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Tobacco Users (tobacco + user)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	87%

Kinds of Tobacco Users

smokeless tobacco user

Selected Abstracts

TASTE PERCEPTIONS AND DIETARY INTAKES OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO USERS AND NONTOBACCO USERS,

JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 3 2005
RHONDA A. SCHUELLER
ABSTRACT Smokeless tobacco and nontobacco users differed for certain concentrations of perceived intensities of the four solutions , significantly for sweet (P , 0.008) and salty (P = 0.001). Sensitivity to salty (P = 0.02) and bitter (P = 0.11) solutions decreased with increasing hours of exposure to smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco and nontobacco users rated fruits and vegetables for preference and the four taste senses differently, with a decreasing trend for sweet tastes in smokeless tobacco users with increasing hours of exposure to smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco users consumed more total fat (P = 0.06) and fat per 1000 kcal (P = 0.13) than nontobacco users. Higher intakes of total fat (P = 0.005), total fat per 1000 kcal (P = 0.18), total sodium (P = 0.03) and total Vitamin E (P = 0.06) were found with increasing hours of exposure to smokeless tobacco. Although fruit and vegetable intakes did not differ between smokeless tobacco and nontobacco users, both groups should increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables. [source]

Substance use and periodontal disease among Australian Aboriginal young adults

ADDICTION, Issue 4 2010
Lisa M. Jamieson
ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the effects of tobacco, marijuana, alcohol and petrol sniffing on periodontal disease among Australian Aboriginal young adults. Design Cross-sectional nested within a long-standing prospective longitudinal study. Setting Aboriginal communities in Australia's Northern Territory. Participants Members of the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study who were recruited from birth between January 1987 and March 1990 at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, Australia. Data were from wave III, when the mean age of participants was 18 years. Measurements Clinical dental examination and self-report questionnaire. Findings Of 425 participants with complete data, 26.6% had moderate/severe periodontal disease. There was elevated risk of periodontal disease associated with tobacco [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.06,2.40], marijuana (PR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05,1.97) and petrol sniffing (PR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.08,3.11), but not alcohol (PR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.67,1.27). Stratified analysis showed that the effect of marijuana persisted among tobacco users (PR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.03,2.11). It was not possible to isolate an independent effect of petrol sniffing because all petrol sniffers used both marijuana and tobacco, although among smokers of both substances, petrol sniffing was associated with an 11.8% increased prevalence of periodontal disease. Conclusions This is the first time that substance use has been linked with periodontal disease in a young Australian Aboriginal adult population, and the first time that petrol sniffing has been linked with periodontal disease in any population. The role of substance use in periodontal disease among this, and other, marginalized groups warrants further investigation. [source]

Symptoms of nicotine dependence in a cohort of Swedish youths: a comparison between smokers, smokeless tobacco users and dual tobacco users

ADDICTION, Issue 4 2010
Ann Post
ABSTRACT Aims To determine whether symptoms of nicotine dependence, addiction and withdrawal symptoms differ between exclusive smokers, exclusive snus (moist snuff) users and dual users. Design A cross-sectional survey of a cohort subsample. Setting County of Stockholm, Sweden. Participants Current exclusive smokers (n = 466), exclusive snus users (n = 209) and dual users (n = 144), mean age 17.6 years. Measurements Self-reported life-time experience of nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms in periods of discontinued tobacco use. Selected items from the modified Fagerstöm Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ), the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Findings The odds ratio of endorsing each of four mFTQ items as well as the HONC item investigating the risk of feeling addicted to tobacco was two to five-fold higher for exclusive snus users and for dual users compared to exclusive smokers. One DSM-IV item (difficult to refrain from use) was elevated among dual users compared to smokers. Dual users reported the highest prevalence of any withdrawal symptom in contrast to exclusive snus users, who reported a lower risk of withdrawal symptoms compared to exclusive smokers. Conclusions Smokeless tobacco users show symptoms of nicotine dependence at least as frequently as cigarette smokers. Symptoms of nicotine dependence and of withdrawal during quit attempts are particularly frequent in the subgroup of users who combine smokeless tobacco with smoking. [source]

Sequencing of DSM-IV criteria of nicotine dependence

ADDICTION, Issue 8 2009
Denise B. Kandel
ABSTRACT Aims To determine whether there is a sequence in which adolescents experience symptoms of nicotine dependence (ND) as per the DSM-IV. Design A two-stage design was implemented to select a multi-ethnic target sample of adolescents from a school survey of 6th,10th graders from the Chicago Public Schools. The cohort was interviewed at home five times with structured computerized interviews at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period. Participants Subsample of new tobacco users (n = 353) who had started to use tobacco within 12 months prior to wave 1 or between waves 1 and 5. Measurements and statistical methods Monthly histories of DSM-IV symptoms of ND were obtained. Log-linear quasi-independence models were estimated to identify the fit of different cumulative models of progression among the four most prevalent dependence criteria (tolerance, impaired control, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to quit), indexed by specific symptoms, by gender and race/ethnicity. Findings Pathways varied slightly across groups. The proportions who could be classified in a progression pathway not by chance ranged from 50.7% to 68.8%. Overall, tolerance and impaired control appeared first and preceded withdrawal; impaired control preceded attempts to quit. For males, tolerance was experienced first, with withdrawal a minor path of entry; for females withdrawal was experienced last, tolerance and impaired control were experienced first. For African Americans, tolerance by itself was experienced first; for other groups an alternative path began with impaired control. Conclusions The prevalence and sequence of criteria of ND fit our understanding of the neuropharmacology of ND. The order among symptoms early in the process of dependence may differ from the severity order of symptoms among those who persist in smoking. [source]

Associations between tobacco and cannabis use in remote indigenous populations in Northern Australia

ADDICTION, Issue 3 2005
Alan R. Clough
ABSTRACT Aims To assess whether cannabis use, recently taken up by many indigenous Australians in remote communities, has reinforced tobacco use. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Three eastern Arnhem Land communities (Northern Territory, NT); total population = 3384, in 2001. Participants From 1247 people aged 17,36 years, 190 (120 males, 70 females) were opportunistically recruited. Measurements Self-reported life-time and current tobacco, cannabis and other substance use were confirmed by local health workers and using clinic records. Participants reported level of substance use, frequency and duration (years used). Associations with tobacco use were calculated (odds ratios: OR) using logistic regression with age, sex, alcohol use and a history of petrol sniffing as confounders. Findings In univariate analyses current tobacco users were more likely than non-users to be using cannabis (OR = 3.1, 1.5,6.2, P = 0.002) and this association remained in multivariate analyses (OR = 3.0, 1.4,6.8, P = 0.006). Tobacco use was associated with the number of years of cannabis use (P = 0.035). The likelihood that tobacco users were also cannabis users increased as quantity of cannabis used increased (P = 0.008). Current tobacco use was no more likely in those who initiated cannabis from 1998 onwards than in those who initiated cannabis before 1998 (OR = 1.1, 0.4,3.2, P = 0.881). One-third of life-time users of both tobacco and cannabis initiated their use at or near the same time, and very few of these (12%) had discontinued either cannabis or tobacco. Conclusions Cannabis appears to have influenced the continued use of tobacco in these populations with possible additional burdens for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and challenges for interventions. [source]

Glutathione S -transferase M3 (A/A) genotype as a risk factor for oral cancer and leukoplakia among Indian tobacco smokers

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004
Nilabja Sikdar
Abstract Polymorphism in glutathione S -transferase (GST) genes, causing variations in enzyme activities, may influence susceptibility to oral cancer and leukoplakia in smokers and/or smokeless tobacco users. In this case-control study consisting of 109 leukoplakia and 256 oral cancer patients and 259 controls, genotype frequencies at GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3 and GSTP1 loci were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods and analyzed by multiple logistic regression to determine the risks of the diseases. There were no significant differences in the distributions of GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 genotypes in patients and controls when all individuals were compared. In contrast, frequencies of ile/ile genotype at codon 105 and variant val-ala haplotype of GSTP1 was significantly higher (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.0,2.0) and lower (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0,1.9) in oral cancer patients compare to controls, respectively. The impacts of all genotypes on risks of oral cancer and leukoplakia were also analyzed in patients with different tobacco habits and doses. Increased risks of cancer and leukoplakia were observed in tobacco smokers with GSTM3 (A/A) genotype (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0,4.0; OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0,4.4, respectively). So, GSTM3 (A/A) genotype could become one of the markers to know which of the leukoplakia would be transformed into cancer. Heavy tobacco chewing (> 124 chewing-year) increased the risk of cancer in individuals with GSTT1 homozygous null genotype (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.0,9.8). Furthermore, increased lifetime exposure to tobacco smoking (> 11.5 pack-year) increased the risk of leukoplakia in individuals with GSTM1 homozygous null genotype (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.0,5.7). It may be suggested that polymorphisms in GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 genes regulate risk of cancer and leukoplakia differentially among different tobacco habituals. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Postoperative impact of regular tobacco use, smoking or snuffing, a prospective multi-center study

ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2010
M. BRATTWALL
Background: The aim was to study the effects of different tobacco administration routes on pain and post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), following three common day surgical procedures: cosmetic breast augmentation (CBA), inguinal hernia repair (IHR) and arthroscopic procedures (AS). We have prospectively investigated the effects of regular tobacco use in ambulatory surgery. Methods: The 355 allocated patients were followed during recovery and the first day at home. Results: Thirty-two percent of the patients used tobacco regularly, 33% of CBA, 27% of IHR and 34% of AS. Pain was well controlled in the post-anesthesia care unit at rest; during ambulation, 37% of all patients reported VAS>3. Tobacco use had no impact on early post-operative pain. Post-operative nausea was experienced by 30% of patients during recovery while in hospital. On day 1, 14% experienced nausea. We found a significant reduction of PONV among tobacco users (smoking and/or snuffing). Smoking or snuffing reduced the risk of PONV by nearly 50% in both genders on the day of surgery and at the first day at home. The reduction of PONV was equal, regardless of tobacco administration routes. Conclusion: We found that regular use of tobacco, both by smoking and snuffing, had a significant effect on PONV during the early post-operative period. Non-tobacco users undergoing breast surgery were found to have the highest risk for PONV. We could not see any influence of nicotine use on post-operative pain. Thus, it seems of value to identify regular tobacco use, not only smoking, as a part of the pre-operative risk assessment. [source]

Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2002
H. Kuper
Abstract.,Kuper H, Adami H-O, Boffetta P (University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France). Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact. J Intern Med 2002; 251: 455,466. This review describes global patterns of tobacco use and the mechanisms by which tobacco use is involved in carcinogenesis. A second part will discuss the association between tobacco use and risk of specific cancer types. To bacco use has traditionally been a practice of high-income countries, but it has recently been taken up in low-income countries and it is particularly common in men. A wide variety of tobacco products exist, of which cigarettes are most frequently consumed. Tobacco products contain more than 50 established or identified carcinogens and these may increase risk of cancer by causing mutations that disrupt cell cycle regulation, or through their effect on the immune or endocrine systems. Certain factors such as genes, diet and environmental exposures may alter susceptibility to cancer in tobacco users. Today at least 15% of all cancers are estimated to be attributable to smoking, but this figure is expected to increase because of the uptake of tobacco use in low-income countries. [source]

A Statewide Movement to Promote the Adoption of Tobacco-Free School Policies*

JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 12 2008
Shelley K. Summerlin-Long MPH
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND:, Since most tobacco users become addicted to nicotine as teenagers, prevention efforts for youth remain central to comprehensive prevention programs. National and state efforts that encourage adoption and enforcement of comprehensive tobacco-free school (TFS) policies can lead to significant reductions of youth tobacco use. In 2003, North Carolina (NC) Health and Wellness Trust Fund grantees began to focus statewide on the adoption of and compliance with TFS policies in NC schools. This study examined 46 NC districts that passed TFS policies between 2003 and early August of 2005 to see what factors were important in policy passage in order to support the continued promotion of TFS policy adoption across the state. METHODS:, Detailed interviews were conducted with 118 key informants who were intimately involved with passage of their school districts' TFS policies, and results were coded and analyzed for common themes. RESULTS:, The study found several strategies key to adoption of TFS policies: effective leadership from organizations and individuals in positions of influence, grassroots organizing from community coalitions and youth groups, and communication strategies that optimally position policy adoption and compliance. CONCLUSION:, States that have not yet achieved TFS policy adoption can focus on leadership development, grassroots organizing, and improved communication to advance their advocacy efforts. [source]

TASTE PERCEPTIONS AND DIETARY INTAKES OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO USERS AND NONTOBACCO USERS,

Implementing a Smoking Cessation Program for Pregnant Women Based on Current Clinical Practice Guidelines

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 6 2002
Lynne Buchanan APRN, PhDArticle first published online: 24 MAY 200
Purpose To describe the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence and demonstrate how the guideline was utilized in a pilot program for a small sample of pregnant women (n=20) to help them decrease smoking. Data Sources A convenience sample of 20 pregnant women was recruited from a health maintenance organization at their initial prenatal contact either by telephone or in person. A comparison group of pregnant women (n=28) was used for analysis of outcomes. Conclusions Clinical results showed better outcomes for women in the pilot program when compared to a similar group who did not participate in the program. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in average number of cigarettes smoked per day at delivery and two weeks after delivery with pilot program participants reporting less smoking (p<.05). Women in both groups showed a pattern of returning to smoking after delivery of the baby. Implications for Practice Although a few tobacco users achieve permanent abstinence in first or second attempts, the majority continue to use tobacco for many years and typically cycle through many lapse and relapses before permanent abstinence. Ambulatory care systems need to be developed and funded to treat tobacco use and dependence over the life span. Recognition of the chronic nature of the problem and development of long term care delivery systems are needed to assist clients to achieve goals of permanent abstinence and better personal and family health. This cycle of lapse and relapse before permanent abstinence is typical and demonstrates the chronic nature of tobacco use and dependence and the need for long term follow-up. [source]

Does body mass index differ between patients with Barrett's oesophagus and patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2007
L. B. GERSON
Background Obesity has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Aim To perform a prospective cohort study to determine whether there was a difference in body mass index (BMI) between patients with GERD and patients with Barrett's oesophagus (BE). Methods We prospectively enrolled patients undergoing endoscopic evaluation for GERD and collected information regarding BMI, tobacco and/or alcohol use, and family history of GERD. Patients with non-erosive reflux disease underwent confirmatory 24-h pH testing. Results Seven hundred and fifty one patients with GERD (mean ± s.d. age of 55.4 ± 14.2 years, 74% male) entered the study, and BE was present in 165 (22%, 90% male, 79% Caucasian) patients. The mean GERD symptom duration was 10.3 ± 0.4 years (range 1,62 years) with a mean body mass index of 27.8 ± 0.2 kg/m2 (range 15,55) Compared with patients having GERD alone, patients with BE were more likely to be older (P = 0.001), male (P < 0.001), current or prior tobacco users (P = 0.002), and with greater duration of GERD symptoms (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the BMI for patients with and without BE. Conclusions While obesity is a risk factor for both GERD and BMI, patients with BE did not demonstrate increased BMI compared with patients having chronic GERD. [source]

Tobacco Screening Multicomponent Quality Improvement Network Program: Beyond Education

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2009
Sharon Kimmel PhD
Abstract Objectives:, Due to the addictive nature of the disease and interrelated societal influences on the behavior of tobacco use, repeated interventions are often required before people successfully stop using tobacco. Our objective was to implement a multicomponent clinical intervention initiative enabling health care providers to effectively screen for tobacco use. We also sought to describe changes in emergency medicine providers' documentation of cessation advice to tobacco users. Methods:, The intervention was conducted at three emergency departments (EDs) and four clinics at a community-based teaching hospital and health network. Health care providers with the opportunity to identify and counsel tobacco-using patients in ambulatory health care settings were the study population. The authors initiated a quality improvement initiative for tobacco screening that employed a multicomponent strategy to facilitate systemic changes that support 100% tobacco use identification, documentation, and counseling. Baseline, posteducation, and post,wrap-around documented screening rates were compared within each site across the intervention. Cumulative ED baseline, posteducation, and post,wrap-around rates of provider advice to tobacco users were compared across the intervention. Percentage of possible available gain was calculated in consideration of a 100% ceiling effect. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and MetStat. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square cell frequency were used to analyze and compare sites. Fisher's exact test was used to compare those tests with a chi-square cell frequency of five or less. The statistical tests used for pre-/postintervention percentage comparisons by site had power between 80% and 90%, detecting differences of 10% and 20% or more at a 0.05 level of significance. Results:, Significant increases in posteducation screening rates for all ED sites complemented significant increases in ED post,wrap-around intervention screening rates. Significant increases in ED provider documented cessation advice were also noted. Conclusions:, This initiative successfully changed tobacco screening behavior of health care providers at all sites. It was particularly successful in the ED, typically an environment less likely to be conducive to preventive health interventions. [source]

Association of interferon-, +874A polymorphism with the risk of developing cervical cancer in north-Indian population

BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 12 2009
R Gangwar
Objective, Interferon gamma (IFN -,) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine playing a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. A single nucleotide polymorphism located in the first intron of the human IFN-, gene can influence the secretion of cytokine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of IFN-, T/A gene polymorphism with the risk of cervical cancer. Design, Case,control study. Setting, Uttar Pradesh State in India. Sample, Two hundred cases with histologically proven cancer of the cervix and healthy controls (n = 230), age and ethnicity matched were recruited in this study. Methods, Genotyping was performed for bi-allelic +874 (T/A) polymorphism of IFN-, by amplification refractory mutation system method. Main outcome measures, Low producer IFN-, +874 AA genotype was associated with high risk for cervical cancer, which further modulated the increased risk in tobacco users. Results,IFN-, AA genotype which is low producer of IFN-, was associated with increased risk of cervical cancer (OR = 2.43, P = 0.003). Allele A was at 1.54-fold increased risk of cervical cancer (OR=1.54, P = 0.002). The AA genotype showed statistically significant risk with high stage (III + IV) of cervical cancer (OR = 4.99, P = 0.001). In tobacco users, AA genotype showed significantly increased susceptibility to cervical cancer (OR = 5.08, P = 0.010). Conclusion, Variation in IFN-, +874 AA genotype because of ethnicity in north-Indian population may represent an important susceptibility biomarker for cervical cancer risk as well as other diseases and should be explored further. [source]