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Thoracic Duct (thoracic + duct)
Selected AbstractsNew method for evaluation of lung lymph flow rate with intact lymphatics in anaesthetized sheepACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 2 2006T. Naito Abstract Aim:, Lung lymph has commonly been studied using a lymph fistula created by tube cannulation into the efferent duct of the caudal mediastinal node in sheep. In this method, the tail region of the caudal mediastinal node is resected and the diaphragm is cauterized to exclude systemic lymph contamination, and cannulation is performed into one of the multiple efferent ducts originating from the caudal mediastinal node. Moreover, the pumping activity of lymphatics might be diminished by cannulation. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the flow rate of lung lymph with maintenance of intact lymphatic networks around the caudal mediastinal node to the thoracic duct in sheep. Methods:, An ultrasound transit-time flow meter was used to measure lung lymph flow. The thoracic duct was clamped just above the diaphragm and the flow probe was attached to the thoracic duct just after the last junction with an efferent duct from the caudal mediastinal node. The lung lymph flow rate was measured at baseline and under conditions of lung-oedema formation. Results:, The baseline lung lymph flow rate in our model was three- to sixfold greater than values obtained with the cannulation method. With oedema-formation, the lung lymph flow rate was the same as that measured using cannulation. Conclusion:, The lung lymph flow was unexpectedly large under the conditions of the study, and our data suggest that the drainage effect of lymphatics is significant as a safety factor against pulmonary oedema formation. [source] Chylous effusions complicating lymphoma: a serious event with octreotide as a treatment optionHEMATOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2003J. Evans Abstract Chylous effusions have an identical appearance to milk and occur when the thoracic duct is blocked. Since chyle represents direct absorption of fat from the small intestine lacteals, it is rich in fat, calories, vitamins and immunoglobulins. Drainage of this milk-like fluid from any cavity (chest or abdomen) results in rapid weight loss and profound cachexia. The recognition of this milk-like fluid as chyle is urgent for the implementation of the correct treatment. In adults, lymphoma is one of the commonest malignancies to cause blockages in the thoracic duct. Once the diagnosis is made, conservative treatment with strict dietary adjustment often fails to prevent weight loss or resolve the underlying cause. Since the condition is uncommon, no guidelines exist. Many surgeons recommend early surgical intervention before the patient becomes too weak. Surgery may also fail. We report the case of a 62-year-old man with chylous effusions and a weight loss of 30,kg. The nature of the effusion was unrecognized for the first 16 weeks. Upon diagnosis, dietary adjustment was made and a lymphangiogram organized with a view to surgery. Literature searches revealed two cases in which somatostatin was used after surgical procedures failed. We therefore used octreotide (a synthetic analogue of somatostatin). We report complete resolution of the condition within 72,h leading to the resumption of a normal diet and discharge within 2 weeks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Morphological features and clinical feasibility of thoracic duct: Detection with nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 TJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 1 2010Yu De-xin MD Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the detection of the thoracic duct using nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the influence of some related disorders on the lymphatic duct. Materials and Methods: Highly fluid-sensitive sequence and fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (FS-T2WI) were performed in a total of 139 cases. The axial and coronal images were used to locate the thoracic duct and the measurement and evaluation of its dimensions were performed using a 3D maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction image. The differences in the dimensions among control, portal hypertension, and common bile duct obstruction groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The cisterna chyli was shown in 91% of cases on FS-T2WI, while the thoracic duct appeared in 70% of the MIP images. The common configuration of the cisterna chyli was tubular or saccular in 73%. Eighty thoracic ducts had a slight turn declining to the left at the level of T8,10. There was a significant difference in the transverse diameter of the thoracic duct between the portal hypertension group and other groups (F = 5.638, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Nonenhanced MRI is feasible for locating and depicting the morphological features of the thoracic duct. Portal hypertension may influence the dimension of the thoracic duct. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:94,100. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A novel technique of management of high output chyle leak after neck dissectionJOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Sajid S. Qureshi MS Abstract The occurrence of postoperative chyle leak after neck dissection or vascular surgery of the subclavian and vertebral artery is a well-known but rare complication. The management of chyle leak ranges from utilizing a myriad of conservative procedures to surgical exploration. Occasionally on surgical exploration the chyle leak is diffuse and ligation of the bed of thoracic duct is not adroit to stopping the chyle leak. We describe a technique, which will be useful in this circumstance and in recurrent chyle leak after a previous exploration. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:176,177. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Regional Variations of Contractile Activity in Isolated Rat LymphaticsMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 6 2004ANATOLIY A. GASHEV ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate lymphatic contractile activity in different regions of the lymphatic system in a single animal model (the rat thoracic duct, mesenteric, cervical, and femoral lymphatics) in response to changes in lymph pressure and flow. Methods: The systolic and diastolic diameters of isolated, cannulated, and pressurized lymphatic vessels were measured. Contraction frequency, ejection fraction, and fractional pump flow were determined. The influences of incrementally increased transmural pressure (from 1 to 9 cm H2O) and imposed flow (from 1 to 5 cm H2O transaxial pressure gradient) were investigated. Results: The authors determined regional differences in lymphatic contractility in response to pressure and imposed flow. They found the highest pumping (at the optimal pressure levels) in mesenteric lymphatics and lowest pumping in thoracic duct. All lymphatics had their optimal pumping conditions at low levels of transmural pressure. Different degrees of the flow-induced inhibition of the pump were observed in the different types of lymphatics. During high flow, the active lymph pumps in thoracic duct and cervical lymphatics were almost completely abolished, whereas mesenteric and femoral lymphatics still exhibited significant active pumping. Conclusions: The active lymph pumps in different regions of the rat body express variable relative strengths and sensitivities that are predetermined by different hydrodynamic factors and regional outflow resistances in their respective locations. [source] Histochemical analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells in lymphostasisMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 2 2001Rui-Cheng Ji Abstract The ultrastructure of endothelial cells of intestinal lymphatics and the thoracic duct (TD) and the relation to lymphostasis were examined in rats and monkeys. Localization of 5,-nucleotidase (5,-Nase) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was studied. In normal lymphatic endothelial cells, 5,-Nase reaction product was evenly deposited on the cell surface in vivo and on cultured TD endothelial cells (TDECs), whereas eNOS was evenly distributed throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. TDECs had a long filamentous process extending towards the subendothelial extracellular matrix but became flat and regular within 30,40 minutes after gastric perfusion with olive oil. According to their electron-density, two types of cells were found in the TD endothelial layer. The cells with low electron-density exhibited stronger 5,-Nase activity. Valves were bicuspid formations and the valvular endothelial surface of the convex side showed weaker 5,-Nase activity than the concave side. During TD blockage-induced lymphostasis in rats, the 5,-Nase product was almost not discernible in the TDECs within 2 weeks. Larger vesicles were found in the endothelial cytoplasm of the ligated TD. Their number decreased after 6,12 weeks. The small intestinal lymphatics in the mucosa and submucosa were dilated, with numerous open intercellular junctions. The endothelial lining appeared to have reduced activities for 5,-Nase and eNOS in 9 of 11 experimental animals. The results indicated that the inability of the open intercellular junctions, normally working as one-way endothelial flap valves, may be a key morphological feature after TD blockage. Reduced eNOS and 5,-Nase may functionally influence contractile activity and transport capability of the lymphatic vessels in the lymphostasis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:70,80, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] One technique, two approaches, and results: Thoracic duct cannulation in small laboratory animalsMICROSURGERY, Issue 3 2003Mihai Ionac M.D., Ph.D. Experimental studies in immunology, pharmacology, or hematology require the sampling of the total thoracic duct lymph in awake and unrestrained rats or mice. Several approaches have been described for cannulation of the thoracic duct, but they are characterized by a modest reproducibility and a low lymph flow rate. An improved technique for obtaining thoracic duct lymph is described here, emphasizing the similarities and differences concerning both rats and mice (average weights of 305 and 15 g, respectively). Rats yielded a mean of 55.6 ml/day thoracic duct lymph, while lymph output in mice reached unexpected volumes of 29.3 ml/day. The use of an operating microscope and silicone cannula, and maintenance of mobility of the animals during lymph collection, offer a reliable method for a high and constant output of thoracic duct lymph. Relevant aspects of the murine thoracic duct anatomy are also identified. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 23:239,245 2003 [source] Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia: A case report of thoracic duct agenesisPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Marc Antonetti MD Abstract We present a 17-year-old Caucasian male with congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia and an absent thoracic duct. This patient is unique as he did not present with the disorder until age 9.5 years. Since his initial presentation he has had recurrent chylothoraces and has been treated symptomatically. We discuss the possible implications of his disorder as well as some of the limited treatment that is available. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:184,186. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Outcomes of Heimlich valve drainage in dogsAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009H Salci Objective and design Retrospective study of the outcomes of Heimlich valve drainage in dogs. Procedure Medical records of the past 3 years were retrospectively reviewed. Heimlich valve drainage was used in 34 dogs (median body weight 30 ± 5 kg): lobectomy (n = 15), pneumonectomy (n = 9), intrathoracic oesophageal surgery (n = 2), diaphragmatic hernia repair (n = 1), traumatic open pneumothorax (n = 2), bilobectomy (n = 2), ligation of the thoracic duct (n = 1), and chylothorax and pneumothorax (n = 1 each). Evacuation of air and/or fluid from the pleural cavity was performed with the Heimlich valve following thoracostomy tube insertion. During drainage, the dogs were closely monitored for possible respiratory failure. Termination of Heimlich valve drainage was controlled with underwater seal drainage and assessed with thoracic radiography. Results Negative intrathoracic pressure was provided in 29 dogs without any complications. Post pneumonectomy respiratory syncope and post lobectomy massive hemothorax, which did not originate from the Heimlich valve, were the only postoperative complications. Dysfunction of the valve diaphragm, open pneumothorax and intrathoracic localisation of an acute gastric dilatation,volvulus syndrome caused by a left-sided diaphragmatic hernia following pneumonectomy were the Heimlich valve drainage complications. Conclusions The Heimlich valve can be used as a continuous drainage device in dogs, but the complications reported here should be considered by veterinary practitioners. [source] Morphological features and clinical feasibility of thoracic duct: Detection with nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 TJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 1 2010Yu De-xin MD Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the detection of the thoracic duct using nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the influence of some related disorders on the lymphatic duct. Materials and Methods: Highly fluid-sensitive sequence and fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (FS-T2WI) were performed in a total of 139 cases. The axial and coronal images were used to locate the thoracic duct and the measurement and evaluation of its dimensions were performed using a 3D maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction image. The differences in the dimensions among control, portal hypertension, and common bile duct obstruction groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The cisterna chyli was shown in 91% of cases on FS-T2WI, while the thoracic duct appeared in 70% of the MIP images. The common configuration of the cisterna chyli was tubular or saccular in 73%. Eighty thoracic ducts had a slight turn declining to the left at the level of T8,10. There was a significant difference in the transverse diameter of the thoracic duct between the portal hypertension group and other groups (F = 5.638, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Nonenhanced MRI is feasible for locating and depicting the morphological features of the thoracic duct. Portal hypertension may influence the dimension of the thoracic duct. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:94,100. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Establishment of Rat Lymphatic Endothelial Cell LineMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 2 2003Risuke Mizuno ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to establish a rat lymphatic endothelial cell line and then to investigate the morphological and immunohistochemical properties of the cells. Methods: The lymphatic endothelial cells of rat thoracic ducts were isolated enzymatically by trypsin digestion and were cultured in endothelium growth medium (EGM)-2 in an atmosphere of low oxygen (5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2) or high oxygen (21% O2, 5% CO2, and 74% N2). Results: The number of the cells cultured in the low-oxygen atmosphere was significantly larger than that obtained in the high-oxygen atmosphere. The cultured cells in the low-oxygen atmosphere showed a monolayer with uniform cobblestone appearance, suggesting the morphological properties of endothelial cells. Factor VIII-related antigen and cell surface carbohydrates (i.e., D-galactose , and D- N -acetylgalactosamine ,) were found on the lymphatic cultured cells. The phagocytosis of 1,1-diocadecyl1-3,3,3,,3,-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein also was observed in the cultured cells. The cytoskeleton protein F-actin was located on the plasma membrane of the cultured cells as circumferential thin bundles and in the cytoplasma as filamentous bundles. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the choice of EGM-2 as a culture medium and the hypoxic atmosphere (,5%) enabled us to establish rat lymphatic endothelial cell line. [source] | ||||||||||