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Third Dimension (third + dimension)
Selected AbstractsExtending Rectangular Metal,Organic Frameworks to the Third Dimension: Discrete Organometallic Boxes for Reversible Trapping of Halocarbons Occurring with Conservation of the Lattice,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 34 2009Ying-Feng Han "Molekulare Splinte" mit Ir- und Rh-Halbsandwichkomplexen als Eckzentren wurden synthetisiert, charakterisiert und als Halogenkohlenwasserstoff-Fänger getestet. Komplex,1 (M=Ir, Rh) erkennt unter Beibehaltung der Kristallinität selektiv CH2Cl2 - und ClCH2CH2Cl-Moleküle. Diese Komplexe gehen bei Lösungsmittelwechsel reversible Einkristall-Einkristall-Umlagerungen ein. [source] Signaling in the third dimension: The peripodial epithelium in eye disc developmentDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2009Mardelle Atkins Abstract The eye-antennal imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster has often been described as an epithelial monolayer with complex signaling events playing out in two dimensions. However, the imaginal disc actually comprises two opposing epithelia (the peripodial epithelium, or PE, and the disc proper, or DP) separated by a lumen to form a sac-like structure. Recent studies expose complex molecular interactions between the PE and the DP, and reveal dynamic communication between the two tissues. Further findings suggest the PE makes important contributions to DP development by acting as a source of signaling molecules as well as cells. Here we summarize those findings and highlight implications for further research. Developmental Dynamics 238:2139,2148, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] How the parallel channels of the retina contribute to depth processingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 5 2007Peter H. Schiller Abstract Reconstructing the third dimension in the visual scene from the two dimensional images that impinge on the retinal surface is one of the major tasks of the visual system. We have devised a visual display that makes it possible to study stereoscopic depth cues and motion parallax cues separately or in concert using rhesus macaques. By varying the spatial frequency of the display and its luminance and chrominance, it is possible to selectively activate channels that originate in the primate retina. Our results show that (i) the parasol system plays a central role in processing motion parallax cues; (ii) the midget system plays a central role in stereoscopic depth perception at high spatial frequencies, and (iii) red/green colour selective neurons can effectively process both cues but blue/yellow neurons cannot do so. [source] Embryonic States of Fluorapatite,Gelatine Nanocomposites and Their Intrinsic Electric-Field-Driven Morphogenesis: The Missing Link on the Way from Atomistic Simulations to Pattern Formation on the MesoscaleADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 22 2009Paul Simon Abstract The shape development of fluorapatite (FAP),gelatine nanocomposites is revealed by means of HRTEM investigations starting from molecular dimensions up to the formation of mesoscaled (elongated) hexagonal prisms. The composite nature of the aggregates is proved by IR spectroscopy and by chemical analyses on all states of shape development. The initial states are characterized by triple-helical fiber protein bundles, which are mineralized step-by-step forming and fixing nanoplatelets of FAP in a mosaic arrangement. After being fully mineralized the bundles form elongated composite nanoboards. In the next step of the growth process the boards aggregate to bundles of boards which are in a more or less parallel alignment with respect to each other. By adding up more and more composite nanoboards a critical size is reached and an electric field is developed, which takes over control and directs the further development of the aggregates. This kind of electric-field-directed growth of the elongated polar nanoboards additionally leads to the formation and inclusion of protein nanofibrils into the growing composite aggregate. By this method, cone-like nanofibril structures develop along the long axis of the aggregates accompanied by more perfect parallel alignment of the composite boards within the aggregates. Further shape development is characterized by adding up composite nanoboards, in particular to increase the third dimension in volume. This thickening process preferably takes place in the middle part of the elongated aggregates and finally proceeds to their basal ends until a perfect hexagonal prismatic seed is formed, which then is ready for further shape development on the micrometer scale. [source] Sexual Harassment as an Exercise of PowerGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 1 2001Fiona Wilson This article argues that the key to the explanation as to why sexual harassment is a feature of organizational life lies in the issue of power. Yet there has been little attempt to link sexual harassment with theories or explanatory models of power. This article first takes Lukes's (1986) three-dimensional model as a framework to explore how harassment may be understood as an exercise of power at different levels then shows how radical feminist and post-structuralist analyses overlap with and are distinct from Lukes's third dimension of power. [source] Splitting methods for high order solution of the incompressible Navier,Stokes equations in 3DINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 10-11 2005Arnim Brüger Abstract The incompressible Navier,Stokes equations are discretized in space by a hybrid method and integrated in time by the method of lines. The solution is determined on a staggered curvilinear grid in two space dimensions and by a Fourier expansion in the third dimension. The space derivatives are approximated by a compact finite difference scheme of fourth-order on the grid. The solution is advanced in time by a semi-implicit method. In each time step, systems of linear equations have to be solved for the velocity and the pressure. The iterations are split into one outer iteration and three inner iterations. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated in a numerical experiment with rotated Poiseuille flow perturbed by Orr,Sommerfeld modes in a channel. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The development of an emotion model based on colour combinationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 2 2006Young-Jin Lee Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an emotion model based on the colour combinations popularly used for interior coordination in Korea. To summarize, the emotion model had the following features: (1) It consisted of three axes named as ,soft,hard' (first dimension), ,light,heavy' (second dimension) and ,splendid,sober' (third dimension). (2) The emotion descriptors were categorized into nine emotion groups and matched with the representing colour combinations. (3) This emotion model had a one-to-multiplicity correspondence structure between the colour combination and the emotion descriptor, whereas most of the previously developed models included only one-to-one correspondence. (4) It was observed that the emotion variable only showed a relatively consistent tendency within the space of the emotion model as the difference in the tone of colour combinations increased or decreased. The emotion model developed in this study can be used as a basis for the determination of local consumers' emotion on colour combinations to support colour planning in the industrial design field relevant to interior coordination. [source] Fast template matching using correlation-based adaptive predictive searchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Shijun Sun Abstract We have developed the Correlation-based Adaptive Predictive Search (CAPS) as a fast search strategy for multidimensional template matching. A 2D template is analyzed, and certain characteristics are computed from its autocorrelation. The extracted information is then used to speed up the search procedure. This method provides a significant improvement in computation time while retaining the accuracy of traditional full-search matching. We have extended CAPS to three and higher dimensions. An example of the third dimension is rotation where rotated targets can be located while again substantially reducing the computational requirements. CAPS can also be applied in multiple steps to further speed up the template matching process. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of 2D, 3D, and multiple-step CAPS algorithms. Compared to the conventional full-search method, we achieved speedup ratios of up to 66.5 and 145 with 2D and 3D CAPS, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 169,178, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10055 [source] Where Does Personality Have Its Influence?JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 6 2008A Supermatrix of Consistency Concepts ABSTRACT An understanding of the nature of personality depends on clear conceptions of consistency. Researchers have applied the term consistency in ambiguous and inconsistent ways over the last half century, which has led to a great deal of confusion and debate over the existence of personality. This article seeks to reframe and extend conceptions of consistency and thus proposes three important ways consistency concepts differ from each other. The first way consistency concepts differ from each other is in the competing determinant of behavior that the consistency is across: time, situation content, or behavior content. The second way consistency concepts differ from each other is in the definition of behavior enactment: single enactment, aggregate enactment, contingent enactment, or patterned enactment. When these two dimensions are crossed with a third dimension,definition of similarity (absolute, relative-position, or ipsative),they create a supermatrix of 36 consistency concepts. Empirical support for each of these 36 consistency concepts, or its failure, has uniquely different implications for the fundamental nature of personality. This supermatrix can serve as a guide for future research aimed at discovering the nature of personality. [source] Speciation of oxidation states of elements by capillary electrophoresisJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 11 2003Marek Trojanowicz Abstract Progress made in the last five years in the application of capillary electrophoresis methods to chemical speciation of elements is reported on the basis of over 100 literature references. The main trends observed include development of new on- and off-capillary derivatization methods, application of new detection methods, and especially coupling of CE separation systems to powerful atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry instruments with various ionization techniques, providing either a sensitive element-specific detection method or a third dimension for high performance separation. Besides numerous CZE and MEKC capillary electrophoresis methods only very few examples of CE speciation with capillary electrochromatography can be found. Concerning the chemical forms of elements determined, the new procedures developed are mostly focused on redox speciation of various oxidation states of elements, metal-bound high molecular compounds, and organometallic species. [source] Dealcrafting: The Substance of Three-Dimensional NegotiationsNEGOTIATION JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002David A. Lax Much of our understanding of negotiation focuses on the process at the table involving a complicated set of interpersonal dynamics and strategies, or a "one-dimensional" approach to the subject. Conceptually independent of one-dimensional process factors is a second dimension of negotiation, "dealcrafting," which focuses on substance in the effort to create joint value. A third dimension of negotiation, involving entrepreneurial moves "away from the table," includes the first two dimensions but offers ways in which negotiators can change the game advantageously. Within this overall 3-D perspective, the second dimension (dealcrafting) calls for a relentless focus on creating maximum value and an equally relentless focus on differences as means to create joint gains. Following their description of the overall 3-D approach, the authors use numerous case examples to illustrate how principles of dealcrafting work in practice. [source] Slice-selective FID acquisition, localized by outer volume suppression (FIDLOVS) for 1H-MRSI of the human brain at 7,T with minimal signal lossNMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 7 2009Anke Henning Abstract In comparison to 1.5 and 3,T, MR spectroscopic imaging at 7,T benefits from signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain and increased spectral resolution and should enable mapping of a large number of metabolites at high spatial resolutions. However, to take full advantage of the ultra-high field strength, severe technical challenges, e.g. related to very short T2 relaxation times and strict limitations on the maximum achievable B1 field strength, have to be resolved. The latter results in a considerable decrease in bandwidth for conventional amplitude modulated radio frequency pulses (RF-pulses) and thus to an undesirably large chemical-shift displacement artefact. Frequency-modulated RF-pulses can overcome this problem; but to achieve a sufficient bandwidth, long pulse durations are required that lead to undesirably long echo-times in the presence of short T2 relaxation times. In this work, a new magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) localization scheme (free induction decay acquisition localized by outer volume suppression, FIDLOVS) is introduced that enables MRSI data acquisition with minimal SNR loss due to T2 relaxation and thus for the first time mapping of an extended neurochemical profile in the human brain at 7,T. To overcome the contradictory problems of short T2 relaxation times and long pulse durations, the free induction decay (FID) is directly acquired after slice-selective excitation. Localization in the second and third dimension and skull lipid suppression are based on a T1 - and B1 -insensitive outer volume suppression (OVS) sequence. Broadband frequency-modulated excitation and saturation pulses enable a minimization of the chemical-shift displacement artefact in the presence of strict limits on the maximum B1 field strength. The variable power RF pulses with optimized relaxation delays (VAPOR) water suppression scheme, which is interleaved with OVS pulses, eliminates modulation side bands and strong baseline distortions. Third order shimming is based on the accelerated projection-based automatic shimming routine (FASTERMAP) algorithm. The striking SNR and spectral resolution enable unambiguous quantification and mapping of 12 metabolites including glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), N -acetyl-aspartatyl-glutamate (NAAG), , -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutathione (GSH). The high SNR is also the basis for highly spatially resolved metabolite mapping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Exploring the third dimension in root resorptionORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2004EKM Chan Structured Abstract Authors , Chan EKM, Darendeliler MA Objective , To review and investigate the validity of various 2D quantitative measurement techniques, and to explore the third dimension of root resorption. Design , A review of the literature involving various quantitative evaluation of root resorption. Results , Quantitative evaluation of resorption using radiographs has proven to be highly inaccurate because of magnification errors and their inability to be readily repeated and reproduced. Studies using histology sections of samples have proven to be laborious and technique sensitive. Inherent parallax errors and loss of material in data transfer have denied the true understanding of this 3D event. Conclusion , With the evolution in computing technology and digital imaging, the vision of evaluating the extent of root resorption in 3D has materialized. It was demonstrated that 3D volumetric quantitative evaluation of root resorption craters was feasible and its accuracy and repeatability was high. [source] Three-Dimensional Power: A Discussion of Steven Lukes' Power: A Radical ViewPOLITICAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2006Keith Dowding Lukes' third dimension of power exists where people are subject to domination and acquiesce in that domination. The intentional stance allows us to predict and explain others' behaviour in ways that those agents may not recognise. It denies agents' privileged access to their own reasons for actions. Using the intentional stance we can understand how agents may acquiesce in their own domination. We can also make distinctions between those who dominate knowingly and those who dominate without realising they do so. It allows us to distinguish morally such cases and to understand the power structure without falling into the Foucaultian trap of seeing all social relationships in the same relativistic light and where all , dominant and dominated alike , are subject to the same power relations and moral responsibility. [source] A three-dimensional heterometallic CuI/VIV 1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane framework: a new insight into the structure of vanadium oxyfluoride coordination hybridsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 9 2010Olena V. Sharga The bitopic ligand 1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane (tr2eth) provides an unprecedented short-distance N1:N2 -triazole bridging of CuI and VIV ions in poly[bis[,4 -1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane]di-,2 -fluorido-tetrafluoridodi-,2 -oxido-dicopper(I)divanadium(IV)], [Cu2V2F6O2(C6H8N6)2]n. The CuI ions and tr2eth linkers afford a two-dimensional square-grid topology involving centrosymmetric (tr)Cu(,-tr)2Cu(tr) [tr is triazole; Cu,N = 1.9525,(16),2.0768,(18),Å] binuclear net nodes, which are expanded in a third dimension by centrosymmetric [V2O2F6]2, pillars. The concerted ,-tr and ,-O bridging between the CuI and VIV ions allows a multi-centre accommodation of the vanadium oxyfluoride moiety on a cationic Cu/tr2eth matrix [Cu,O = 2.1979,(15),Å and V,N = 2.1929,(17),Å]. The distorted octahedral coordination of [VONF4] is completed by two terminal and two bridging F, ions [V,F = 1.8874,(14),1.8928,(13) and 2.0017,(13),2.1192,(12),Å, respectively]. The resulting three-dimensional framework has a primitive cubic net topology and adopts a threefold interpenetration. [source] Herringbone array of hydrogen-bonded ribbons in 2-ethoxybenzamide from high-resolution X-ray powder diffractionACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 11 2009Silvina Pagola In 2-ethoxybenzamide, C9H11NO2, the amide substituents are linked into centrosymmetric head-to-head hydrogen-bonded dimers. Additional hydrogen bonds between adjacent dimers give rise to ribbon-like packing motifs, which extend along the c axis and possess a third dimension caused by twisting of the 2-ethoxyphenyl substituent with respect to the hydrogen-bonded amide groups. The ribbons are arranged in a T-shaped herringbone pattern and cohesion between them is achieved by van der Waals forces. [source] A two-dimensional manganese(II) coordination polymer: poly[[diaquamanganese(II)]-,-4,4-bipyridine-,2N:N,-,-(p -phenylenedioxydiacetato)-,2O:O,]ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 10 2004Shan Gao In the title two-dimensional coordination polymer, [Mn(1,4-BDOA)(4,4-bipy)(H2O)2]n [1,4-BDOA2, is the p -phenylenedioxydiacetate dianion (C10H8O6) and 4,4-bipy is 4,4-bipyridine (C10H8N2)], each MnII atom displays octahedral coordination by two O atoms of the 1,4-BDOA2, groups, two N atoms of the 4,4-bipy ligands and two solvent water molecules. The MnII atom, 4,4-bipy ligand and 1,4-BDOA2, group occupy different inversion centres. Adjacent MnII atoms are bridged by 1,4-BDOA2, groups and 4,4-bipy ligands, forming a two-dimensional network with Mn,Mn separations of 11.592,(2) and 11.699,(2),Å. Hydrogen bonds from a water O,H group link the layers in the third dimension. [source] 1-Deoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-,- d -ribofuranose, its hemihydrate, and 1-deoxy-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-,- d -ribofuranose: structural evidence for intermolecular C,H,F,C interactionsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 2 2000Jan W. Bats The structures of 1-deoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-,- d -ribofuranose in two crystal forms, (Ia) and (Ib) (C11H13FO4), 1-deoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-,- d -ribofuranose hemihydrate, (Ic) (C11H13FO4·0.5H2O) and 1-deoxy-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-,- d -ribofuranose, (II) (C11H12F2O4), show two-dimensional networks of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups. Weak intermolecular C,H,F,C and C,H,,arene interactions complete the packing in the third dimension. The ribofuranose ring has a conformation intermediate between a C1,- exo,C2,- endo twist and a C2,- endo envelope for (Ia) and (Ic), a conformation intermediate between a C2,- endo,C3,- exo twist and a C2,- endo envelope for (Ib) and an unsymmetrical C2,- exo,C3,- endo twist conformation for (II). [source] Spectropolarimetry: probing the third dimensionASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS, Issue 4 2008René Oudmaijer First page of article [source] Woody Pretzels: Spirocycles from Vetiver to Patchouli and Georgywood®CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 6 2008Philip Kraft Abstract This review, including new experimental results, is the summary of a talk at the RSC/SCI conference ,flavours & fragrances 2007' in London, Imperial College, 24,26 September, 2007. Though the third dimension of the receptor models of J.,E. Amoore rarely was exceeding 4,Å, the world of woody odorants such as (+)-cedrol (3; cedarwood), (,)-khusimone (4; vetiver), and (,)-patchoulol (5; patchouli) is anything but flat. Any tricyclic skeleton with a zero-bridge contains a spirocyclic ring system determining its 3D structure, so spirocycles (spira, Lat. pretzel) are the fastest access to the third dimension. In the vetiver family, a spirocyclic mimic 9 of (,)-khusimone (4) was first discovered by chance by Büchi in 1976, and also by chance, we obtained another system, 12, with a characteristic vetiver smell by tandem- Rupe,Nazarov reaction of alkyne diols. A 5-Å distance between a quaternary C-atom and a carbonyl group (or alternative HB acceptor) with an , -methyl or methylene branching is proposed to be the key to their vetiver odor. Upon scale-up of one of these odorants, 24, we discovered a very powerful (0.067,ng/l) impurity with a most typical patchouli scent: the spirocyclic, sterically crowded hydroxy ketone 33 , a most unusual structure for a patchouli odorant. Several spirocyclic hydroxy ketone analogs, also with inverted ring systems such as in 70 and 84, provided new insights into the structure,odor correlation of this family. A superposition analysis indicated the carbonyl function of the hydroxy ketone to overlay on the geminal dimethyl motive of (,)-patchoulol. And indeed, the corresponding hydroxy ketone of patchoulol, 59, synthesized in 13 steps from Cyclal C (63), also emanated a patchouli odor. Finally, the synthesis and olfactory properties of twelve rigid spirocyclic analogs, 95,97, 99,102, and 106,110, of Georgywood® (91) are presented that highlight stereochemical requirements for woody odorants and raise doubts about an , -helical binding motive postulated by Hong and Corey. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||