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Tendon Homeostasis (tendon + homeostasi)
Selected AbstractsMechanical loading stimulates ecto-ATPase activity in human tendon cellsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005M. Tsuzaki Abstract Response to external stimuli such as mechanical signals is critical for normal function of cells, especially when subjected to repetitive motion. Tenocytes receive mechanical stimuli from the load-bearing matrix as tension, compression, and shear stress during tendon gliding. Overloading a tendon by high strain, shear, or repetitive motion can cause matrix damage. Injury may induce cytokine expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activation resulting in loss of biomechanical properties. These changes may result in tendinosis or tendinopathy. Alternatively, an immediate effector molecule may exist that acts in a signal-dampening pathway. Adenosine 5,-triphosphate (ATP) is a candidate signal blocker of mechanical stimuli. ATP suppresses load-inducible inflammatory genes in human tendon cells in vitro. ATP and other extracellular nucleotide signaling are regulated efficiently by two distinct mechanisms: purinoceptors via specific receptor,ligand binding and ecto-nucleotidases via the hydrolysis of specific nucleotide substrates. ATP is released from tendon cells by mechanical loading or by uridine 5,-triphosphate (UTP) stimulation. We hypothesized that mechanical loading might stimulate ecto-ATPase activity. Human tendon cells of surface epitenon (TSC) and internal compartment (TIF) were cyclically stretched (1 Hz, 0.035 strain, 2 h) with or without ATP. Aliquots of the supernatant fluids were collected at various time points, and ATP concentration (ATP) was determined by a luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. Total RNA was isolated from TSC and TIF (three patients) and mRNA expression for ecto-nucleotidase was analyzed by RT-PCR. Human tendon cells secreted ATP in vitro (0.5,1 nM). Exogenous ATP was hydrolyzed within minutes. Mechanical load stimulated ATPase activity. ATP was hydrolyzed in mechanically loaded cultures at a significantly greater rate compared to no load controls. Tenocytes (TSC and TIF) expressed ecto-nucleotidase mRNA (ENTPD3 and ENPP1, ENPP2). These data suggest that motion may release ATP from tendon cells in vivo, where ecto-ATPase may also be activated to hydrolyze ATP quickly. Ecto-ATPase may act as a co-modulator in ATP load-signal modulation by regulating the half-life of extracellular purine nucleotides. The extracellular ATP/ATPase system may be important for tendon homeostasis by protecting tendon cells from responding to excessive load signals and activating injurious pathways. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effect of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines on human tenocytesJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 8 2010Thilo John Abstract Tendon injury induces a local inflammatory response, characterized by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of TNF,, IL-6 and IL-10 on key parameters of tendon homeostasis. Cultured primary human tenocytes were treated with the recombinant cytokines IL-6, IL-10, TNF,, or combinations of TNF, with IL-6 and IL-10 (10 ng/mL, 6, 24 h). Expression of type I collagen, elastin, MMP-1, TNF,, IL-1,, IL-6, IL-10, and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS1, 3) was analyzed with the use of RTD-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis. In response to TNF,, tenocytes reduced their type I collagen deposition but increased their elastin gene expression and highly upregulated their expression for MMP-1, pro-inflammatory (TNF,, IL-1,) and immunoregulatory (IL-6, IL-10) cytokines. TNF, stimulation augmented SOCS1, whereas SOCS3 expression in tenocytes was also induced by IL-6. The treatment of tenocytes with IL-6 and IL-10 had no effect on cytokine expression. Neither IL-6 nor IL-10 modulated the observed effects of TNF, significantly. These results indicate that TNF, strongly activates the tenocytes to amplify their own TNF, expression and, subsequently, that of other regulatory cytokines and matrix degrading enzymes. However, the impact of IL-6 and IL-10 on tenocytes remains unclear. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1071,1077, 2010 [source] Mechanobiological response of tendon stem cells: Implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathyJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010Jianying Zhang Abstract Tendons are constantly subjected to mechanical loading in vivo. Recently, stem cells were identified in human, mouse, and rabbit tendons, but the mechanobiological responses of tendon stem cells (TSCs) are still undefined. Using an in vitro system capable of mimicking in vivo loading conditions, it was determined that mechanical stretching increased TSC proliferation in a stretching magnitude-dependent manner. Moreover, low mechanical stretching at 4% ("clamp-to-clamp" engineering strain) promoted differentiation of TSCs into tenocytes, whereas large stretching at 8% induced differentiation of some TSCs into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, as indicated by upregulated expression of marker genes for adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. Thus, low mechanical stretching may be beneficial to tendons by enabling differentiation of TSCs into tenocytes to maintain tendon homeostasis. However, large mechanical loading may be detrimental, as it directs differentiation of TSCs into non-tenocytes in tendons, thus resulting in lipid accumulation, mucoid formation, and tissue calcification, which are typical features of tendinopathy at later stages. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:639,643, 2010 [source] | ||||||||||