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Time Consistency (time + consistency)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	50%

Selected Abstracts

Time Consistency and Bureaucratic Budget Competition,

THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 525 2008
Kai A. Konrad
High employment protection in the public sector results in strategic over-employment if government divisions compete for budgets in a dynamic setting. Bureaucrats who are interested in maximising their divisions' output employ excess labour, since this induces the sponsor to provide complementary inputs in the future. Restrictions on hiring decisions in the public sector can be regarded as provisions to reduce strategic hiring. We also provide evidence from a survey of decision makers in a public sector bureaucracy with very high employment protection. The results confirm that decision makers are aware of the strategic effects of their hiring decisions on budget allocation. [source]

Work Requirements and Long-Term Poverty

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2005
FRED SCHROYEN
We study how work requirements can be used to target transfers to the long-term poor. Without commitment, time consistency requires all screening measures to be concentrated in the first phase of the program. We show that this increases the effectiveness of workfare; it is optimal to use work requirements for a wider range of prior beliefs about the size of the poor population, and work requirements are used more intensively. We compare these results with the optimal policy under commitment. [source]

Improvement of optical beam-forming networks based on broadband optical source and chirped fiber grating

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 11 2008
Bo Zhou
Abstract We propose a photonic beam-forming network scheme based on a broadband optical source (BS), double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, and a chirped fiber grating (CFG). The principle and feasibility are proved by both theoretical analysis and experiments. In 20,32 GHz microwave band, experimental results show a good delay time consistency and the ratio of RF signal to noise met the practical application demands. The time consistency errors are smaller than 3 ps in 20,40GHz band. Specially, compared with traditional double sideband (DSB) modulation scheme, in the proposed approach the dispersion-induced RF power degradation is effectively mitigated over 24 dB at 30 GHz, and the experimental results agree well with the theoretical ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2992,2994, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23802 [source]

Toward a consistent reanalysis of the upper stratosphere based on radiance measurements from SSU and AMSU-A

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 645 2009
Shinya Kobayashi
Abstract Radiance measurements from the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) are the primary source of information for stratospheric temperature in reanalyses of the satellite era. To improve the time consistency of the reanalyses, radiance biases need to be properly understood and accounted for in the assimilation system. The investigation of intersatellite differences between SSU and AMSU-A radiance observations shows that these differences are not accurately reproduced by the operational version of the radiative transfer model for the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV-8). We found that this deficiency in RTTOV was mainly due to the treatment of the Zeeman effect (splitting of the oxygen absorption lines at 60 GHz) and to changes in the spectral response function of the SSU instrument that are not represented in RTTOV. On this basis we present a revised version of RTTOV that can reproduce SSU and AMSU-A intersatellite radiance differences more accurately. Assimilation experiments performed with the revised version of RTTOV in a four-dimensional variational analysis system (4D-Var) show some improvements in the stratospheric temperature analysis. However, significant jumps in the stratospheric temperature analysis still occur when switching satellites, which is due to the fact that systematic errors in the forecast model are only partially constrained by observations. Using a one-dimensional retrieval equation, we show that both the extent and vertical structure of the partial bias corrections must inevitably change when the nature of the radiance measurement changes with the transition from SSU to AMSU-A. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society [source]