed in view of the guidance hypothesis of FB, which refers to the apprentice's dependence on FB. [source] Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogenEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Wee Kian Yeo We have previously demonstrated that well-trained subjects who completed a 3 week training programme in which selected high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions were commenced with low muscle glycogen content increased the maximal activities of several oxidative enzymes that promote endurance adaptations to a greater extent than subjects who began all training sessions with normal glycogen levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate acute skeletal muscle signalling responses to a single bout of HIT commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen stores in an attempt to elucidate potential mechanism(s) that might underlie our previous observations. Six endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes performed a 100 min ride at ,70% peak O2 uptake (AT) on day 1 and HIT (8 × 5 min work bouts at maximal self-selected effort with 1 min rest) 24 h later (HIGH). Another six subjects, matched for fitness and training history, performed AT on day 1 then 1,2 h later, HIT (LOW). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after HIT. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in HIGH versus LOW before the HIT (390 ± 28 versus 256 ± 67 ,mol (g dry wt),1). After HIT, glycogen levels were reduced in both groups (P < 0.05) but HIGH was elevated compared with LOW (229 ± 29 versus 124 ± 41 ,mol (g dry wt),1; P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of 5,AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increased after HIT, but the magnitude of increase was greater in LOW (P < 0.05). Despite the augmented AMPK response in LOW after HIT, selected downstream AMPK substrates were similar between groups. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was unchanged for both groups before and after the HIT training sessions. We conclude that despite a greater activation AMPK phosphorylation when HIT was commenced with low compared with normal muscle glycogen availability, the localization and phosphorylation state of selected downstream targets of AMPK were similar in response to the two interventions. [source] The effect of involvement in participatory research on parent researchers in a Sure Start programmeHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 6 2006Ann Rowe M Med Sci BA RN RHVArticle first published online: 24 AUG 200 Abstract Involving service users, patients and members of local communities in health and social care research is becoming increasingly common. However, surprisingly little research has been carried out to examine the experiences of such lay researchers. This paper presents the findings of a study to investigate the experiences of a group of parent researchers involved in a community survey within a UK Sure Start programme. The survey was undertaken to provide insight into the early impact of the programme and inform Sure Start programme expansion. Researchers were recruited from the local community and were given an accredited training programme, before working on the development of the research itself. They took a lead role in the development, data collection, analysis and report writing phases of the survey and have been actively involved with the dissemination of findings. In order to gain insight into the experiences of the lay researchers involved in this work, three separate methods were used to collect data: questionnaires before and after the study, a focus group at the end of the data collection phase and by analysis of personal diaries kept by the parent researchers. Findings reported include lay researchers responses to the accredited training programme, the development of new skills and understanding, access and the conduct of interviews and the impact of the work both for Sure Start and the researchers themselves. Some of the strengths and difficulties of participatory research are discussed and comment made on the extent to which lay involvement impacted on the conduct of the survey. [source] Managing challenging behaviour in the community: methods and results of interactive staff trainingHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 3 2001Malcolm Gentry MA MPhil Abstract A necessary condition for a high quality of community care in relation to challenging behaviour is staff training in appropriate methods. This paper describes the application of a practical ,interactive staff training' approach with n = 101 staff, featuring the use of focused and experiential learning in teams. The findings indicated that the course was socially acceptable to the participants, led to a significant improvement in their knowledge of nonphysical methods, and resulted in written guidelines for managing their own clients' challenging behaviour. Furthermore, agreements were clarified on how these guidelines would be implemented by each team following training. Implications are drawn for improved evaluation of this promising training programme, including developing the measures of learning and adding a generalisation assessment. [source] Training as a vehicle to empower carers in the community: more than a question of information sharingHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 2 2001MSc (Econ), Nicholas Clarke BSc MSc Abstract Much confusion still surrounds the concept of empowerment and how it is to be translated into practice within the context of community care for service users and carers. A major limitation has been the tendency to treat empowerment as synonymous with participation in decision-making with little attention given to the ,ecological' model of empowerment where linkages have been found between community participation and measures of psychological empowerment. Training has been suggested as a means through which carers might become empowered, yet to date little empirical evidence has appeared within the literature to support this proposition. This study investigated whether attendance on a training programme to empower carers resulted in improvements in carers' levels of perceived control, self-efficacy and self-esteem as partial measures of psychological empowerment. The findings demonstrated that whereas carers' knowledge of services and participation increased as a result of the programme, no changes were found in measures of carer empowerment. The failure to consider how training needs to be designed in order to achieve changes in individual competence and self-agency are suggested as the most likely explanation for the lack of change observed in carers' psychological empowerment. It is suggested that community care agencies should focus greater energies in determining how the policy objectives of empowerment are to be achieved through training, and in so doing make far more explicit the supposed linkages between training content, design, and its posited impact on individual behaviour or self-agency. [source] Strengthening the scientific approach to clinical practice in the new physician training programmeINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 6a 2008I. A. Scott First page of article [source] Involving consumers in peer-facilitated home-based food hygiene trainingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 3 2003L. Stevenson A community-based food hygiene initiative was piloted in the Toxteth,Granby area of Liverpool between December 2001 and March 2002. The project aimed to increase awareness and behaviour, related to poor food purchase, storage and handling practices, by actively involving members of the local community in home-based peer-facilitated training. Facilitators (23) were actively recruited from within the Toxteth,Granby community, and undertook a 4-day induction and training programme, which included successful completion of the CIEH Basic Food Hygiene course. Facilitators subsequently recruited and visited nearly 1000 households (992) within the Toxteth,Granby electoral ward, undertook an observation sheet, a detailed questionnaire, and spent approximately 1 hour delivering food hygiene training. Facilitators returned to all households within an 8-week period, and completed further observation sheets and questionnaires, for use in a comparative analysis. Facilitators and householders received incentives for their involvement in the project. Analysis of the data collected showed that general awareness of a range of food hygiene issues was high (such as hand washing before handling food), and most participants (73.8%) were able to recognise the main symptoms of food borne disease. As a result of the home-based hygiene training there were significant changes in knowledge, attitudes, and food handling practices, including the use of refrigerators, purchase of chilled and frozen foods, washing or peeling of fruits and vegetables, and the cooking of meat-based products. The project demonstrates that it is possible for communities to improve their food hygiene awareness and food handling behaviours through home-based peer-facilitated training programmes, with minimal input from professionals. [source] A standardized and reliable method to apply the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale to psychiatric case recordsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2000Dr M. Mirandola Abstract The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale is widely used both in routine clinical practice and in research. However, its reliability has never been assessed when used to rate information in clinical records. The present study focuses on the development of a standardized method (an ongoing modelling process between raters) for establishing desired levels of inter-rater reliability (IRR) in the application of the GAF to psychiatric case records. Fifty-one patients at first-ever contact with mental health services were included in the study. They were selected from a total sample of 662 first-ever patients by using a systematic sampling. Three raters (resident psychiatrists at their third year of training) took part in a 12-hour training programme, during which they were asked to assess the global psychological functioning of patients, taking into account information recorded in case records. The extent of agreement between raters was estimated by applying the ,limits of agreement' method and the ,concordance correlation coefficient'. The training programme proved to be feasible, easy to administer and acceptable to psychiatrists in training with limited previous experience of using rating scales. Very high levels of concordance (all greater than 0.95) emerged between the three raters. The GAF, completed using information from case records included in the initial assessment form, appeared to be a reliable instrument, even when used by clinical psychiatrists in training. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] A national survey of pharmacist transcribing of discharge prescriptionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 2 2003Mrs Rachel J. Hobson teacher-practitioner pharmacist Objective To provide quantitative data on pharmacist discharge prescription transcription service (PDPTS) provision in UK hospitals. Method Postal questionnaire survey of clinical pharmacy managers. Setting Selection criteria included one hospital in each acute trust in the UK. Key findings The response rate was 66% (135/206). In mid-2001, a PDPTS was provided by 49 hospital pharmacy departments (36%). PDPTS was the most common prescribing activity undertaken by pharmacists, followed by a prescription amendment policy (29%), prescribing in pre-admission clinics (18%) and re-writing drug charts (15%). 59 departments (44%) did not undertake any prescribing activity. Of the 86 non-transcribing hospitals, 69% undertook no prescribing activity (range = 0 to 3 prescribing activities). Transcribing hospitals offered a wider range of prescribing activities (range = 1 to 8 prescribing activities). A weak relationship was found between the number of pharmacists employed per hospital and the number of prescribing activities undertaken (correlation coefficient = 0.208, P = 0.018). The most frequently used PDPTS model (78%) involved pharmacists transcribing the discharge prescriptions for their own wards. The number of pharmacists transcribing discharge prescriptions per hospital ranged from 1 to 89 (mean = 8, mode = 2, median = 5, 25% percentile = 2, 75% percentile = 10). The majority of pharmacists (52%) reported writing less than five prescriptions per day; 35% were writing 5,10 prescriptions per day. The most common training requirement for pharmacists to start transcribing was an in-house training programme (55%). The majority of departments (80%) did not re-assess the ability of their pharmacists to transcribe. Conclusion Hospital pharmacy departments in the UK have started to take on prescribing roles, especially transcribing discharge prescriptions. However, it would appear that the majority of the PDPTS schemes are not being run extensively throughout the hospitals. It is of concern that the principles of clinical governance are not being met in terms of training and re-assessment of the pharmacists who are undertaking this service. The reasons why the service has developed in some hospitals and not others are not known. In order to extend this service, funding, resources and skill-mix maximisation need to be considered. This will enable patients to gain the maximum benefit from this service development. [source] Human resource development in remote island communities: an evaluation of tour-guide training in VanuatuINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Rosemary Black Abstract About 30% of visitors to Vanuatu visit the outer islands, where ecotourism has recently emerged as a small-scale but significant activity. In the face of increasing competition from comparable Asia,Pacific destinations, there has been pressure on tourism operators and the Vanuatu Government to improve product quality through mechanisms such as the development of high-quality tours. One way to enhance product quality is through the provision of appropriate professional training for tourism sector employees, including local tour guides. The paper outlines a tour-guide training programme delivered on the outer islands, which received financial assistance from several foreign aid agencies. The programme is an instructive example of an attempt to implement a human resource strategy in a developing country arising from the recommendations of a national tourism masterplan that sought the active involvement of international funding agencies in the implementation phase. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of the training programme and outlines the challenges of programme delivery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The impact of workplace support and identity on training transfer: a case study of drug and alcohol safety training in AustraliaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2004Ken Pidd Previous research has indicated that the transfer climate of work organisations is an important factor in determining the degree to which knowledge, skills and abilities gained in training transfer to the workplace. In particular, workplace social support from supervisors and coworkers is consistently cited as an important factor that can facilitate or inhibit training transfer. However, research evidence regarding the impact of workplace social support on training transfer is mixed. In order to address this issue a study was conducted to identify under what conditions workplace social support impacts on training transfer. This study evaluated a workplace drug and alcohol training programme, to examine the impact of workplace social support and identification with workplace groups on training transfer. Results indicated that the influence of workplace social support on training transfer was moderated by the degree to which trainees identified with workplace groups that provided this support. This study supports the proposition that in order to fully understand training transfer, and to design effective training programmes, training research and practice needs to focus on both the personal and situational factors that may interact to influence learning and transfer. [source] Supervisory support as a major condition to enhance transferINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2001Marcel Van Der Klink Supervisory support is perceived as a major condition for enhancing the transfer of training. This article presents two studies that investigated the impact of supervisory behaviour on trainees' transfer. Both studies were carried out in banking organisations. One study consisted of the investigation of a training programme that provided bank tellers with the knowledge and skills for handling customers' complaints. The other study focused on the transfer of the training programme ,legal aspects of bank tellers' jobs'. In neither study was there any convincing evidence for the impact of supervisory behaviour on the transfer of training. The implications for future research and current practice are discussed here. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||