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Test Liquids (test + liquid)
Selected AbstractsSonographic examination of the oral phase of swallowing: Bolus image enhancementJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 2 2002Michael J. Casas DDS Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of 4 liquid boluses to enhance pixel brightness and the ease with which the boluses could be identified during the sonographic evaluation of oral swallowing in healthy young adults. Methods Ten healthy adult volunteers (5 men and 5 women), ranging in age from 21 to 31 years, underwent sonographic evaluation of the oral phase of swallowing while sitting in their usual feeding position. We compared the ability of the 4 following liquids to improve sonographic visualization of swallowing with that of water: a carbonated cola beverage, 5.0 ml of Thick-It in 120 ml of water, 2.5 ml of Thick-It in 120 ml of water, and 7.5 ml of confectioners' sugar in 120 ml of water. Water was used as a control. In each case, 5 ml of the liquid was introduced into the subject's oral cavity using a syringe, and the subject was instructed to swallow. Digitized still images and recorded video sequences of sonographic examinations of the swallowing were analyzed. The brightness of the bolus image on selected digitized video frames was measured digitally using Image Analyst software. Pixel brightness within selected regions of interest for each of the test liquids was statistically compared with that for water. Seven clinicians rated the visualization of each test liquid and water on paired sonographic videotape sequences. These ratings and the level of agreement between them were statistically tested. Results Only the carbonated cola beverage demonstrated statistically greater pixel brightness than that of water on digitized video frames (p = 0.01), whereas both cola (with a moderate inter-rater agreement, , = 0.50) and 5.0 ml Thick-It mixed with 120 ml of water (with a fair inter-rater agreement, , = 0.24) were significantly better visualized on sonographic video sequences. Conclusions The digital still-frame analysis confirmed the clinicians' ratings of bolus visualization on real-time sonography, but dynamic sonography is more important than still frames in assessing sonographic swallow media because the dynamic images more closely parallel what is seen in clinical practice. Future investigations of sonographic contrast agents for use in the examination of the oral phase of swallowing should use both static digital (still-frame) and dynamic (real-time) assessment methods, as well as expert reviewers. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:83,87, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10034 [source] A MOUSE MODEL FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INGESTED NUTRIENTS ON GASTRIC EMPTYING RATECLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1-2 2007Erin L Symonds SUMMARY 1The nutrient content of meals can affect the rate of gastric emptying. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the gastric emptying breath test could detect nutrient-induced delays in gastric emptying. 2Following ingestion of a non-nutrient, carbohydrate- or lipid-containing liquid, mice were placed into chambers and breath samples were collected at intervals. Analysis of the rate of 13CO2 excretion allowed the calculation of gastric half-excretion time. 3Gastric half-excretion time was significantly delayed by the incorporation of carbohydrate or lipid into the test liquid. 4The present study has shown that the breath test is sensitive enough to detect changes induced by altering the nutrient and caloric content of test meals. [source] Wettability investigations on the cellulosic surface of alfa fibersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008N. Bohli Abstract A wettability study was performed on samples of alfa fibers with the Wilhelmy plate technique. The set of test liquids employed in the measurement of the contact angles was composed of water, heptane, diiodomethane, ,-bromonaphthalene, and formamide. During their first immersion in high-surface-energy test liquids, the alfa fibers showed anisotropic behavior: they had an advancing contact angle of 67 ± 6° in one orientation of immersion and an angle of 112 ± 9.5° in the opposite one. Optical microscopy revealed the existence of fibrils on the alfa-fiber surface. They kept almost the same orientation and were responsible for the interesting hydrophobic/hydrophilic behavior of the fibers. Contact angle measurements and investigations of the hysteresis were also performed. The various results were examined according to the heterogeneities of the fibers. The surface energy of the alfa fibers was determined with three theoretical models: the geometric model, the Good,Van Oss,Chaudhury model, and the Chang model. A comparative study of these models was undertaken. The study of the wetting properties of alfa fibers will provide essential information for optimized composites and so will help us in choosing the right chemical treatment necessary to enhance adhesion in alfa-fiber-based composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Sonographic examination of the oral phase of swallowing: Bolus image enhancementJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 2 2002Michael J. Casas DDS Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of 4 liquid boluses to enhance pixel brightness and the ease with which the boluses could be identified during the sonographic evaluation of oral swallowing in healthy young adults. Methods Ten healthy adult volunteers (5 men and 5 women), ranging in age from 21 to 31 years, underwent sonographic evaluation of the oral phase of swallowing while sitting in their usual feeding position. We compared the ability of the 4 following liquids to improve sonographic visualization of swallowing with that of water: a carbonated cola beverage, 5.0 ml of Thick-It in 120 ml of water, 2.5 ml of Thick-It in 120 ml of water, and 7.5 ml of confectioners' sugar in 120 ml of water. Water was used as a control. In each case, 5 ml of the liquid was introduced into the subject's oral cavity using a syringe, and the subject was instructed to swallow. Digitized still images and recorded video sequences of sonographic examinations of the swallowing were analyzed. The brightness of the bolus image on selected digitized video frames was measured digitally using Image Analyst software. Pixel brightness within selected regions of interest for each of the test liquids was statistically compared with that for water. Seven clinicians rated the visualization of each test liquid and water on paired sonographic videotape sequences. These ratings and the level of agreement between them were statistically tested. Results Only the carbonated cola beverage demonstrated statistically greater pixel brightness than that of water on digitized video frames (p = 0.01), whereas both cola (with a moderate inter-rater agreement, , = 0.50) and 5.0 ml Thick-It mixed with 120 ml of water (with a fair inter-rater agreement, , = 0.24) were significantly better visualized on sonographic video sequences. Conclusions The digital still-frame analysis confirmed the clinicians' ratings of bolus visualization on real-time sonography, but dynamic sonography is more important than still frames in assessing sonographic swallow media because the dynamic images more closely parallel what is seen in clinical practice. Future investigations of sonographic contrast agents for use in the examination of the oral phase of swallowing should use both static digital (still-frame) and dynamic (real-time) assessment methods, as well as expert reviewers. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:83,87, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10034 [source] | ||||||||||