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Trading Partners (trading + partner)
Kinds of Trading Partners Selected AbstractsTHE J CURVE: CHINA VERSUS HER TRADING PARTNERSBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee F31 ABSTRACT The short-run effects of currency depreciation are said to be different from its long-run effects. In the short run, the trade balance deteriorates and improvement comes after some time; hence, the J-curve phenomenon. Previous studies that tested the response of the trade balance to exchange rate changes in China employed aggregate trade data and provided mixed results. Indeed, most of them concluded that real depreciation has no long-run impact on the Chinese trade balance. In this paper, we disaggregate the data by country and using recent advances in time series modelling estimate a trade balance model between China and her 13 major trading partners. We show that real depreciation of the Chinese currency has a favourable impact on her trade balance with a few partners, especially the USA. Not much support is found for the J-curve hypothesis. [source] Relational Contracts and the Nature of Market InteractionsECONOMETRICA, Issue 3 2004Martin Brown We provide evidence that long-term relationships between trading parties emerge endogenously in the absence of third party enforcement of contracts and are associated with a fundamental change in the nature of market interactions. Without third party enforcement, the vast majority of trades are initiated with private offers and the parties share the gains from trade equally. Low effort or bad quality is penalized by the termination of the relationship, wielding a powerful effect on contract enforcement. Successful long-term relations exhibit generous rent sharing and high effort (quality) from the very beginning of the relationship. In the absence of third-party enforcement, markets resemble a collection of bilateral trading islands rather than a competitive market. If contracts are third party enforceable, rent sharing and long-term relations are absent and the vast majority of trades are initiated with public offers. Most trades take place in one-shot transactions and the contracting parties are indifferent with regard to the identity of their trading partner. [source] Common Ground Between Free-Traders and EnvironmentalistsINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Larry Karp We use a North,South model with property right differences and resource dynamics to study the effects of trade on resource use and welfare. Autarky is likely to Pareto-dominate free trade in the long run when the environment is quite fragile, and the result is reversed when the environment is quite resilient. Trade may cause an environmentally poor country to "drag down" its richer trading partner, when they degrade their stocks which would be preserved under autarky. It may enable the environmentally richer country to "pull up" its partner, when they preserve their stocks which would be degraded under autarky. [source] A Case of Mistaken Identity: "China Inc." and Its "Imperialism" in Sub-Saharan AfricaASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2009Ian Taylor The emergence of major Chinese economic and political stakes in Africa is arguably the most important process to have emerged on the African continent since the end of the Cold War. China is now Africa's second most important trading partner, behind the United States but ahead of France and the United Kingdom. Relations are a continuation of Sino-African historical ties, propelled by China's desire to obtain new sources of raw materials and energy for its ongoing economic growth and new export markets for China-based producers on the one hand, and African elites' initiatives to find a non-Western option/leverage on the other hand. However, various commentators have misunderstood the nature of this expansion. It is common for observers to talk of either Chinese "colonization" of Africa, or of "China Inc.'s" venture into Africa. Both views are wide of the mark and reflect an ignorance of the dynamics underpinning the developing relationships between Chinese and African actors. [source] Trade Policy in Canada and Australia in the Twentieth CenturyAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 2 2000Richard Pomfret The paper provides an analytical comparison of the evolution of trade policy in Canada and Australia and of the two countries' roles in international trade diplomacy. Despite similarities in history and resource endowment, these roles have differed substantially, especially during the third quarter of the twentieth century. The focus is on the reasons why Canadian and Australian attitudes and policies differed so markedly. The importance of the USA as a trading partner, differing economic experiences during the decade of the 1920s, and the more concentrated composition of Australian exports all played a part. Once in train, the position that Australia was different and need not participate in GATT tariff cuts as long as agriculture was excluded became the inertial position, while Canada played an active role in GATT's early development. After 1973 Australia's position as an outlier among high-income countries' trade policies was reversed, and Australian and Canadian trade policies again became similar in the 1980s. [source] China and the UK EconomyECONOMIC OUTLOOK, Issue 5 2004Article first published online: 29 OCT 200 China's boom has been a major pillar of the global economic recovery from early 2002 onwards. However, earlier this year fears that the economic boom was threatening to run out of control prompted the Chinese authorities to implement a number of targeted measures to try to restrain activity in the most overheated sectors. This article by Simon Knapp discusses both how much the UK has benefited from the China boom and how much it might be affected if the Chinese slowdown now becomes a hard landing. It argues that emerging Asia, Japan and raw materials producers have been the principal beneficiaries of the China boom, while the UK's gains have been small, because exports to the whole of Asia only account for 9% of the total. Equally, looking forward, the UK, and the UK's two major trading partners, the US and Eurozone, would only be relatively lightly affected if Chinese growth decelerated rapidly, as they would be helped by offsets such as lower oil prices and a lower interest rate profile. However, the current evidence suggests that the Chinese economy is slowing down in broadly the way the government wants, with the greatest deceleration in the previously overheated sectors but relatively little impact on the export and consumer sectors. An abrupt halt in bank lending could, however, still pose a significant downside risk. [source] Understanding pressures on fishery resources through trade statistics: a pilot study of four products in the Chinese dried seafood marketFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2004Shelley Clarke Abstract This study investigates the dried seafood trade, centred in Chinese markets, in order to better understand the pressures its demand exerts on global marine resource stocks. Using Hong Kong, the region's largest entrepôt, as a focal point, the trade in shark fins, abalone, bêche-de-mer and dried fish is characterized in terms of product history, volume, source fisheries and species composition. Trends identified in the Hong Kong market are interpreted in the context of the larger Chinese market. Shark fin imports grew 6% per year between 1991 and 2000, most likely because of market expansion in Mainland China, posing increasingly greater pressures on global shark resources. In contrast, the quantities of dried abalone traded through Hong Kong remained steady, but inferences based on this trend are discouraged by suggestions of increasing preferences for fresh product forms and growing domestic production in Mainland China. Hong Kong's imports of dried bêche-de-mer (sea cucumber) have decreased, while the percentage of imports re-exported has remained steady, suggesting that Hong Kong continues as an entrepôt for Mainland China despite declining domestic consumption. Few conclusions can be drawn regarding dried fish products, including whole fish and fish maws, because of a lack of product differentiation in customs data, but a market survey was conducted to provide information on species composition. Comparison of Hong Kong dried seafood trade statistics to those of other key trading partners indicates that, in general, Hong Kong's duty-free status appears to encourage more accurate reporting of traded quantities. Under-reporting biases ranged from 24 to 49% for shark fin and bêche-de-mer, respectively. Comparison to United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) databases indicates additional under-reporting for shark fin such that an alternative minimum estimate of world trade is at least twice the FAO estimates in 1998,2000. The results of a survey of Hong Kong traders provide insight into their attitudes toward harvest, economic and regulatory factors, and suggest that conservation efforts are unlikely to emerge from, or be actively supported by, dried seafood trade organizations. The market's apparent sensitivity to economic sentiment, however, reveals an opportunity for consumer education to play a role in shaping future market growth and resource conservation. Recommendations are provided for improving trade statistics and for developing better analytical techniques to complement traditional methods for monitoring the exploitation and management of fisheries resources. [source] An Examination of the Danish Immigrant-Trade LinkINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 5 2007Roger White ABSTRACT This paper investigates the influence of immigrants on Danish imports and exports. As public and political debates concerning immigration policy are expected to continue, the findings presented here provide valuable information. Prior to 2002, Denmark's immigration policy was among the most liberal in Europe. However, concerns regarding terrorism, social services depletion, and detrimental labour market effects, all purported to stem from immigration, led the Danish government to severely tighten its policy. In examining Denmark, we explore the immigrant-trade relationship in a small host country that is globally well-integrated, open to trade, and proximate to both major trading partners and primary immigrant source nations. Further, as the share of the Danish population constituted by immigrants increased from 2.6 to 5.6 per cent between 1980 and 2000, Denmark presents an opportunity to consider immigrant-trade links for an increasingly diverse population that was initially relatively homogenous. We consider a number of variations regarding home countries and trade values to estimate immigrant-trade links using a Tobit specification. The findings presented here, when considered in relation to prior research, suggest that the presence and magnitude of immigrant-trade links vary according to host country population homogeneity. Cet article étudie l'influence des immigrants sur les importations et les exportations danoises. Comme il est prévu que les débats publics et politiques sur la politique d'immigration se poursuivent, les conclusions présentées ici fournissent des informations très utiles. Avant 2002, la politique danoise d'immigration était l'une des plus libérales d'Europe. Cependant, les craintes liées au terrorisme, à l'épuisement de l'action sociale et aux effets néfastes sur le marché du travail - que l'on tend à attribuer à l'immigration, ont poussé le Gouvernement danois à durcir sérieusement sa politique. Cet examen du cas du Danemark nous permet d'étudier les liens entre immigration et commerce dans un petit pays d'accueil globalement bien intégré, ouvert au commerce et proche à la fois des grands partenaires commerciaux et des principales nations d'origine des immigrants. Par ailleurs, étant donné que la proportion d'immigrants au sein de la population danoise est passée de 2,6 à 5,6 % entre 1980 et 2000, le Danemark offre la possibilité d'étudier les liens entre immigration et commerce dans une population sans cesse plus hétérogène, par contraste avec son homogénéité d'autrefois. L'auteur considère plusieurs variations en fonction des pays d'origine et des valeurs commerciales afin d'évaluer les liens entre immigration et commerce grâce au modèle Tobit. Les résultats présentés, ajoutés aux travaux de recherche précédents, suggèrent que l'existence et l'importance des liens entre immigration et commerce varient en fonction de l'homogénéité de la population du pays d'accueil. En este documento se investiga la influencia de los inmigrantes sobre las importaciones y exportaciones danesas. Dado que se espera una continuación de los debates públicos y políticos sobre la política de inmigración, las conclusiones que aquí se presentan son de gran utilidad. Con anterioridad a 2002, la política de inmigración de Dinamarca era una de las más liberales de Europa. Sin embargo, inquietudes relacionadas con el terrorismo, el agotamiento de los servicios sociales y los efectos perjudiciales para el mercado laboral, todo lo cual supuestamente se debe a la inmigración, condujeron al Gobierno danés a adoptar una política mucho más estricta. Al examinar la situación en Dinamarca, exploramos la relación entre la inmigración y el comercio en un pequeño país de acogida que, en términos globales, puede decirse que goza de un buen nivel de integración y apertura al comercio y proximidad a los asociados comerciales más importantes y a los principales países de origen de la primera inmigración. Por otro lado, teniendo en cuenta que el porcentaje de la población danesa constituido por inmigrantes aumentó del 2,6 al 5,6 por ciento entre 1980 y 2000, la situación en Dinamarca es una oportunidad para examinar los vínculos entre la inmigración y el comercio con respecto a una población cada vez más diversa, que inicialmente era relativamente homogénea. Se han considerado una serie de variaciones en relación con los países de origen y los valores del comercio para estimar los vínculos entre la inmigración y el comercio, utilizando una especificación Tobit. Las conclusiones que se presentan, al examinarse en relación con anteriores trabajos de investigación, sugieren que la presencia y la magnitud de los vínculos entre la inmigración y el comercio varían según la homogeneidad demográfica del país de acogida. [source] A Stochastic Measure of International Competitiveness,INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 1-2 2009KENNETH W. CLEMENTS ABSTRACT Government agencies produce indexes that purport to measure international competitiveness. The most common version is the real effective exchange rate, which is some form of weighted average of the real exchange rates of the country's trading partners. Such indexes convey a false sense of accuracy as they ignore the volatility among the component real exchange rates of the partners. As long as all real rates do not move in an equiproportionate fashion, in a fundamental sense real effective exchange rates are subject to estimation uncertainty. We demonstrate how this uncertainty can be measured and used to enhance current practice. [source] Computer Mediated Markets: An Introduction and Preliminary Test of Market Structure ImpactsJOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 3 2000Charles Steinfield Electronic commerce may influence the way in which goods are traded between businesses. Many believe that Internet-based business-to-business e-commerce will reduce the extent to which firms buying goods and services are "locked in" to a single supplier. Using a secondary analysis of data collected in late 1996 on firms' use of electronic networks for transactions, we empirically test the effects of Internet use on buyer lock-in. Results are weak, but suggest that using the Internet rather than proprietary computer networks in connecting with external trading partners appears to lessen a buying firm's dependence on its primary supplier. The Internet seems to be especially valuable in allowing small firms to connect to external constituents. [source] A PROCESS ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL TRADE MANAGEMENT: AN INDUCTIVE APPROACH,JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010WARREN H. HAUSMAN This paper describes a new, detailed process model for Global Trade Management (GTM) that contains sufficient detail on cross-border trade processes to estimate the benefits of Information Technology-Enabled Global Trade Management (IT-GTM). Our methodology combines a grounded theory approach with data analysis and analytical modeling. GTM describes the processes required to support cross-border transactions between importers, exporters, their trading partners and governments. IT-GTM is the set of information technologies and software solutions that can be used by companies to carry out their global trading processes in a streamlined manner. We collect data on time reductions for individual trade process steps using IT-GTM and use Critical Path Analysis to calculate the resulting improvements in key metrics such as the Manufacture to Invoice Cycle and Days Sales Outstanding for exporters, and the Order to Receipt Cycle for importers. Under reasonably conservative scenarios the gross savings from IT-GTM amount to 1.7 percent and 0.6 percent of annual sales for exporters and importers, respectively. [source] China's Energy Security and Eurasian Diplomacy: The Case of TurkmenistanPOLITICS, Issue 3 2007Marc Lanteigne China has made significant strides in developing energy diplomacy in the former Soviet states of Central Asia in the name of diversifying its trading partners. However, the case of Turkmenistan, currently undergoing a complicated leadership transition, provides evidence of China's potential limitations in engaging Central Asia in the hopes of securing nearby sources of oil and gas. The ongoing problems of post-Soviet governance in Ashgabat and increasing competition for Turkmen natural gas suggest that Beijing may have to better define its economic interests there and allow for increased regional co-operation building to better manage its Central Asian energy trade. [source] Real Effects of Monetary Policy in New ZealandTHE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2007Shahnawaz Karim This article analyses the dynamic effects of unexpected domestic and foreign monetary policy shocks on industrial output in New Zealand based on a new open economy macroeconomic model. Empirical analyses are performed using unrestricted recursive open economy vector autoregressive models involving policy and non-policy variables for New Zealand and four of its most important trading partners (that is, Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). The empirical findings are in accord with the qualitative predictions of the conventional monetary transmission mechanism applicable to a small open economy. Consequently, no empirical anomalies are observed in the dynamic behaviour of New Zealand industrial output in response to restrictive monetary innovations of domestic and foreign origin. [source] The Arts Of Deception: Verbal Performances By The Ra¯ute Of NepalTHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 2 2002Jana Fortier A small population of Tibeto-Burman-speaking hunter-gatherers, the Ra¯ute avoid intercultural communication with surrounding Nepa¯li-speaking agriculturalists except during barter sessions. During these intercultural interactions, Ra¯ute often charm their trading partners with Nepa¯li verbal art, including recitation of rhymes, songs, and blessings. In this article I suggest that Ra¯ute perform verbal art in order to draw attention away from their radically different lifestyle and as a way of resisting the hegemonic process of Hinduization. The article details Ra¯ute oral performance as a strategy of verbal indirection, focusing on the context and framing of rhyming proverbs as a means of camouflaging Ra¯ute people's actual cultural practices. ba¯darko sa¯pet.o Ra¯uteko dha¯mi la¯i, kheti cha¯ina pa¯ti cha¯ina, ke kha¯nu ha¯mi la¯i? ,The monkey's thigh is the shaman's meat, Having no farmland, what shall we eat?' Gogane Ra¯ute [source] THE J CURVE: CHINA VERSUS HER TRADING PARTNERSBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee F31 ABSTRACT The short-run effects of currency depreciation are said to be different from its long-run effects. In the short run, the trade balance deteriorates and improvement comes after some time; hence, the J-curve phenomenon. Previous studies that tested the response of the trade balance to exchange rate changes in China employed aggregate trade data and provided mixed results. Indeed, most of them concluded that real depreciation has no long-run impact on the Chinese trade balance. In this paper, we disaggregate the data by country and using recent advances in time series modelling estimate a trade balance model between China and her 13 major trading partners. We show that real depreciation of the Chinese currency has a favourable impact on her trade balance with a few partners, especially the USA. Not much support is found for the J-curve hypothesis. [source] Assessing the Exchange Rate Sensitivity of U.S. Bilateral Agricultural TradeCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009Jungho Baek This paper uses an autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration to examine the short- and long-run effects of exchange rate changes on bilateral trade of agricultural products between the United States and its 10 major trading partners. Results show that, in the long run, while U.S. agricultural exports are highly sensitive to bilateral exchange rates and foreign income, U.S. agricultural imports are mostly responsive to the U.S. domestic income. In the short run, on the other hand, both the bilateral exchange rates and income in the United States and its trading partners are found to have significant impacts on U.S. agricultural exports and imports. Dans le présent article, nous avons utilisé un modèle autorégressif à retards échelonnés (autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration) pour examiner les effets à court et à long terme des variations de taux de change sur le commerce bilatéral des produits agricoles entre les États-Unis et ses dix principaux partenaires commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que, à long terme, bien que les exportations agricoles des États-Unis soient très sensibles aux taux de change bilatéraux et au revenu étranger, les importations agricoles des États-Unis sont principalement sensibles au revenu intérieur des États-Unis. À court terme, par contre, les taux de change bilatéraux et le revenu des États-Unis et de ses partenaires commerciaux ont des répercussions considérables sur les exportations et les importations agricoles des États-Unis. [source] The Chinese Enigma: Impacts of WTO Accession Upon Canadian and U.S. Exports and ImportsCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2000Xiao-Yuan Dong China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important milestone in the integration of this nation into the world economy. Substantial reduction in trade barriers by China, one of the world's largest and most rapidly growing economies, is expected to have a significant impact, both on China itself and on the global economy. In assessing likely impacts on trade between China and North America of China joining the WTO, a priori one might expect new opportunities for China in labor intensive activities/products, while for the United States and for Canada one might expect added export market opportunities, as China grows, in activities/products that require land, resources and capital. However, the extent to which China and its trading partners will benefit from China's increasing integration into the global economy will largely depend on the internal changes in policy and infrastructure that may be adopted by China. China has embarked on a process of economic reform, but the speed and extent to which this continues to be pursued will affect this nation's ability to capitalize on its comparative advantages and to meet new challenges that are associated with the opportunities of access to a larger market. The difficulty of forecasting such internal changes means that China continues to be a major source of uncertainty in projecting world markets and trade flows. This uncertainty is particularly evident for trade in agricultural products [source] | |||||||||||||