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Terminology Used (terminology + used)
Selected AbstractsAn Assessment of the Terminology Used by Diplomates and Students to Describe the Character of Equine Mitral and Aortic Valve Regurgitant Murmurs: Correlations with the Physical Properties of the SoundsJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2003Jonathan M. Naylor Twenty students and 16 diplomates listened to 7 recordings made from 7 horses with either aortic (n = 3) or mitral valve (n = 4) regurgitant murmurs. A total of 30 different terms were used to describe the character of these murmurs. However, only 4 terms were used in a repeatable and consistent manner. Most people described the character of a given mitral or aortic valve murmur with 1 or 2 terms. Diplomates drew from a pool of terms that was about half the size of that used by students,.1 ±2.0 terms for diplomats (mean ±1 SD) versus 13.1 ±1.8 terms for students (P < .001). Only blowing, honking, buzzing, and musical were markedly associated with the recording played. Frequency analysis of the murmurs allowed them to be classified as containing harmonics (n = 4) or not containing harmonics (n = 3). Blowing was used to describe murmurs without harmonics on 39 of 48 occasions and corresponds to the term noisy used in some older descriptions of equine murmurs. Honking, musical, and buzzing were markedly associated with murmurs that contained harmonics; these terms were used 23, 13, and 12 of a possible 64 times, respectively. The frequency of buzzing and honking murmurs (72.7 ±9.3 and 88.4 ±46.3 Hz, respectively) was markedly lower than that of musical murmurs (156.8 ±81.1 Hz) (all P values <.01). Honking murmurs (0.392 ±0.092 seconds) were shorter than those described as buzzing or musical (0.496 ±0.205 and 0.504 ±0.116 seconds, respectively). The data suggest that the terminology for the character of aortic and mitral regurgitant murmurs should be restricted to 4 terms: blowing, honking, buzzing, and musical. Honking, buzzing, and musical describe murmurs with a peak dominant frequency and harmonics; blowing describes murmurs without a peak frequency. Effective communication could be enhanced by playing examples of reference sounds when these terms are taught so that nomenclature is used more uniformly. Key words: Cardiac; Heart; Learning; Meaning. [source] Review of non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department: clinical considerations and management prioritiesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 23 2009Louise Rose Aims and objectives., We aimed to synthesise evidence from published literature on non-invasive ventilation to inform nurses involved in the clinical management of non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department. Background., Non-invasive ventilation is a form of ventilatory support that does not require endotracheal intubation and is used in the early management of acute respiratory failure in emergency departments. Safe delivery of this intervention requires a skilled team, educated and experienced in appropriate patient selection, available devices and monitoring priorities. Design., Systematic review. Method., A multi-database search was performed to identify works published in the English language between 1998,2008. Search terms included: non-invasive ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure and emergency department. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review were identified and systematically applied. Results., Terminology used to describe aspects of non-invasive ventilation is ambiguous. Two international guidelines inform the delivery of this intervention, however, much research has been undertaken since these publications. Strong evidence exists for non-invasive ventilation for patients with acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Non-invasive ventilation may be delivered with various interfaces and modes; little evidence is available for the superiority of individual interfaces or modes. Conclusions., Early use of non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute respiratory failure may reduce mortality and morbidity. Though international guidelines exist, specific recommendations to guide the selection of modes, settings or interfaces for various aetiologies are lacking due to the absence of empirical evidence. Relevance to clinical practice., Monitoring of non-invasive ventilation should focus on assessment of response to treatment, respiratory and haemodynamic stability, patient comfort and presence of air leaks. Complications are related to mask-fit and high air flows; serious complications are few and occur infrequently. The use of non-invasive ventilation has resource implications that must be considered to provide effective and safe management in the emergency department. [source] Cultivar preference exhibited by two sympatric and genetically distinct populations of the soybean fungal pathogen Phialophora gregata f.sp. sojaePLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005X. Meng Phialophora gregata f.sp. sojae, a soilborne vascular pathogen causing brown stem rot of soybean, has been divided into A and B populations based on variation in the intergenic spacer region of nuclear rDNA (rDNA marker). The A and B populations correlate with defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes, respectively. In this study, eight additional polymorphic anonymous marker loci (five inter simple sequence repeat loci and three long-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA loci) were identified and applied to a total of 189 isolates. Alleles of these eight loci were invariant within, but different between the A and B populations, providing further evidence that the rDNA marker identifies genetically distinct populations. The two populations were sympatric, residing not only in the same field, but also in the same plants under field conditions. Representative strains of the two populations, when used individually in inoculations, infected both resistant cv. Bell and susceptible cv. Sturdy. However, when the same representatives of the two populations were mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio and used as a mixed inoculum in a competitive bioassay, differential cultivar preference was revealed using PCR detection of populations in infected plants. Population A was detected significantly more often (18 out of 24 plants) in the susceptible cv. Sturdy, whereas population B was detected significantly more often (17 out of 24 plants) in the resistant cv. Bell, corroborating earlier field studies. This is the first controlled experiment to demonstrate a differential host preference of P. gregata f.sp. sojae toward different cultivars of the same host species. Unification of terminologies used in P. gregata f.sp. sojae is discussed. [source] P-25 DOES THE PRESENCE OF KOILOCYTES IN A BNA SMEAR AFFECT CLINICAL OUTCOMES?CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006L. Alexander Introduction:, There is ongoing debate about the terminology used in the classification of dyskaryosis, including whether BNA smears should be classified according to whether koilocytes are present or not. We explored the effect of koilocytosis in the management experiences and clinical outcomes of women with a single BNA smear. Methods:, This study includes 410 women aged 20,59 years, resident in Tayside who had an ,baseline' BNA smear between 31/10/1999 and 31/10/2002 who were eligible for the TOMBOLA trial but who did not participate. Recommended follow-up for these women was a repeat smear in six months. Up to three-years follow-up data was collected on subsequent cytological smears, colposcopy examinations and any related histology. The baseline smear was re-read for the presence or absence of koilocytes. Women were classified according to their clinical outcomes during their three years. Results:, 47% (192/410) of women were classified as having koilocytosis at baseline. The mean age was lower among these women (25 years) compared to those without koilocytosis (35 years). 55% (105/192) of women with koilocytosis at baseline had one or more negative smears and no further abnormal smears, compared to 63% (137/218) of those without koilocytosis, the difference was not statistically significant. 28% (53/192) of women with koilocytosis at baseline were referred to colposcopy after subsequent low-grade or high-grade smears compared to 19% (42/218) of those without koilocytosis; the difference was statistically significant. 14% (27/192) of women with koilocytosis at baseline were diagnosed with CIN2/3 or worse during follow-up compared to 10% (21/218) of women without koilocytosis; the difference was not statistically significant. Discussion:, Our results suggest that the presence or absence of koilocytosis has little impact on the clinical outcomes of women with a BNA smear. [source] Classification of the Myoclonic EpilepsiesEPILEPSIA, Issue 2003Ilo E. Leppik Summary: The myoclonic epilepsies are a collection of syndromes in which myoclonic seizures are a prominent feature. Proper classification of a patient's syndrome is critical for appropriate treatment and prognosis. However, classification of such syndromes is often difficult because the terminology used to describe seizures can be confusing and inconsistent. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes can be epileptic or nonepileptic and can also be divided into inherited and acquired forms. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) syndromes are the most severe of the myoclonic epilepsies. Diagnosis of PME syndromes on clinical grounds can be difficult, but advances in genetic testing have made diagnoses more accurate. Some other benign myoclonic epilepsy syndromes also have identified gene markers, which can aid in diagnosis. To accurately classify a patient's epilepsy syndrome, clinicians should use all available clinical laboratory tools appropriately. Improved accuracy of diagnosis for patients with myoclonic epilepsies should lead to more dependable prognoses and more effective treatment. [source] A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologiesHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Maria J. Grant Background and objectives:, The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:, Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework,Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA),was used to examine the main review types. Results:, Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:, Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain. [source] Further Conventions for NMR Shielding and Chemical Shifts (IUPAC Recommendations 2008),MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2008Applied Chemistry Physical, Biophysical Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure Abstract IUPAC has published a number of recommendations regarding the reporting of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, especially chemical shifts. The most recent publication [Pure Appl. Chem.73, 1795 (2001)] recommended that tetramethylsilane (TMS) serve as a universal reference for reporting the shifts of all nuclides, but it deferred recommendations for several aspects of this subject. This document first examines the extent to which the 1H shielding in TMS itself is subject to change by variation in temperature, concentration, and solvent. On the basis of recently published results, it has been established that the shielding of TMS in solution [along with that of sodium-3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonate, DSS, often used as a reference for aqueous solutions] varies only slightly with temperature but is subject to solvent perturbations of a few tenths of a part per million (ppm). Recommendations are given for reporting chemical shifts under most routine experimental conditions and for quantifying effects of temperature and solvent variation, including the use of magnetic susceptibility corrections and of magic-angle spinning (MAS). This document provides the first IUPAC recommendations for referencing and reporting chemical shifts in solids, based on high-resolution MAS studies. Procedures are given for relating 13C NMR chemical shifts in solids to the scales used for high-resolution studies in the liquid phase. The notation and terminology used for describing chemical shift and shielding tensors in solids are reviewed in some detail, and recommendations are given for best practice. © 2008 IUPAC. Reprinted with permission from Pure Appl. Chem. 2008; 80: 59. This article can be freely downloaded from http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/80/1/0059/ and can be copied, provided acknowledgement to IUPAC is given. [source] Acute Myocardial Infarction and Acute Coronary Syndrome: Then and Now (1950,2005)PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Monte Malach MD Advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been remarkable since the mid-20th century. Even the clinical terminology used to describe some of the various components of ACS have undergone change, while the latter term itself represents a fairly recent addition to the medical lexicon. Although there have been dramatic changes in the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions used and impressive declines in morbidity and mortality, the differential diagnosis and complications of AMI and ACS remain as challenging now as they were a half century ago. This article presents in detail the medical understanding of AMI in the mid-20th century and how physicians of that era managed it and its complications, and contrasts this with current evidence-based knowledge and interventions. [source] SURVEYING CONTEMPORARY ART: POST-WAR, POSTMODERN, AND THEN WHAT?ART HISTORY, Issue 4 2009DAN KARLHOLM This article looks at influential survey texts on world art history since c. 1980, and considers how they have dealt with the art nearest to them in time. I examine the terminology used, and problems of classification, periodization, and history writing at large. In order to describe how these texts struggle with the terms contemporary and postmodern, I focus on their treatment of conceptual art and two artists: Joseph Beuys and Cindy Sherman. The symbolic and economic consolidation of contemporary art during the last decade or so prompts me to establish a broader frame of understanding, linking it to constructions of the contemporary in the nineteenth century and to the idea of co-existing temporalities for art. [source] Determining the skills for child protection practice: from quandary to quagmire?CHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 5 2009Marjorie Keys Abstract This article, the first of two, provides an account of an extended literature review that was undertaken in order to establish the evidence base for the learning and teaching of skills for child protection practice. It considers the contribution to the knowledge base from child abuse inquiries and from policies, guidelines and other documents from governmental departments and professional bodies. The subsequent analysis of terminology used for the review illustrates the complexity of searching for evidence that relates to concepts about which there are many differing perspectives, and also highlights the relevance to the study of activities undertaken by practitioners from a wide range of backgrounds. The paper describes the review method beginning with an initial search from which several hundred articles were located, only six of which generated evidence of value to the study. These six, however, highlighted a range of skills that provided the basis for a second, more focused search. Following an account of organisation and analysis of material, the paper concludes with discussion of some of the challenges presented during the process of this review, the complexities of which are reflected in the paper's title. A second paper will present the findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Clumsiness, Dyspraxia and Developmental Co-ordination Disorder: how do health and educational professionals in the UK define the terms?CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2001JM Peters Summary At the turn of the century, the idea that there might be a discrete childhood syndrome, which had ,clumsiness' of movement as its defining symptom, began to emerge. Since then numerous labels have been applied to the syndrome. In spite of recent attempts to standardise the terminology used, variation continues to compromise inter-professional communication and interpretation of research. The aim of this study was to determine how the three terms ,Clumsy', ,Dyspraxia' and ,Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD)' are viewed by health and educational professionals in the UK. Two hundred and thirty-four adults (57% from the health professions and 43% from education) provided a written definition of each term. Content analysis of the 702 definitions was used to determine: (1) the extent to which the terms were familiar/acceptable to the respondents; and (2) to capture differences in the meaning of the term being defined. The results indicated that the terms ,DCD' and ,Dyspraxia' were less familiar than the term ,clumsy' which was, however, least acceptable. Amongst those professionals who were familiar with all three terms, there was general agreement that all were used to describe some sort of overall movement difficulty. Beyond that point, divergence of understanding and inter-professional differences in emphasis emerged. The implications of these differences for clinical and educational practice, research and policy making are discussed. [source] Change in Psychotherapy: A Plea for No More "Nonspecific" and False DichotomiesCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2005Louis G. Castonguay What factors are responsible for change in psychotherapy? We welcome those who question the primacy frequently given to relationship variables in explaining client improvement, as well as the delineation of cognitive-behavioral oriented treatments found to be effective for several disorders. However, we are also concerned about the terminology used (i.e., "nonspecific variables"), as well as with the dichotomy of variables (techniques vs. relationship) that was emphasized. Although such ways of defining and categorizing process variables are predominant in the field, we argue that they may fail to do justice to the complexity of the process of change. [source] | |||||||||||||