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Third Country (third + country)
Selected AbstractsAre Geographical Indications a Valid Property Right?DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 5 2009Challenges, Global Trends This article explores what is at stake in the international conflict on geographical indications (GIs), particularly for developing countries. It first examines how the WTO panel has obliged the European Union to open its registration system to third countries and how the ongoing negotiations on GIs seem to be reaching stalemate. Initiatives showing how GIs are a key political and trade issue are identified in Turkey, India, China, Colombia and Ethiopia. Trade negotiation agendas have to handle this new balance of power, in which the reputation accompanying a good may become common. [source] Legal Basis and Scope of the Human Rights Clauses in EC Bilateral Agreements: Any Room for Positive Interpretation?EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2001Elena Fierro It is well known nowadays that the European Community includes a so-called human rights clause into the framework agreements that it concludes with third countries. It is also widely recognised that, in virtue of the relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, such a clause grants the Community a right to suspend the agreement should human rights and/or democratic principles be breached. The question to be explored in the present paper is whether, in the light of its legal basis, the clause fulfils a mere ,negative' or ,sanctioning' function or, by contrast, there is room for the pursuit of positive measures of active promotion of human rights,that is the granting of technical and financial aid. It is argued here that the clauses present an ideal starting point for the pursuit of a comprehensive human rights policy at the EU level. Such a policy should encompass positive measures in the first place, systematic dialogue in the second, and suspension or negative measures of less extent only as ultima ratio in particularly grave cases which cannot be addressed through ordinary (dialogue and aid) routes. [source] A common European foreign policy after Iraq?INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2003Brian Crowe Taking as read the wide range of other instruments that the EU has for international influence (enlargement, aid, trade, association and other arrangements, etc.), the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), under pressure from the Kosovo conflict, has been shaped by two important decisions in 1999: the creation of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) to give the EU a military capability when NATO as a whole is not engaged, and the appointment as the new High Representative for the CFSP of a high-profile international statesman rather than a senior civil servant. A major European effort will still be needed if Europe is to be effective militarily, whether in the EU/ESDP or NATO framework. The management of the CFSP has been held back by the doctrine of the equality of all member states regardless of their actual contribution. This in turn leads to a disconnect between theory (policy run by committee in Brussels) and practice (policy run by the High Representative working with particular member states and other actors, notably the US). It has been difficult for Javier Solana to develop the authority to do this, not in competition with the Commission as so widely and mistakenly believed, as with member states themselves, and particularly successive rotating presidencies. It is important that misdiagnosis does not lead to politically correct solutions that end up with the cure worse than the disease. Ways need to be found to assure to the High Representative the authority to work with third countries and with the member states making the real contribution, while retaining the support of all. Then, with its own military capability, the EU can have a CFSP that is the highest common factor rather than the lowest common denominator, with member states ready to attach enough priority to the need for common policies to give Europeans a strong influence in the big foreign policy issues of the day. [source] An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging, Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labelling): presentation and commentsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Summary This review aims at providing an update of the current European Union (EU) Regulations and Directives on food-related issues. Initially, a brief presentation of EU legislation in terms of structure (horizontal, vertical) was attempted. EU Regulations and Directives were classified into the following categories: food safety (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, pesticides, radioactive, hormones, contaminants, freezing , ionisation, food additives, flavourings, packaging), genetically modified organisms, food quality, labelling, food products of plant or animal origin, imports from third countries. Apart from a synoptical presentation of all laws related to the above-mentioned topics, proper tables were compiled where the main points of each law are cited in conjunction with its effect on previous laws (repeal, modification, amendments, replacement). In such a way the reader can rapidly acquire a first approach to the topic of his interest. [source] Front and Back Covers, Volume 23, Number 1.ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Issue 1 2007February 200 Front and back cover caption, volume 23 issue 1 Front cover A Dutch participant in the reality television series Groeten uit de rimboe, in which Dutch and Belgian families immerse themselves in the daily life of the world's ,most primitive tribes'. Some time afterwards, their hosts pay a return visit to experience life in Europe, screened on television in the sequel Groeten terug. The two series have been subject to heated debate in the Dutch media, having been both lauded as unpretentious entertainment and condemned as unethical ,popular anthropology'. The attention of Myrna Eindhoven, Laurens Bakker and Gerard Persoon was first drawn to the series when a family was sent to Mentawai, where all three have done fieldwork. While they themselves are critical of the unashamed focus on entertainment, they became intrigued by the reactions of other anthropologists to the series. Here they connect this case from the Netherlands to the ongoing debate on ,popular anthropology' in ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, triggered by the UK series Tribe. Dutch anthropologists have mostly dismissed the series as ,not anthropology', criticizing it as exploitative and as ethnocentric. But do anthropologists have the authority to define ,popular anthropology'? How do we come to terms with blatant commercialization of our fieldwork sites, and their conversion into exotic locations for popular entertainment? Back cover NATION-BUILDING IN EAST TIMOR East Timor celebrates its Independence Day on 20 May each year. The day forms the backdrop for the largest annual encounter between the political centre and the periphery. In this photo, an elder (katuas) member of Fretilin, the largest political party, blends traditional and modern at the Independence Day celebrations in the capital, Dili, in 2005. As an exemplar of the United Nations' capacity for ,nation-building', the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (or ,East Timor' as it is more popularly known) developed into something of a ,poster boy' for the United Nations from the day it became a sovereign nation on 20 May 2002. But in April 2006, some months after the last remaining UN staff had left, violence in the streets of the capital began to undermine social and political stability, resulting in the overthrow of prime minister Mari Alkatiri. Under the more engaged leadership of his successor, José Ramos-Horta, the threat of unrest has abated to some extent. Nevertheless, the country faces an array of serious problems , political, social and economic. In his article in this issue, David Hicks draws on his anthropological fieldwork to highlight the widening gap between the ,centre' and the ,periphery'. Hicks argues that the former embodies the institutions and quasi-Western values professed by the national leaders in Dili, while the latter centres around the traditional, largely indigenous values of the country's local communities, who comprise the overwhelming majority of the population. Although already latent before the United Nations left, this widening divergence in values is eroding the political integrity of the first nation-state to become a member of the United Nations in the 21st century, and if it continues to grow, will call into question the ability of the United Nations to ,manufacture' nation-states. Anthropology has an important role to play in highlighting and analysing the implications of grassroots discrepancies between local populations and political elites. More than this, it has a role to play in confronting the international community with the ethical and other consequences of its increasingly regular interventions in third countries. [source] Union Citizenship,Metaphor or Source of Rights?EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2001Norbert Reich After nearly ten years of introducing Union Citizenship as a concept into Community law it seems time to draw a preliminary evaluation of its importance in reshaping the legal and social positions of citizens living in the EU, more precisely in its Member States. The balance sheet is however mixed: On the one hand, the prevalent position in legal doctrine seems to be that Union citizenship is merely a derived condition of nationality, while on the other side certain fundamental rights are based on criteria other than citizenship/nationality alone. The European Charter on Fundamental Rights will not overcome this dilemma. This can be shown in conflictual areas which are in the centre of discusion in the paper, namely the (limited!) use of the concept of citizenship to extend existing free movement rights in the new case law of the Court of Justice, the resistance towards granting ,quasi-citizenship' rights to third country nationals lawfully resident in the Union for a longer period of time, and the yet unsolved problem of imposing ,implied duties' based on a doctrine of ,abus de droit' upon citizens paralleling the rights granted to them. As a conclusion the author is of the opinion that the question asked for in the title can be answered in the positive only to a limited extent. Citizenship appears to be a sleeping fairy princess still be be kissed awake by the direct effect of Community law. [source] A Structural Investigation of Third-Currency Shocks to Bilateral Exchange Rates,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 1 2008Martin Melecky An exchange rate between two currencies can be materially affected by shocks emerging from a third country. A US demand shock, for example, can affect the exchange rate between the euro and the yen. Because positive US demand shocks have a greater positive impact on Japanese interest rates than on euro area rates, the yen appreciates against the euro in response. Using quarterly data on the United States, the euro area and Japan from 1981 to 2006, this paper shows that the third-currency effects are significant even when exchange rates evolve according to uncovered interest parity. This is because interest rates are typically set in response to output and inflation, which are in turn influenced by other exchange rates. More importantly, third-currency effects are also transmitted to the actual exchange rate through the expected future exchange rate, which is, in a multi-country set-up, influenced by third-countries' fundamentals and shocks. Third-currency effects have a stronger impact on the currency of a relatively more open economy. The analysis implies that small open economies should avoid strict forms of bilateral exchange rate targeting, since higher trade and financial openness work as a force intrinsically amplifying currency fluctuations. [source] Asian Transnational Families in New Zealand: Dynamics and ChallengesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2008Elsie Ho Since the 1990s, Asia has emerged as the major contributor of migration flows into New Zealand. Settler migration, tourism, international business and more recently, international education make up the diverse flows of Asian peoples into the country. This paper explores the changing dynamics of Asian transnational families over the last two decades, with a special focus on the experiences of young people within these families. In the early 1990s, bi-local families were commonly known as "astronaut" families, in which one or both parents returned to their countries of origin to work, leaving their children to be educated in New Zealand. Over time the structures of these families have changed, as many young migrants relocated back to their former homeland or re-migrated to a third country, while "astronaut parents" rejoined their spouses either in the origin or destination. More recently, the educational migration of international students from countries in Asia has given rise to another form of transnational family, in which young people enter New Zealand as international students and some subsequently become residents. In this paper, the experiences of these young people are explored within the wider context of family strategies for maximising benefits through spatially extended networks on the one hand, and government initiatives and immigration policy changes that have been taking place in New Zealand since the 1990s on the other. Familles transnationales asiatiques en Nouvelle-Zélande: dynamique et défis Depuis les années 1990, les Asiatiques occupent la première place dans les flux migratoires à destination de la Nouvelle-Zélande. La migration d'établissement, le tourisme, le commerce international et plus récemment, l'enseignement international composent les différents flux de populations asiatiques dans le pays. Le présent article explore la dynamique évolutive des familles transnationales asiatiques depuis ces vingt dernières années, en mettant l'accent sur les expériences des jeunes au sein de ces familles. Au début des années 90, les familles bilocales étaient communément appelées familles « astronautes », dans lesquelles un parent ou les deux rentrai(en)t dans leur pays d'origine pour travailler, laissant leurs enfants suivre un enseignement en Nouvelle-Zélande. Au fil du temps, les structures de ces familles se sont modifiées, car beaucoup de jeunes migrants sont retournés s'installer dans leur ancien pays d'origine ou ont émigré vers un autre pays, alors que les « parents astronautes » ont rejoint leur conjoint dans le pays d'origine ou de destination. Plus récemment, la migration scolaire d'étudiants étrangers originaires de pays asiatiques a donné lieu à une autre forme de famille transnationale, dans laquelle les jeunes entrent en Nouvelle-Zélande en tant qu'étudiants étrangers, et deviennent ensuite résidents , pour certains d'entre eux au moins. Dans cet article, les expériences de ces jeunes sont explorées dans le contexte plus large des stratégies familiales visant à tirer le maximum d'avantages possible, d'une part grâce à des réseaux plus étendus dans l'espace et, d'autre part, grâce aux initiatives prises par les gouvernements et aux changements apportés par la Nouvelle-Zélande à sa politique d'immigration depuis les années 90. Familias asiáticas transnacionales en Nueva Zelandia: Dinámica y retos Desde los años noventa, Asia se ha convertido en uno de los principales contribuyentes a los flujos migratorios hacia Nueva Zelandia. La migración con fines de asentamiento, de turismo, de negocios internacionales y, recientemente, de realizar estudios en el extranjero, componen los diversos flujos de asiáticos que se dirigen a ese país. En este artículo se examina la dinámica cambiante de las familias transnacionales asiáticas en los últimos veinte años, haciendo hincapié en las experiencias de los jóvenes de estas familias. A principios de los años noventa, las familias bi-locales se denominaban comúnmente "familias astronautas" puesto que uno de los padres o los dos retornaban al país de origen para trabajar, dejando a sus hijos en Nueva Zelandia para que prosiguieran sus estudios. Con el correr del tiempo, las estructuras de estas familias fueron cambiando, puesto que muchos jóvenes emigrantes volvieron a sus países de origen o emigraron hacia terceros países mientras que "los progenitores astronautas" se reunieron con sus cónyuges, ya sea en el país de origen o de destino. Últimamente, la inmigración de estudiantes provenientes de países de Asia, ha propiciado otra forma de familia transnacional, en la que algunos de los jóvenes que ingresan a Nueva Zelandia como estudiantes terminan convirtiéndose en residentes. En este artículo, se examinan las experiencias de estos jóvenes en el contexto de estrategias familiares más amplias para alentar al máximo los beneficios mediante, por un lado, extensas redes espaciales y, por otro, iniciativas gubernamentales y cambios en políticas de inmigración, que se están llevando a cabo en Nueva Zelandia desde los años noventa. [source] Lessons from the Past: The First Wave of Developmental Assistance to North Korea and the German Reconstruction of HamhùngPACIFIC FOCUS, Issue 1 2008Rüdiger Frank North Korea is currently a receiver of substantial international economic support, but not for the first time in its history. This article seeks to shed some light on a largely unknown instance of multilateral aid and assistance to North Korea provided by the socialist camp in the 1950s. Based on research in archives and the analysis of trade data and contemporary media reports, the focus is mainly on the contribution of East Germany to the reconstruction of the North Korean city of Hamhùng. It is argued that this relatively well documented and completed case provides a number of highly relevant conclusions for the current, ongoing debate on engagement with North Korea. Comparing two historically distinct "waves" of assistance to the same country provides new analytical insights if contrasted with the usual approach of using assistance to a third country as the point of reference. There is evidence that North Korea might be applying the same tactics as five decades ago, while the international community faces the danger of repeating old mistakes. Moreover, history provides a hitherto underestimated rationale for the nuclear program, one that might require the international community to develop very different strategies from the ones applied so far. [source] PROFIT TAX AND FIRM MOBILITY IN A THREE-COUNTRY MODELAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2010WATARU JOHDO We construct a three-country model that incorporates international relocation by imperfectly competitive firms and examine both the effects of each country's profit tax reduction on the consumption and welfare of all countries, and the incentive for the countries to decrease the profit tax. In such a model, both the terms of trade and international relocation of firms offer the key to understanding the impacts of one country's profit tax policy. In particular, we note that the relocation of firms from the other two countries is positively related to the wage incomes of the third country through a shift in labour demand, and the terms-of-trade improvement is not only positively related to the wage incomes, but also negatively related to profit incomes through a shift in world consumption demand. We show that (i) in a three-country world economy, regardless of the reduction's source, the profit tax reduction of each country leads to relocation of firms away from foreign countries toward its own economy and deteriorates the terms of trade of its economy and (ii) this becomes a ,beggar-thy-neighbour' policy in the sense that it lowers the welfare of the other foreign countries. [source] LABOUR MOBILITY AND TRANS-TASMAN CURRENCY UNION,AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2006ADAM CREIGHTONArticle first published online: 7 MAR 200 The prospect of a common currency for Australia and New Zealand has been canvassed by senior poli-ticians and bureaucrats, and has been the subject of academic debate. According to Mundell (1961), a high degree of internal labour mobility is a desirable feature of currency unions. This study looks at the extent to which long-term migration between Australia and New Zealand responds to output shocks. Estimated VAR models and panel Granger-causality tests demonstrate that shocks to relative per capita output have a significant and symmetrical impact on migration flows between Australia and New Zealand, and most of the impact is felt after about one year. Separating the shocks to Australia and New Zealand shows that ,pull' effects are more important than ,push' effects. Additionally, the trajectory of the Australian economy proves particularly influential for the choice of New Zealand emigrants. Although permanent migration responds intuitively to the state of the economy in Australia and New Zealand, the level of these migration flows is low in comparison to Australian inter-state migration; yet it is high in relation to any third country. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||