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Third Treatment (third + treatment)
Selected AbstractsPhotorejuvenation for Asian Skin by Intense Pulsed LightDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2001Kei Negishi MD Background. Dermabrasion and deep chemical peeling are used in the treatment of photoaged skin. These ablative procedures are effective enough to produce a certain improvement but have often caused postinflammatory hyperpigmentation among Asian patients. To avoid such adverse effects, a new, nonablative procedure has been sought. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of photorejuvenation for Asian skin using intense pulsed light (IPL). The specific parameters used, improvement ratios, side-effects, and downtime required are also discussed. Methods. Ninety-seven patients were treated for photoaging using IPL. The cutoff filters of 550 nm and 570 nm were utilized for three to six treatments at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks. Results. Treatment results were evaluated and rated by both patients and physicians at the end of the third treatment based on improvement in pigmentation, telangiectasia, and skin texture. A combined rating of "good" or "excellent" was given to more than 90% of the patients for pigmentation, more than 83% for telangiectasia, and more than 65% for skin texture. There were some minor complications in four cases: one had erythema that continued to the next day and three had minor blisters leaving no marks. Conclusion. Photorejuvenation using IPL is a completely safe and effective procedure even for Asian skin. It will be increasingly used for skin rejuvenation in the future. [source] ADVICE OF THE ROSE: EXPERIMENTAL COEVOLUTION OF A TREMATODE PARASITE AND ITS SNAIL HOSTEVOLUTION, Issue 1 2007Britt Koskella Understanding host-parasite coevolution requires multigenerational studies in which changes in both parasite infectivity and host susceptibility are monitored. We conducted a coevolution experiment that examined six generations of interaction between a freshwater snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and one of its common parasites (the sterilizing trematode, Microphallus sp.). In one treatment (recycled), the parasite was reintroduced into the same population of host snails. In the second treatment (lagged), the host snails received parasites from the recycled treatment, but the addition of these parasites did not begin until the second generation. Hence any parasite-mediated genetic changes of the host in the lagged treatment were expected to be one generation behind those in the recycled treatment. The lagged treatment thus allowed us to test for time lags in parasite adaptation, as predicted by the Red Queen model of host,parasite coevolution. Finally, in the third treatment (control), parasites were not added. The results showed that parasites from the recycled treatment were significantly more infective to snails from the lagged treatment than from the recycled treatment. In addition, the hosts from the recycled treatment diverged from the control hosts with regard to their susceptibility to parasites collected from the field. Taken together, the results are consistent with time lagged, frequency-dependent selection and rapid coevolution between hosts and parasites. [source] Helicobacter pylori"Rescue" Therapy After Failure of Two Eradication TreatmentsHELICOBACTER, Issue 5 2005Javier P. Gisbert ABSTRACT Nowadays, apart from having to know well first-line eradication regimens, we must also be prepared to face Helicobacter pylori treatment failures. Therefore, in designing a treatment strategy we should not focus on the results of primary therapy alone, but also on the final , overall , eradication rate. After failure of a combination of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, and clarithromycin, the use of empirical quadruple therapy (PPI,bismuth,tetracycline,metronidazole), has been generally used as the optimal second-line therapy. Even after two consecutive failures, several studies have demonstrated that H. pylori eradication can finally be achieved in almost all patients if several "rescue" therapies are consecutively given. It seems that performing culture even after a second eradication failure may not be necessary, as it is possible to construct an overall strategy to maximize H. pylori eradication, based on the different possibilities of empirical treatment (when antibiotic susceptibilities are unknown). Thus, if one does not want to perform culture before the administration of the third treatment after failure of the first two, different empirical treatments exist, including regimens based on: 1, amoxicillin (amoxicillin,PPI at high doses); 2, amoxicillin plus tetracycline (PPI,bismuth,tetracycline,amoxicillin, or ranitidine,bismuth,citrate,tetracyline,amoxicillin); 3, rifabutin (rifabutin,amoxicillin,PPI); 4, levofloxacin (levofloxacin,amoxicillin,PPI); and 5, furazolidone (furazolidone,bismuth,tetracycline,PPI). [source] Pili bigemini complicating diode laser hair removalJOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2004E Kaniowska Summary After two diode laser treatments for hair removal, a 39-year-old woman was noted to have pili bigemini within the treated areas. It resolved after a third treatment. Pili bigemini, the appearance of two hairs coming from the same follicular opening, can be induced by intermediate doses of laser energy. It follows sublethal damage to the hair follicule apparatus. [source] Recognizing large donations to public goods: an experimental testMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2002Jeremy Clark Private charities often publicise generous individual contributions or contributors, possibly to encourage others to give. In contrast, public good experiments used to study voluntary giving commonly tell participants only of total contributions. This paper reports an experimental test of the effect on contributions of supplying additional selective information. A control treatment is run that reveals only total contributions over ten one-shot decision rounds. This is compared to a second treatment that also informs subjects of the maximum contribution made in their group after each round. In a third treatment, subjects are further given the opportunity to make costly rewards to the maximum contributor. Revealing generous contributions appears to raise average contributions slightly. Surprisingly, adding the ability to reward large contributors does little to generate further increases, though it significantly raises the variance of contributions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of dietary substitution of fish oil by Echium oil on growth, plasma parameters and body lipid composition in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009M. DÍAZ-LÓPEZ Abstract Gilthead seabream juveniles were fed on either a fish oil (FO)-containing diet or a diet containing a 50 : 50 blend of FO and Echium oil (EO) to determine the effect of EO on growth, plasma parameters and tissue lipid compositions. After 4 months of feeding, there was a significant increase of 18 : 2n -6 and a reduction of approximately 25% of 20 : 5n -3 in the flesh of fish fed the EO diet. At this point, half of the fish that fed on EO were returned to the FO diet as a third treatment and the trial continued with the three groups for a further 3 months. At the end of the experiment, food intake, survival, growth and plasma parameters were not affected by the inclusion of dietary EO. However, hepatosomatic index (HSI), total lipid and triacylglycerol contents of muscle decreased in fish fed the EO diet. Feeding the EO diet resulted in significant increments of potentially health-promoting fatty acids such as 18 : 3n -6, 18 : 4n -3 and 20 : 3n -6 but reduced n -3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly 20 : 5n -3. When EO-fed fish were returned to the FO diet, tissue lipid contents and HSI tended to increase, but 18 : 2n -6 and 20 : 5n -3 levels were not fully restored to the levels of fish fed the FO diet for the entire trial. Furthermore, the fatty acids present in EO, which may promote beneficial health effects, were reduced. [source] The role of microarthropods in terrestrial decomposition: a meta-analysis of 40 years of litterbag studiesBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 3 2009Christian Kampichler ABSTRACT Litterbags have been utilized in soil ecology for about 50 years. They are useful because they confine organic material and thus enable the study of decomposition dynamics (mass loss and/or nutrient loss through time, colonization by soil biota) in situ, i.e. under field conditions. Researchers can easily restrict or permit access to certain size classes of soil fauna to determine their contribution to litter mass loss by choosing adequate mesh size or applying specific biocides. In particular, the mesofauna has received much attention since it comprises two very abundant and diverse microarthropod groups, the Collembola (springtails) and Acari (mites). We comprehensively searched the literature from the mid-1960s to the end of 2005 for reports on litterbag experiments investigating the role of microarthropods in terrestrial decomposition. Thirty papers reporting 101 experiments satisfied our selection criteria and were included in the database. Our meta-analysis revealed that microarthropods have a moderate but significant effect on mass loss. We discuss in detail the interactions of the microarthropod effect with study characteristics such as experimental design (e.g. number of bags, duration of experiment), type of exposed organic matter, climatic zone and land use of the study site. No publication bias was detected; however, we noticed a significant decrease in the microarthropod effect with publication year, indicating that, in the first decades of litterbag use, soil zoologists may have studied "promising" sites with a higher a priori probability of positive microarthropod effects on litter mass loss. A general weakness is that the treatments differ not only with respect to the presence or absence of microarthropods, but also with regard to mesh size (small to exclude microarthropods, wide to permit their access) or presence (to exclude microarthropods) and absence (to permit their access) of an insecticide. Consequently, the difference between the decomposition rates in the treatments is not a pure microarthropod effect but will be influenced by the additive effects of mesh size and insecticide. The relative contribution of the "true" microarthropod effect remains unknown without additional treatments controlling for the differential mesh size/insecticide effect. A meta-analysis including only those studies using different mesh size and for which the data were corrected by subtracting an estimated mesh size effect based on data from the literature yielded a significantly negative microarthropod effect on litter decomposition. These results cast doubt on the widely accepted hypothesis that microarthropods generally exert a positive effect on litter mass loss. We conclude that after 40 years of litterbag studies our knowledge on the role of microarthropods in litter mass loss remains limited and that the inclusion of a third treatment in future studies is a promising way to retain litterbags as a meaningful tool of soil biological studies. [source] | |||||||||||||