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Kinds of Tour Terms modified by Tour Selected AbstractsTour Into the Picture using a Vanishing Line and its Extension to Panoramic ImagesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2001Hyung Woo Kang Tour into the picture (TIP) proposed by Horry et al.13 is a method for generating a sequence of walk-through images from a single reference picture (or image). By navigating a 3D scene model constructed from the picture, TIP produces convincing 3D effects. Assuming that the picture has one vanishing point, they proposed the scene modeling scheme called spidery mesh. However, this scheme has to go through major modification when the picture contains multiple vanishing points or does not have any well-defined vanishing point. Moreover, the spidery mesh is hard to generalize for other types of images such as panoramic images. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for TIP which is based on a single vanishing line instead of a vanishing point. Based on projective geometry, our scheme is simple and yet general enough to address the problems faced with the previous method. We also show that our scheme can be naturally extended to a panoramic image. [source] The Journal of a Short Tour to the Lakes in 1822 by John May and the Story of the John Mays of Richmond and their Relationship with the Southey and Coleridge Families By Ian BroadwayHISTORY, Issue 310 2008W. A. SPECK No abstract is available for this article. [source] Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations before and during the Long Eighteenth CenturyJOURNAL FOR EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES, Issue 2 2010JOHN GASH Abstract This introduction sketches some of the key factors and moments in Anglo-Italian contact from the Roman occupation of Britain to the emergence of the Grand Tour in the seventeenth century as a channel for cultural interchange. It then indicates some of the changes that occurred in the nature of that interchange during the eighteenth century. These are explored in the ensuing essays, whose subjects range from the impact in Italy of the writings of Hobbes, through the motivations and prejudices of British travellers to the peninsula, to the reciprocal journeys to England of Italian painters and art dealers. [source] The Concept of Sebestoimost' in Russian Farm Accounting: A Very Unmagical Mystery TourJOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE, Issue 1 2001Gavin Kitching This article examines the use of the concept of sebestoimost' - production cost -on large-scale commercial farms (former collective and state farms)in European Russia. This examination is based on ?eldwork carried out by the author and some Russian colleagues in 1996 and 1997. This concept and the accounting magnitudes it generates are of no utility now, and should be abandoned as an actual impediment to effective farm management in current market conditions. But the manipulation of sebestoimost' magnitudes in the Soviet period served, it appears, very important functions for farm chairmen and directors. In uncovering the mystery of those functions, an important revisionist hypothesis concerning the inef ?ciencies, or alleged inef?ciencies, of Soviet agriculture emerges. The data cited in this article are too scanty to prove the hypothesis, but are certainly suf ?cient to suggest that it warrants further investigation. [source] AFRICA,CHINA: Three-Nation TourAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 3 2010Article first published online: 4 MAY 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE ENCHANTMENTS OF MAMMON: NOTES TOWARD A THEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CAPITALISMMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 3 2005EUGENE McCARRAHER Tales of "disenchantment" dominate modern intellectual life, and especially accounts of the cultural history of capitalism. Yet Weberian sociology, and especially Marxist notions of "commodity fetishism", point to the persistence of "enchantment" in the capitalist imagination. If we reformulate these notions of "enchantment" and "disenchantment" in theological terms of sacrament, then we can write new histories of capitalism, as well as articulate new forms of political and cultural criticism. Borrowing from "radical orthodoxy", the author takes a Cook's Tour of "disenchantment", explores the possibilities afforded by "sacramental" conceptions of materialism, and gestures toward an account of American cultural history shaped by a sacramental materialism. [source] From the Ground, Looking Up: Report on the Video nas Aldeias TourAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2009LUCAS BESSIRE ABSTRACT, This report compares two recent media events centered on the iconography of Amazonian indigenous peoples to highlight the cultural activism of the collaborative video project, Video nas Aldeias. [Keywords: Amazonia, Video nas Aldeias, indigenous media, cultural activism] [source] Bodies of Cultures: A World Tour of Body ModificationMUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2006CARRIE HERTZ Bodies of Cultures:. World Tour of Body Modification. An online exhibition of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.CARRIEHERTZ [source] Tour of Duty: Samurai, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan , By Constantine Nomikos VaporisTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 3 2010Kenneth M. Swope No abstract is available for this article. [source] "Safe in Old Ireland": Frederick Douglass's Tour, 1845,1846THE HISTORIAN, Issue 3-4 2002John F. Quinn [source] Pathways for Communicating about Objects on Guided ToursCURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Jeff Camhi Most tour guides rely on rather limited, unidirectional (guide-to-visitor) communication. Instead, this paper outlines six different pathways of communication that are possible among guide, visitors, and object. Each pathway offers several specific types of communicative acts. In addition, 35 guided tours in several different kinds of venue were examined to identify the pathways and types of acts that were used. The professional literature describes other types of acts, and more have been developed at the writer's home museum. All in all, the 58 different types of communicative acts described here present a wide range of opportunities for guides to communicate with visitors. [source] The first two centuries of Saint Martin of ToursEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 2 2006Allan Scott McKinley This paper presents a critical examination of the evidence for the cult of St Martin in the fifth and sixth centuries. Through examination of the various manifestations of Martin's cult, it argues that the cult had different meanings and significance at different times and places, and that the commonly perceived popularity of Martin's cult was in fact an illusion created by the constant reinvention and promotion of various interpretations of Martin by interested parties, from aristocratic ascetics to politically active bishops. [source] Tours of Duty, Cross-Identification and Introjection: The Colonial Administrative Mind in Wartime IndochinaJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2-3 2008ANNE RAFFIN Others have linked policymaking to the use of colonial space as experimental laboratories of modernity; while others assert that the overseas was a terrain for finding solutions to some of the political, social and aesthetic problems which were affecting France at the time. In contrast, this paper traces how colonial policies can be explained at the level of individual colonial administrators. It does so not only by reference to the social backgrounds of officials, but also their inner "psychic processes." This study addresses the colonial tendency to imagine cross-identification between France and the colony. It presents three case studies of colonial officials in Indochina to investigate how administrators' perceptions of France became projected onto the colonies, and how one of them incorporated within himself some of the attributes of the colonized, an example of introjection. It is argued that these processes had an impact on policymaking. My theoretical goal with this piece was to apply a psychoanalytic approach to the study of the empire. [source] 'Anything you can do, tu can do better': tu and vous as substitutes for indefinite on in FrenchJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2003Aidan Coveney Research on Montreal French (Laberge and Sankoff 1979; Thibault 1991) has shown a spectacular rise in the use of indefinite tu (or vous) in recent decades, at the expense of the standard form on. Although grammars of French have traditionally passed over indefinite tu/vous in silence, Ashby's study of Tours French (1992) confirmed that the phenomenon exists in metropolitan French also. The historical time-depth of indefinite tu/vous has apparently not been explored previously, though Posner (1997) has suggested that indefinite tu is a modern feature, found especially in Canada. A survey of indefinite tu/vous in earlier periods and in a range of varieties forms the first part of this paper. Secondly, drawing on a corpus of French spoken in Picardy, northern France, the paper investigates the extent to which this use of the 2nd person pronouns: (i) helps to avoid ambiguity; (ii) co-occurs with another grammatical variable. Unlike the surveys of Montreal and Tours, the Picardy corpus includes a large majority of informants who used tu to address the interviewer, and this too is explored as a potential influence on speakers' use of 2nd person pronouns with indefinite reference. [source] Healthy Heart Store Tours , a useful communication tool?NUTRITION BULLETIN, Issue 2 2003Michele J. Sadler First page of article [source] Mapping cityscapes into cyberspace for visualizationCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 2 2005Jiang Yu Zheng Abstract This work establishes a cyberspace of a real urban area for visiting on the Internet. By registering entire scenes along every street and at many locations, viewers can visually travel around and find their destinations in cyberspace. The issues we discuss here are mapping of a large-scale area to image domains in a small amount of data, and effective display of the captured scenes for various applications. Route Panoramas captured along streets and panoramic views captured at widely opening sites are associated to a city map to provide navigation functions. This paper focuses on the properties of our extended images,route panorama, addressing the archiving process applied to an urban area, an environment developed to transmit image data as streaming media, and display for scene traversing on the WWW in real time. The created cyberspaces of urban areas have broad applications such as city tour, real estate searching, e-commerce, heritage preservation, urban planning and construction, and vehicle navigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Powerful brands, Perspectives of design managers from around the globeDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2001Article first published online: 10 JUN 2010 We asked design managers around the globe to identify brands they thought were especially powerful. Each of them selected one or two, sharing with us their rationale for making those choices. The breadth of their selections indicates that success isn't limited to any one arena or industry. More significantly, the thinking behind their choices offers concise but valuable commentary on brand management. It's a whirlwind tour of brand appreciation. Enjoy! [source] Seeing America,diary of a drug-focused study tour made in 1967ADDICTION, Issue 6 2010Griffith Edwards ABSTRACT In 1965 the British government was forced to admit that the country had an escalating heroin problem, with the supply coming mainly from prescribing by private practitioners. Within the official responses to what was seen at that time as a very worrying public health situation was the decision to fund the setting-up of the Addiction Research Unit (ARU) at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. The US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) generously sponsored a study tour for the nominated director of the ARU shortly before the opening of the British research centre. Extensive contemporaneous diary notes of a visit included contact with administrators, researchers, clinicians, parish priests, narcotic agents and addicts themselves. From a mass of often conflicting advice, some insights could be derived. In particular, these included the need for an awareness of any country's way of dealing with drug problems as a dynamic, multi-factorial total system,a holistic ,national response'. A further conclusion was to see policy itself as a complex subject for analysis: drug policy should be as much an issue for research as drug taking. Besides these broad conclusions, the experience provided many specific leads to development of a British addiction research programme, and fostered professional friendships of immeasurable worth. [source] Visiting America: notes from an alcohol-focused study tour made in 1961ADDICTION, Issue 12 2008Griffith Edwards ABSTRACT Aims This paper has as its focus a study tour made by the author in 1961. Diary notes are used to capture a historical moment in the evolution of alcohol studies. The paper will argue for the continuing value today of such experiences in support of career development and the building of ,the field'. Data sources Diary notes and personal recollection. Findings The United States was at the time more active than the United Kingdom in its response to alcohol problems. There was, however, a disjunction between the elite American research world and the world of action, which was not informed greatly by research. For the most part, treatment services and prevention strategies seemed driven by opinion rather than by evidence. But at the level of serious scientific endeavour there was opportunity to meet influential figures including Seldon Bacon, Morris Chafetz, Milton Gross, Ebbe Curtis Hoff, Harris Isbell, E. M. Jellinek, Mark Keller, Benjamin Kissen, Robert Strauss, Wolf Schmidt and Abraham Wikler, who generously made their time available. Conclusions These diary notes provide a snapshot of a field of endeavour at a critical stage of transition from uninformed assumptions towards establishment of a research base which can inform public action. The visit was of tangible value to the visitor in several different identified ways. Such an experience is inevitably time-bound and personal, but there are general conclusions to be drawn as to the benefits which will be derived from early travel opportunities in a field such as alcohol studies, which is all too easily culture-bound in its horizons and assumptions. Alcohol science needs to be more reflective on its history and the mechanisms that help to make it happen. [source] "A Murmur of Amazement"GERMAN RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Marco Finetti How well known is the Excellence Initiative abroad, and what is its image? Following an information and advertising tour through the USA, Marco Finetti talked to Annette Schmidtmann from the DFG and Hans-Georg Kräusslich from the cluster of excellence "Cellular Networks" [source] The Mercian Connection, Harold Godwineson's Ambitions, Diplomacy and Channel-crossing, 1056,1066HISTORY, Issue 313 2009AD F. J. VAN KEMPEN It is supposed that the Vita Ædwardi contains some information about Harold's dealings with William of Normandy in 1064. This article links these covert references with William of Poitiers' statements about Harold's diplomatic activities in France. The combination turns out to be fruitful. Harold's Channel-crossing was meant as a tour of diplomacy to win support for his candidacy for the throne of the English. This statement has implications for the sequence of events. Harold's expedition was a mere continuation of his diplomacy in the Midlands earlier in 1064, when he concluded a cunning deal with the rulers of Mercia. Part of the secret arrangement was the acquisition of Northumbria, so far ruled by his self-willed brother Tostig. Harold's unintended landfall in Ponthieu and captivity in Normandy set many things in motion. His explaining-away of his presence on the continent and his fabrications about a state mission revived William's latent interest in the English succession. After his return to England, Harold's extenuation of his inglorious, illegitimate promises to William did raise suspicion about the true nature of his Channel-crossing. Eventually, the full facts of his Mercian connection were revealed, resulting in Queen Edith's and Tostig's desperate moves to prevent the take-over in Northumbria. [source] Analysis of hair lipids and tensile properties as a function of distance from scalpINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005L. Duvel Synopsis Cuticle cells form the outer covering surrounding and protecting the cortex. The cuticle cells are thin, flat and overlap, and intercellular lipid lamellae are found in the gaps between the cell boundaries. The lipid lamellae are also found within the cortex in the cell boundaries between the long fribrous corticle cells. In addition, the outer surfaces of the cuticle cells are covered by a monolayer of covalently bound fatty acids, a major component of which is 18-methyleicosanoic acid. The fatty acids are thought to be attached through thio-ester linkages. Together these lipids are thought to be major determinants of the physical properties of the hair. The present study tested the hypothesis that both free and covalently bound lipids are progressively lost during normal environmental exposures. This progressive loss within the cuticle layers may, in part, lead to an increased susceptibility of the protein and lipid lamellae in the cortex to degradation. This degradation, in turn, would contribute to a progressive decrease in the tensile properties of the hair. Research grade hair was cut into five segments from the root to the distal end. Lipids from each segment were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with photodensitometry. The major free polar lipid classes in the hair included ceramides, glucosylceramides and cholesterol sulfate. The concentrations of all of the free polar lipids as well as the covalently bound fatty acids decreased in going from the root to the distal end of the hair. In addition, there was a significant reduction in tensile properties of the hair from the root to distal end. In conclusion, the progressive loss of endogenous free and covalently bound lipids from hair, which are probably related to normal weathering of the hair and grooming practices, may help contribute to a marked decrease in tensile properties to the hair. Résumé Les cellules de la cuticule forment le revêtement externe qui protège le cortex des cheveux. Les cellules de la cuticule sont minces, plates et se chevauchent. De fines couches de lipides sont présentes dans le matériau assurant la jonction entre les cellules cuticulaires. D'autres fines couches de lipides sont également présentes dans les espaces intercellulaires du cortex, entre les longues cellules corticales fibreuses. De plus, les surfaces externes des cellules de la cuticule sont recouvertes d'une couche monomoléculaire d'acides gras liés par covalence, un des composants majoritaires étant l'acide 18-méthyleicosanoique. On pense que ces acides gras sont fixés par liaisons thioesters. On pense également que l'ensemble de ces lipides joue un rôle important sur les propriétés physiques du cheveu. L'hypothèse testée dans cette étude est que les lipides libres et ceux liés par covalence sont progressivement éliminés lors de l'exposition normale des cheveux à l'environnement extérieur. Cette délipidation progressive de la cuticule pourrait, en partie, entraîner une plus grande sensibilité des constituants lipidiques et protéiniques du cortex aux agressions externes et accroître leur dégradation. Cette dégradation, à son tour, contribuerait à une diminution progressive des propriétés mécaniques en extension des cheveux. Des cheveux de provenance commerciale ont été coupés en cinq segments de leur racine à leur extrémité distale. Les lipides de chaque segment ont été extraits, séparés par chromatographie couche mince et dosés par densitométrie photographique. Les classes majoritaires de lipides polaires libres sont constituées de céramides, de glucosylcéramides et de sulfate de cholestérol. Les teneurs de tous les lipides polaires libres ainsi que des acides gras liés par covalence diminuent de la racine à l'extrémité distale du cheveu. De plus, on constate une réduction considérable des propriétés mécaniques en extension des cheveux de la racine à l'extrémité distale.-.En conclusion, la perte progressive des lipides endogènes libres et liés par covalence, probablement attribuables aux expositions à l'environnement et au stress des traitements capillaires peut aider à contribuer à une baisse marquée des propriétés mécaniques en extension des cheveux. [source] Effective community health participation strategies: a Cuban exampleINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2003Ruby Greene Abstract Since the decade of the 1970s health promotion has been an integral part of most primary health care strategies. This article examines some community participation strategies adopted in the health promotion in Cuba and the policies which enable such strategies. This is done in the context of health promotion theory and also examines the concept of direct involvement by the political directorate in health promotion. The article is written from a reflexive perspective following the author's visit to Cuba as member of a health study tour in March 2002. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Polynomial control: past, present, and futureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 8 2007Vladimír Ku Abstract Polynomial techniques have made important contributions to systems and control theory. Engineers in industry often find polynomial and frequency domain methods easier to use than state equation-based techniques. Control theorists show that results obtained in isolation using either approach are in fact closely related. Polynomial system description provides input,output models for linear systems with rational transfer functions. These models display two important system properties, namely poles and zeros, in a transparent manner. A performance specification in terms of polynomials is natural in many situations; see pole allocation techniques. A specific control system design technique, called polynomial equation approach, was developed in the 1960s and 1970s. The distinguishing feature of this technique is a reduction of controller synthesis to a solution of linear polynomial equations of a specific (Diophantine or Bézout) type. In most cases, control systems are designed to be stable and meet additional specifications, such as optimality and robustness. It is therefore natural to design the systems step by step: stabilization first, then the additional specifications each at a time. For this it is obviously necessary to have any and all solutions of the current step available before proceeding any further. This motivates the need for a parametrization of all controllers that stabilize a given plant. In fact this result has become a key tool for the sequential design paradigm. The additional specifications are met by selecting an appropriate parameter. This is simple, systematic, and transparent. However, the strategy suffers from an excessive grow of the controller order. This article is a guided tour through the polynomial control system design. The origins of the parametrization of stabilizing controllers, called Youla,Ku,era parametrization, are explained. Standard results on reference tracking, disturbance elimination, pole placement, deadbeat control, H2 control, l1 control and robust stabilization are summarized. New and exciting applications of the Youla,Ku,era parametrization are then discussed: stabilization subject to input constraints, output overshoot reduction, and fixed-order stabilizing controller design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tourist shopping experiences and satisfactionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Cevat Tosun Abstract This paper examines tourists' perceived satisfaction with local shopping culture, staff service quality, product value and reliability, physical features of shops, payment methods, and other shopping and shop attributes with special reference to the region of Cappadocia, Turkey. A survey questionnaire was designed and conducted with tourists visiting the region on a guided tour. It was found that the respondents recorded different levels of satisfaction with various attributes of shops and shopping. Based on the research results, it is suggested that providing a higher level of shopping experience for tourists and increasing the contribution of shopping to the regional economy requires supporting indigenous local people via various fiscal and educational instruments to continue producing and retailing authentic handicrafts and souvenir goods. It is believed that this not only is necessary for the achievement of higher levels of tourist satisfaction and greater economic benefits for the local economy but also for achieving the ultimate goal of sustained and sustainable tourism development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Schwarz, Wallace, and Rissanen: Intertwining Themes in Theories of Model SelectionINTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Aaron D. Lanterman Summary Investigators interested in model order estimation have tended to divide themselves into widely separated camps; this survey of the contributions of Schwarz, Wallace, Rissanen, and their coworkers attempts to build bridges between the various viewpoints, illuminating connections which may have previously gone unnoticed and clarifying misconceptions which seem to have propagated in the applied literature. Our tour begins with Schwarz's approximation of Bayesian integrals via Laplace's method. We then introduce the concepts underlying Rissanen's minimum description length principle via a Bayesian scenario with a known prior; this provides the groundwork for understanding his more complex non-Bayesian MDL which employs a "universal" encoding of the integers. Rissanen's method of parameter truncation is contrasted with that employed in various versions of Wallace's minimum message length criteria. Rissanen's more recent notion of stochastic complexity is outlined in terms of Bernardo's information-theoretic derivation of the Jeffreys prior. Résumé Il existe deux courants d'idées tres différents en recberche sur I' ordre de modéles.Ce papier est une revue des contributions de Schwarz, Wallace, Rissanen, et de leurs collaborateurs, Son but est de rapprocher leurs points de vue, d' établir de nouvelles connexions entre certains problémes, et de corriger certaines interprétations erronées qui sont apparues dans la litérature appliquée. Notre revue commence par I' approximation d' intégrales Bayesiennes au moyen de la méthode de Lapace,étudiée par Schwarz. Nous introduisons ensuite le principe de longueur descriptive minimale de Rissanen dans le cadre d' un scénario d' estimation Bayesienne. Ceci permet une nouvelle interpretation de ses méthodes d' estimation basées sur un codage "univasel" des entiers nabuels. Nous comparons la technique de paramétres de Rissanen avec cellcs qu'utilisc Wallace daar sa mtOaic du crib de longueur minimale d'un mtssage. Nous tcrminons cette étude par une présentation de la notion de complexité stochastique de Rissanen et ses connexions avec la distribution de Jeffreys, dont Bernardo a presenté une dérivation basée sur la théorie de l'infaamation. [source] The antioxidant capacity of salivaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2002M. Battino Abstract Background/aims: Saliva, a heterogeneous fluid comprising proteins, glycoproteins, electrolytes, small organic molecules and compounds transported from the blood, constantly bathes the teeth and oral mucosa. It acts as a cleansing solution, an ion reservoir, a lubricant and a buffer. In addition to its other host-protective properties, saliva could constitute a first line of defence against free radical-mediated oxidative stress, since the process of mastication and digestion of ingested foods promotes a variety of reactions, including lipid peroxidation. Moreover, during gingival inflammation, gingival crevicular fluid flow increases the change of saliva composition with products from the inflammatory response; this, in turn, could have some rôle in controlling and/or modulating oxidative damages in the oral cavity. This is the reason why the antioxidant capacity of saliva has led to increasing interest, and the development of techniques suitable for saliva antioxidant evaluation. Materials and Methods: Here, we review the current peer-reviewed literature concerning the nature and characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidants, pro-oxidants and antioxidants in saliva, especially pro-oxidant and antioxidant features, as well as current methods for assessing the antioxidant capacity of saliva. Results and Conclusions: In the last decade, several methods have been developed for assaying the antioxidant activity of saliva, indicating an increasing interest of researchers and clinicians. Unfortunately, systematic studies of saliva are still lacking, even in healthy populations. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund/Zielsetzung: Der Speichel, eine heterogene Flüssigkeit bestehend aus Proteinen, Glykoproteinen, Elektrolyten, kleinen organischen Molekülen und Bestandteilen aus dem Blut, umspült andauernd Zähne und Mundschleimhäute. Er wirkt als Reinigungslösung, Reservoir für Ionen, als Schmiermittel und als Puffer. Zusätzlich zu seinen anderen Abwehreigenschaften könnte der Speichel eine erste Verteidigungslinie gegen durch freie Radikal verursachten oxidativen Stress sein, da der Prozess der Nahrungszerkleinerung und -verdauung eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen auslöst einschließlich der Lipidperoxidation. Darüber hinaus erhöht sich während gingivaler Entzündung der Sulkusflüssigkeitsfluss und verändert die Zusammensetzung des Speichels durch Produkte der Entzündungsreaktion. Dies könnte eine Rolle bei der Kontrolle und/oder Beeinflussung oxidativer Schäden in der Mundhöhle spielen. Dies sind die Gründe dafür, warum die antioxidative Kapazität des Speichels zu einem wachsenden Interesse und zur Entwicklung von Techniken geführt hat, die die Bestimmung der antioxidativen Kapazität des Speichels erlauben. Material und Methoden: In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird die akutelle Literatur hinsichtlich der Natur und Charakteristika freier Radikale, reaktiver Sauerstoffarten, Oxidantien, Prooxidantien und Antioxidantien im Speichel, insbesondere Eigenschaften der Pro- und Antioxidantien sowie aktuelle Methoden zur Bestimmung der antioxidative Kapazität des Speichels, dargestellt. Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerungen: Während des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurden mehrere Methoden für die Bestimmung der antioxidativen Kapazität des Speichels entwickelt, was für ein wachsendes wissenschaftliches und klinisches Interesse spricht. Unglücklicherweise fehlen noch systematische Studien zum Speichel selbst für gesunde Kollektive. Résumé Origine/but: La salive, fluide hétérogène constitué de protéines, de glycoprotéines, d'électrolytes, de petites molécules organiques et de composés transportés du sang, baigne constamment les dents et les muqueuses buccales. Elle agit comme une solution nettoyante, comme réservoir d'ions, comme lubrifiant et comme tampon. En plus de ces propriétés protectrices pour l'hôte, la salive pourrait constituer une première ligne de défense contre le stress oxydatif dû aux radicaux libres puisque le processus de mastication et de digestion des nourritures ingérées induit une variété de réactions, telle la peroxidation des lipides. De plus, pendant l'inflammation gingivale, le flux gingival sulculaire augmente et altère la compositon de la salive par les produits de la réponse inflammatoire. Cela, à son tour, pourrait avoir un rôle dans le contrôle ou la modulation des dommages oxydatifs dans la cavité buccale. C'est la raison pour laquelle la capacité antioxydant de la salive a connu un intérêt croissant et le développement de techniques fiables pour l'évaluation des antioxydants salivaires. Matériaux et méthodes: Ici, nous passons en revue de façon concise la littérature actuelle concernant la nature et les caractéristiques des radicaux libres, des espèces réactives à l'oxygène, des oxydants, des pro-oxydants et des antioxydants dans la salive, particulièrement les caractéristiques pro-oxydante et antioxydante et les méthodes actuelles de mise en évidence des capacités antioxydantes de la salive. Résultats et conclusions: Lors de la dernière décade, plusieurs méthodes ont été développées pour tester l'activité antioxydante de la salive, ce qui prouve un intérêt grandissant des chercheurs et des cliniciens. Malheureusement, des études systématiques sur la salive manquent même pour les populations saines. [source] Software Review: Theory and Practice of Econometric Modelling using PcGive10JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 4 2001Giovanni Urga This review offers a guided tour to PcGive 10 modules for econometrics analysis of time series (PcGive), limited dependent variable (LogitJD) and static and dynamic panel data analyses (DPD), financial econometric (GARCH) and time series (ARFIMA) modelling. Several empirical applications are reported to illustrate the package. [source] View planning and automated data acquisition for three-dimensional modeling of complex sitesJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 11-12 2009Paul S. Blaer Constructing highly detailed three-dimensional (3-D) models of large complex sites using range scanners can be a time-consuming manual process. One of the main drawbacks is determining where to place the scanner to obtain complete coverage of a site. We have developed a system for automatic view planning called VuePlan. When combined with our mobile robot, AVENUE, we have a system that is capable of modeling large-scale environments with minimal human intervention throughout both the planning and acquisition phases. The system proceeds in two distinct stages. In the initial phase, the system is given a two-dimensional site footprint with which it plans a minimal set of sufficient and properly constrained covering views. We then use a 3-D laser scanner to take scans at each of these views. When this planning system is combined with our mobile robot it automatically computes and executes a tour of these viewing locations and acquires them with the robot's onboard laser scanner. These initial scans serve as an approximate 3-D model of the site. The planning software then enters a second phase in which it updates this model by using a voxel-based occupancy procedure to plan the next best view (NBV). This NBV is acquired, and further NBVs are sequentially computed and acquired until an accurate and complete 3-D model is obtained. A simulator tool that we developed has allowed us to test our entire view planning algorithm on simulated sites. We have also successfully used our two-phase system to construct precise 3-D models of real-world sites located in New York City: Uris Hall on the campus of Columbia University and Fort Jay on Governors Island. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopyJOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY, Issue 3 2006S. BOLTE Summary It is generally accepted that the functional compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells is reflected by the differential occurrence of proteins in their compartments. The location and physiological function of a protein are closely related; local information of a protein is thus crucial to understanding its role in biological processes. The visualization of proteins residing on intracellular structures by fluorescence microscopy has become a routine approach in cell biology and is increasingly used to assess their colocalization with well-characterized markers. However, image-analysis methods for colocalization studies are a field of contention and enigma. We have therefore undertaken to review the most currently used colocalization analysis methods, introducing the basic optical concepts important for image acquisition and subsequent analysis. We provide a summary of practical tips for image acquisition and treatment that should precede proper colocalization analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the application and feasibility of colocalization tools for various biological colocalization situations and discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses. We have created a novel toolbox for subcellular colocalization analysis under ImageJ, named JACoP, that integrates current global statistic methods and a novel object-based approach. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||