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Surface Epithelium (surface + epithelium)
Kinds of Surface Epithelium Selected AbstractsMiR-221 and MiR-222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survivalGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 7 2010Kaitlyn Wurz MicroRNAs are often aberrantly expressed in human neoplasms and are postulated to play a role in neoplastic initiation and progression. miR-221 and miR-222 negatively regulate expression of CDKN1B (p27) and CDKN1C (p57), two cell cycle regulators expressed in ovarian surface epithelium and down-regulated in ovarian carcinomas. We characterized miR-221 and miR-222 expression in 49 sporadic high grade ovarian carcinomas and determined whether somatic mutation or epigenetic alterations explained the differences in expression of these miRNAs. We correlated these findings with protein expression of CDKN1B and CDKN1C as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Expression of miR-221 and miR-222 were closely correlated with each other (P = 0.0001). Interestingly, a lower ratio of miR-221 to miR-222 expression was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (P = 0.01) and remained a significant predictor of overall survival in multivariate analysis using the covariate adequacy of surgical cytoreduction (P = 0.03). Higher miR-222 and miR-221 expression were significantly associated with decreased CDKN1C expression (P = 0.009 and 0.01). In contrast, CDKN1B expression was not associated with miR-221 or miR-222 expression. Neither somatic mutations nor methylation of the studied region explained the alterations in miR-221 and miR-222 expression in most carcinomas. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Role of Mucin Lewis Status in Resistance to Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatric PatientsHELICOBACTER, Issue 4 2010Sara Lindén Abstract Background:,Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis, peptic ulcer and is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the stomach. Gastric mucins, carrying highly diverse carbohydrate structures, present functional binding sites for H. pylori and may play a role in pathogenesis. However, little information is available regarding gastric mucin in children with and without stomach diseases. Materials and Methods:, Expression of mucins and glycosylation was studied by immunohistochemistry on gastric biopsies from 51 children with and without H. pylori infection and/or peptic ulcer disease. Results:, In all children, MUC5AC was present in the surface epithelium and MUC6 in the glands. No MUC6 in the surface epithelium or MUC2 was detected in any section. The Leb and Lea blood group antigens were present in the surface epithelium of 80% and 29% of children, respectively. H. pylori load was higher in Leb negative children than in Leb positive individuals (mean ± SEM 17.8 ± 3.5 vs 10.8 ± 1.5; p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between Lea or Leb status and gastritis, nodularity, and gastric or duodenal ulcer (DU). Expression of sialyl-Lex was associated with H. pylori infection, and DU. Conclusions:, Mucin expression and glycosylation is similar in children and adults. However, in contrast to adults, pediatric H. pylori infection is not accompanied by aberrant expression of MUC6 or MUC2. Furthermore, the lower H. pylori density in Leb positive children indicates that H. pylori is suppressed in the presence of gastric mucins decorated with Leb, the binding site of the H. pylori BabA adhesin. [source] Probiotics and the management of inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 3 2004FRCPC, Richard N. Fedorak MD Abstract The demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial species has extended our understanding of the actions of probiotics beyond simple barrier and antimicrobial concepts. Several probiotic mechanisms of action, relative to inflammatory bowel disease, have been elucidated: (1) competitive exclusion, whereby probiotics compete with microbial pathogens for a limited number of receptors present on the surface epithelium; (2) immunomodulation and/or stimulation of an immune response of gut-associated lymphoid and epithelial cells; (3) antimicrobial activity and suppression of pathogen growth; (4) enhancement of barrier function; and (5) induction of T cell apoptosis in the mucosal immune compartment. The unraveling of these mechanisms of action has led to new support for the use of probiotics in the management of clinical inflammatory bowel disease. Though level 1 evidence now supports the therapeutic use of probiotics in the treatment of postoperative pouchitis, only levels 2 and 3 evidence is currently available in support of the use of probiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, one significant and consistent finding has emerged during the course of research in the past year: not all probiotic bacteria have similar therapeutic effects. Rigorously designed, controlled clinical trials are vital to investigate the unresolved issues related to efficacy, dose, duration of use, single or multi-strain formulation, and the concomitant use of prebiotics, synbiotics, or antibiotics. [source] Mechanisms and modulation of intestinal epithelial repairINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 1 2001Dr. Axel U. Dignass Abstract The mucosal epithelium of the alimentary tract represents a crucial barrier to a broad spectrum of noxious and immunogenic substances within the intestinal lumen. An impairment of the integrity of the mucosal epithelial barrier is observed in the course of various intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), celiac disease, intestinal infections, and various other diseases. Furthermore, even under physiologic conditions temporary damage of the epithelial surface mucosa may be caused by proteases, residential flora, dietary compounds, or other factors. Generally, the integrity of the intestinal mucosal surface barrier is rapidly reestablished even after extensive destruction because of an enormous regenerative capability of the mucosal surface epithelium. Rapid resealing of the surface epithelium is accomplished by epithelial cell migration, also termed epithelial restitution, epithelial cell proliferation, and differentiation. Healing of the intestinal surface epithelium is regulated by a complex network of highly divergent factors, among them a broad spectrum of structurally distinct regulatory peptides that have been identified within the mucosa of the intestinal tract. These regulatory peptides, conventionally designated as growth factors and cytokines, play an essential role in regulating differential epithelial cell functions to preserve normal homeostasis and integrity of the intestinal mucosa. In addition, a number of other peptide molecules such as extracellular matrix factors and blood clotting factors, and also nonpeptide molecules including phospholipids, short-chain fatty acids, adenine nucleotides, trace elements, and pharmacological agents, have been demonstrated to modulate intestinal epithelial repair mechanisms. Some of these molecules may be released by platelets, adjacent stromal cells, inflammatory cells, or injured epithelial and nonepithelial cells and may play an important role in the modulation of intestinal injury. Repeated damage and injury of the intestinal surface are key features of various intestinal disorders including IBD and require constant repair of the epithelium. Enhancement of intestinal repair mechanisms by regulatory peptides or other modulatory factors may provide future approaches for the treatment of diseases that are characterized by injuries of the epithelial surface. [source] Changes in the oviducal epithelium during the estrous cycle in the marsupial Monodelphis domesticaJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 4 2007Annetrudi Kress Abstract The Monodelphis oviduct can be divided into four anatomical segments: preampulla (comprising fimbriae and infundibulum), ampulla, isthmus with crypts and uterotubal junction. Ovaries are enclosed in a periovarial sac, the bursa, and in some specimens tubules of an epoophoron could be identified. In both structures non-ciliated cells develop small translucent vesicles, which accumulate in the cell apices and presumably produce fluid as often seen in the bursa and in the tubules of the epooophoron. These vesicles do not stain with Alcian blue or PAS. The same applies also to the non-ciliated cells of the fimbriae. The oviducal epithelium of ampulla and the surface epithelium of the isthmus consisting of ciliated and non-ciliated, secretory cells undergo considerable changes during the estrous cycle. Proestrus shows low numbers of ciliated cells, some are in the process of neo-ciliogenesis, non-ciliated cells carry solitary cilia and few remnant secretory granules from the previous cycle may be found. At estrus the amount of ciliated cells in ampulla and isthmus has increased, most non-cililated cells lost the solitary cilia, developed longer microvilli and formed numerous secretory granules in their cell apices. At postestrus secretory products, often surrounded by membranes, are extruded into the oviducal lumen and contribute towards egg coat formation. First signs of deciliation processes are apparent. Solitary cilia reappear. At metestrus only few secretory cells are left with some secretory material. The lumen is often filled with shed cilia and cell apices. Proliferation of basal bodies within non-secretory cells indicate the formation of new ciliated cells. The non-ciliated epithelial cells of the isthmic crypts form no secretory granules but accumulate a great number of translucent vesicles, which in contrast to the secretory granules do not stain with Alcian blue or PAS. [source] Immunohistochemical localization of the bone morphogenetic protein receptors in the porcine ovaryJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1 2004Ruth L. Quinn Abstract The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family is emerging as playing a crucial role in regulating normal follicle growth and determining ovulation rate. BMPs exert their effects via BMP receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II). However, there is a paucity of information relating to the expression of the BMPRs within the ovary of large polyovular species such as the pig. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries of any species. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal and spatial expression of the BMPRs in the porcine ovary, at different developmental stages. Immunohistochemistry for BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II was performed using sections from paraffin wax-embedded ovaries, obtained from fetal (n = 15), prepubertal (n = 3) and cycling postpubertal (n = 4) pigs. Results confirmed the presence of all three receptors in the fetal egg nests and in the granulosa cell layer of follicles ranging from primordial to late antral stages. Immunostaining was also observed in oocytes, theca layer, corpus luteum and ovarian surface epithelium. The expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries may be related to follicle formation, whereas expression in pre- and post-pubertal animals indicates BMPs are involved in regulating porcine ovarian follicle growth. [source] An immunohistochemical study of laminin in basal cell carcinomaJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Wedad Z. Mostafa Background: Laminins are components of the extracellular matrix that mediate cell adhesion, growth, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Basement membrane (BM) laminins, in particular, may play a role in enhancing carcinoma cell motility. Aim: To evaluate the distribution pattern of laminin in basal cell carcinoma (BCC), as regards the basement membrane, cellular cytoplasm, peritumoral lacunae and surface epithelium and to correlate laminin distribution with different variants of BCC. Patients and Methods: Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from 21 BCC patients for routine histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Laminin was evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively using monoclonal mouse antihuman antibody (Dako-Laminin, 4C7. Code No: MO638, which reacts with the terminal globular domain of the ,5 chain) Results: The majority of BCC cases showed patchy cytoplasmic distribution of laminin. The BM expression of laminin, in most cases, was well defined, fine and linear with irregular areas of thickening. Staining intensity was moderate in differentiated and mixed variants, weak in superficial spreading and absent in morpheic types. Conclusion: Cytoplasmic and basement membrane laminin is important in the pathogenesis and invasion of BCC. Most laminin was in basement membrane zone (BMZ), and the more differentiated the tumor, the more cytoplasmic and BM staining it expressed. [source] Imaging of adenomyomatosis of the gall bladderJOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2008H Stunell Summary Adenomyomatosis is a relatively common abnormality of the gall bladder, with a reported incidence of between 2.8 and 5%. Although mainly confined to the adult study group, a number of cases have been reported in the paediatric study group. It is characterized pathologically by excessive proliferation of the surface epithelium and hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the gall bladder wall, with invagination of the mucosa into the thickened muscularis forming the so-called ,Rokitansky,Aschoff' sinuses. The condition is usually asymptomatic and is often diagnosed as an incidental finding on abdominal imaging. The radiological diagnosis is largely dependent on the visualization of the characteristic Rokitansky,Aschoff sinuses. As the condition is usually asymptomatic, the importance of making a correct diagnosis is to prevent misinterpretation of other gall bladder conditions such as gall bladder cancer, leading to incorrect treatment. In the past, oral cholecystography was the main imaging method used to make this diagnosis. In most institutions, oral cholecystography is no longer carried out, and the diagnosis is now more commonly seen on cross-sectional imaging. In this review article, we describe the manifestations of adenomyomatosis on the various imaging methods, with an emphasis on more modern techniques such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. A brief section on oral cholecystography to aid readers familiar with this technique in understanding the comparable imaging features on more modern imaging techniques is included. [source] Morphology of the gular valve of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768)JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 8 2006J.F. Putterill Abstract The morphology of the gular valve of the Nile crocodile was studied on the heads of eight 2.5,3-year-old commercially raised Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). A description of the macroscopic and microscopic features of the gular valve is presented and the results are compared with published information on this species and other Crocodylia. The histological features are supplemented by information supplied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anatomically, the dorsal and ventral components of the gular valve in the Nile crocodile form an efficient seal that effectively separates the oral and pharyngeal cavities consistent with the natural behavior and feeding habits of this animal. The gular valve is more complex in nature than superficial observations would suggest, with the dorsal and ventral folds being complemented by a series of smaller folds, particularly at the lateral fringes of the valve. Histologically, the surface epithelium of the valve demonstrates a transition from the typical stratified squamous epithelium of the oral cavity to that of the respiratory epithelium lining the pharyngeal cavity. The respiratory epithelium is characterized by the presence of ciliated cells and goblet cells and is accompanied by the appearance of large mucus-secreting glands in the underlying connective tissue. The transition between the two epithelial types is marked by the presence of a relatively prominent region where the stratified squamous epithelial cells undergo a gradual transformation into the typical elements of a respiratory epithelium. SEM graphically illustrated the extent of ciliation on both components of the gular valve as well as clearly defining the transition zones between the various types of surface epithelium present. No structures resembling taste receptors were observed in the mucosa of the gular valve. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of nidogens in rat uterus and embryo during decidualization and implantationJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Hakan Öner Abstract The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the expression of nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 and their possible role in decidualization and implantation events during early pregnancy in rats. The tissue samples were examined from pregnant animals between gestational days 1,8 using immunocytochemistry. The uterine luminal epithelium, the glandular epithelium, and the myometrial smooth muscle cells stained strongly from gestational days 1,8 with both nidogen antibodies. At day 4 the decidual reaction areas began to appear in the stromal matrix and immunostaining of both nidogens revealed that the basement membrane of the surface epithelium was discontinuous. The differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells was seen at gestational day 5 and both nidogens were weakly expressed in the decidualizing cells. At day 6, nidogen-2 immunoreactivity was higher in the primary decidual cells close to the embryo than nidogen-1, and during development of the decidual tissue both nidogens appeared in the endometrial stromal cells. At day 7, while expression of both nidogens declined in the primary decidual cells, their expression was markedly observed in the secondary decidual cells close to the myometrium. At day 8, expression of both nidogens was also observed to increase in the primary decidual cells. While nidogen-2 expression was seen in the parietal endoderm and primary ectoderm of the rat embryos at this developmental stage, nidogen-1 expression was only detected in the parietal endoderm. These results indicate that nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 could play important roles during embryogenesis, decidualization, and implantation in the endometrium of rat uterus. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultrastructural study of the precursor to fungiform papillae prior to the arrival of sensory nerves in the fetal ratJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Shin-ichi Iwasaki Abstract The structure of precursors to fungiform papillae without taste buds, prior to the arrival of sensory nerve fibers at the papillae, was examined in the fetal rat on embryonic day 13 (E13) and 16 (E16) by light and transmission electron microscopy in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of morphogenesis of these papillae. At E13, a row of rudiments of fungiform papillae was arranged along both sides of the median sulcus of the lingual dorsal surface, and each row consisted of about 10 rudiments. There was no apparent direct contact between papillae rudiments and sensory nerves at this time. Bilaterally towards the lateral side of the tongue, adjacent to these first rudiments of fungiform papillae, a series of cord-like invaginations of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue into the underlying connective tissue, representing additional papillary primordia parallel to the first row, was observed. The basal end of each invagination was enlarged as a round bulge, indented at its tip by a mound of fibroblasts protruding into the bulge. At E16 there was still no apparent direct contact between rudiments of fungiform papillae and sensory nerves. Each rudiment apically contained a spherical core of aggregating cells, which consisted of a dense assembly of large, oval cells unlike those in other areas of the lingual dorsal epithelium. The differentiation of these aggregated cells was unclear. The basal lamina was clearly recognizable between the epithelium of the rudiment of fungiform papillae and the underlying connective tissue. Spherical structures, which appeared to be sections of the cord-like invaginations of the lingual epithelium that appeared on E13, were observed within the connective tissue separated from the dorsal lingual epithelium. Transverse sections of such structures revealed four concentric layers of cells: a central core, an inner shell, an outer shell, and a layer of large cells. Bundles of fibers were arranged in the central core, and the diameters of bundles varied somewhat depending on the depth of the primordia within the connective tissue and their distance from the median sulcus. Ultrastructural features of cells in the outer shell differed significantly in rudiments close to the lingual epithelium as compared to those in deeper areas of connective tissue. Around the outer shell there was a large-cell layer consisting of one to three layers of radially elongated, oval cells that contained many variously sized, electron-dense, round granules. Large numbers of fibroblasts formed dense aggregates around each spherical rudiment, and were separated by the basal lamina from the large-cell epithelial layer. Progressing from deep-lying levels of the rudiments of the papillae to levels close to the lingual surface epithelium, the central core, inner shell, and outer shell gradually disappeared from the invaginated papillary cords. J. Morphol. 250:225,235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The expression pattern of MUC1 glycoforms and other biomarkers of endometrial receptivity in fertile and infertile women,MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2005A.W. Horne Abstract Changes in the surface epithelium of the endometrium, characterized in part by alterations in cell-surface molecules, sex steroid receptors and the appearance of pinopodes, coincide with the window of endometrial receptivity in the menstrual cycle. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of hematoxylin and eosin staining, scanning and transmission microscopy, and MUC1 glycoform, sex steroid receptor, and interleukin receptor (type 1) expression as biomarkers of endometrial receptivity using carefully characterized clinical fertile and infertile groups of women. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) called scanning immunoelectron microscopy (SIM), we confirmed that MUC1 mucin was not associated with the endometrial pinopodes, which have been linked with embryo adhesion. We also showed that failure of embryo implantation was associated with an abnormal endometrial expression of MUC1 mucin, and retention of nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) particularly in epithelial cells. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SEM in isolation and immunohistochemistry for interleukin receptor were not shown to be useful markers. Progesterone-dependent regulation of MUC1 appears to be an important factor in determining endometrial receptivity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytokeratins in epithelia of odontogenic neoplasmsORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2003MM Crivelini Neoplasms and tumours related to the odontogenic apparatus may be composed only of epithelial tissue or epithelial tissue associated with odontogenic ectomesenchyme. The immunohistochemical detection of different cytokeratins (CKs) polypeptides and vimentin has made it easier to explain the histogenesis of many epithelial diseases. The present study aimed to describe the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19 and vimentin in the epithelial components of the dental germ and of five types of odontogenic tumours. The results were compared and histogenesis discussed. All cells of the dental germ were positive for CK14, except for the preameloblasts and secreting ameloblasts, in which CK14 was gradually replaced by CK19. CK7 was especially expressed in the cells of the Hertwig root sheath and the stellate reticulum. The dental lamina was the only structure to express CK13. The reduced epithelium of the enamel organ contained CK14 and occasionally CK13. Cells similar to the stellate reticulum, present in the ameloblastoma and in the ameloblastic fibroma, were positive for CK13, which indicates a nature other than that of the stellate reticulum of the normal dental germ. The expression of CK14 and the ultrastructural aspects of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumour probably indicated its origin in the reduced dental epithelium. Calcifying odontogenic epithelial tumour is thought to be composed of primordial cells due to the expression of vimentin. Odontomas exhibited an immunohistochemical profile similar to that of the dental germ. In conclusion, the typical IF of odontogenic epithelium was CK14, while CK8, 10 and 18 were absent. Cytokeratins 13 and 19 labelled squamous differentiation or epithelial cells near the surface epithelium, and CK7 had variable expression. [source] Apoptosis, anoikis and their relevance to the pathobiology of colon cancerPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2000Minalini Shanmugathasan The maintenance of a constant number of cells in an adult organism is a tightly regulated process. This is particularly important in organs where cells are in a constant rate of renewal during the entire lifespan. In these organs, cell number homeostasis is the direct consequence of a bal-ance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. The colonic epithelium is an example of such a site and the high prevalence of colon cancer makes the understanding of cell number homeostasis more important to define. Normal colonic epithelium is organized in crypts where cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis are topographically organized in a linear fashion along the crypt axis. Normal colonic crypts are composed of stem cells at the base, a proliferation and a differentiation zone in the lower third of the crypt, a migration zone in the upper two-thirds, and the surface epithelium where senescent cells are eliminated by apoptosis. Globally, apoptosis can be defined as a normal process of cell suicide, critical for development and tissue homeostasis. Colonic epithelial cells migrate from the base of the crypt to the surface epithelium in 6,7 days. The normal architecture of the crypt is maintained by a balance between cell proliferation at the base and apoptosis at the top of the crypt and surface epithelium. [source] Inflammation and remodeling in the adult and child with asthmaPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue S21 2001Peter Jeffery MSc Abstract Inflammation and remodeling are characteristic features of the conducting airways in asthma, but the relationships between inflammation, inappropriate remodeling, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reduced pulmonary function are still unclear. In both adults and children with asthma, there are structural changes of the conducting airways that include injury and loss of the surface epithelium, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, increases of underlying collagen, blood vessels, and airway smooth muscle, and plugging of the airways by exudate. Bronchial biopsies obtained from persons with mild stable asthma already demonstrate the presence of inflammation. Many of the inflammatory and structural changes begin early in childhood. Whereas corticosteroids markedly reduce many aspects of inflammation, it is not known whether and how they affect the changes associated with airway wall remodeling. Leukotriene receptor antagonists appear to be antiinflammatory and able to reduce the proliferation of bronchial smooth muscle. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; Supplement 21:3,16. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of Progesterone Receptor in the Utero-tubal Junction After Intra-uterine and Deep Intra-uterine Insemination in SowsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2010P Tummaruk Contents The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) of sows at 24 h after intra-uterine insemination (IUI) and deep intra-uterine insemination (DIUI) compared with conventional artificial insemination (AI) in pigs. Fifteen multiparous sows were used: AI (n = 5), IUI (n = 5) and DIUI (n = 5). The sows were inseminated with a single dose of diluted semen during the second oestrus after weaning at 6,8 h prior to ovulation (AI: 3000 × 106 spermatozoa, IUI: 1000 × 106 spermatozoa and DIUI: 150 × 106 spermatozoa). The UTJ was collected and subject to immunohistochemical staining using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique with mouse monoclonal antibody to PR. In the oviductal part of the UTJ, the intensity of PR in the tunica muscularis and the proportion of PR-positive cells in the surface epithelium after DIUI were lower than AI (p < 0.05). The intensity and the proportion of PR-positive cells between AI and IUI in all compartments of the UTJ did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). When comparing between tissue compartments, prominent staining was observed in the muscular layer of the UTJ. It could be concluded that the expression of PR in the UTJ prior to fertilization after DIUI with a reduced number of spermatozoa was lower than that after AI. This might influence sperm transportation and the fertilization process. [source] Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Cannabinoid Receptors (CB1, CB2) and Fatty Acid Amide Hydroxylase in the Rat OvaryTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2010P. Bagavandoss Abstract Although the effects of ,9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on ovarian physiology have been known for many decades, its mechanism of action in the rat ovary remains poorly understood. The effects of THC and endocannabinoids on many cell types appear to be mediated through the G-protein-coupled CB1 and CB2 receptors. Evidence also suggests that the concentration of the endocannabinoid anandamide is regulated by cellular fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Therefore, we examined the rat ovary for the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors and FAAH. The CB1 receptor was present in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), the granulosa cells of antral follicles, and the luteal cells of functional corpus luteum (CL). The granulosa cells of small preantral follicles, however, did not express the CB1 receptor. Western analysis also demonstrated the presence of a CB1 receptor. In both preantral and antral follicles, the CB2 receptor was detected only in the oocytes. In the functional CL, the CB2 receptor was detected in the luteal cells. FAAH was codistributed with CB2 receptor in both oocytes and luteal cells. FAAH was also present in the OSE, subepithelial cords of the tunica albuginea (TA) below the OSE, and in cells adjacent to developing preantral follicles. Western analysis also demonstrated the presence of FAAH in oocytes of both preantral and antral follicles. Our observations provide potential explanation for the effects of THC on steroidogenesis in the rat ovary observed by earlier investigators and a role for FAAH in the regulation of ovarian anandamide. Anat Rec 293:1425,1432, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Upregulation of Oncostatin M in Allergic RhinitisTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 12 2005Hee Joon Kang MD Abstract Objectives: Oncostatin M is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. It has been implicated as an important modulator of lower airway remodeling in the setting of asthma. However, there have been few studies regarding a similar role for the upper airway epithelium in the setting of allergic rhinitis. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of oncostatin M mRNA and protein in normal and allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa and to localize the expression of the oncostatin M protein in allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Inferior turbinate mucosa samples from 20 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 20 matched normal control subjects were obtained. Oncostatin M mRNA was extracted from the inferior turbinate mucosae, then reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed and analyzed semiquantitatively. Differences in expression levels of oncostatin M protein between samples from allergic rhinitis patients and normal control subjects were analyzed through Western blot, and oncostatin M protein was localized immunohistochemically. Results: The expression levels of oncostatin M mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in patients with allergic rhinitis mucosa. Oncostatin M protein was predominantly localized in the surface epithelium, infiltrating inflammatory cells, vascular endothelium, and submucosal glands and was more strongly expressed in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis than in normal control subjects. Conclusions: Oncostatin M is expressed in the human nasal mucosa and is upregulated in the setting of allergic nasal inflammation. These results suggest a possible contribution of oncostatin M in the remodeling of the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. [source] Development and Maturation of the Pediatric Human Vocal Fold Lamina Propria,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 1 2005Christopher J. Hartnick MD Abstract Objective: To identify characteristic patterns of maturation of the human vocal fold lamina propria as it develops into a mature structure. Methods: Histologic evaluation of sectioned true vocal folds from 34 archived larynges ages 0 to 18 years using hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, Alcian blue pH 2.5, Weigert reticular, and Miller's elastin stain. Location: Pathology department at a tertiary care children's hospital. Results: At birth and shortly thereafter, there exists a relative hypercellular monolayer of cells throughout the lamina propria. By 2 months of age, there are the first signs of differentiation into a bilaminar structure of distinct cellular population densities. Between 11 months and 5 years, two distinct patterns are seen: 1) this bilaminar structure and 2) a lamina propria where there exists a third more hypocellular region immediately adjacent to the vocalis muscle (this region is similar to the superficial hypocellular region found just deep to the surface epithelium). By 7 years of age, all of the specimens exhibit this transition between the middle and the deeper layers according to differential density of cell populations. A lamina propria structure defined by differential fiber composition (elastin and collagen fibers) is not present until 13 years of age and then is present throughout adolescence. Conclusions: Using the classic adult model of fiber composition and density to differentiate the layered structure of the lamina propria of the human vocal fold may not adequately allow for a thorough description of the process of maturation and development. Rather, distinct regions of cell density are seen as early as 2 months postpartum, and the model of cellular distribution may serve better to describe the lamina propria as it develops. Cell-signaling processes that shape the formation of the lamina propria appear to produce layered populations of differential cell density that in turn will later produce differential fiber compositions. Early development therefore can be followed by evaluating the maturation of these differing cell populations. Future studies are needed to quantify these cell distribution patterns, to study the cell signaling processes that trigger this maturation, and to correlate these findings with mechanical modeling. [source] Morphological Analysis of the Lung of Neonatal YakANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2 2010B. Yang Summary With 20 figures and 5 tables Although yaks play an important role as companion or pack and draught animals on Chinese plateaus in alpine and sub-alpine regions, morphological studies and anatomical data on the lung of yak are sparse. To provide anatomical descriptions and morphometric data, 10 one-day-old yaks were examined by means of dissection, light and electron microscopy. The measurements of lung were made on dissected specimens and histological sections. Unequal dichotomous branching was demonstrated in the dissected tracheobronchial tree. The diameters of bronchial airways and height of epithelium were measured, and showed that the variation of diameters in airways was always greater than that of height of epithelium. In addition, the thickness of muscularis, cartilage and adventitia was examined, as well as the number of goblet and Clara cells in airways. Ultrastructural studies showed that the surface epithelium was mainly composed of goblet, ciliated, Clara and basal cells, similar to that in other domestic animals. Under electron microscope, two distinctive types of ciliated cells could be seen in the tracheobronchial epithelium. The first type contained some mitochondria, distended smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), little rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and numerous vacuoles in electron-lucent cytoplasm. The second type had dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria, RER and no vacuoles. Both types were rich of glycogen granules. The goblet cells in neonatal yak lung had the following characteristic features: dentate nucleus in dense cytoplasm, with stacks of RER and numerous dense membrane-bounded mucous droplets, which were round or oval, often with an electron-lucent core. The droplets were not confluent. Glycogen granules were numerous, and Golgi complex was occasionally present. Clara cells were dome-shaped and usually protruded into the airway lumen. Large amounts of SER and many secretory droplets were found within the cytoplasm. Several typical ,clefts' were also found in the cytoplasm. [source] Pseudo-placentational Endometrial Cysts in a BitchANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2010C. Bartel Summary Cystic alterations of the canine endometrium compromise reproduction and fertility of the bitch and may lead to life-threatening diseases, such as pyometra. Even without clinical evidence, reduction of the uterine lumen by cysts implicates disturbances during migration, nidation and development of the embryo. Several studies point to the high variability of morphology of uterine endometrial cysts but they lack detailed analyses of alterations. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of steroid hormone receptors (oestrogen, progesterone), proliferation activity, inflammation and infection in the cystic affected tissue regions in contrast to the normal endometrium. Oestrogen receptor expression showed a high density of receptors throughout the surface epithelial cells, crypt epithelial cells, glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells of the normal endometrium as well as the cystic affected regions. Proliferation in the cysts was verified in the middle and basal cells of the crypts. Neither in the endometrium nor in the cysts inflammatory processes or evidence of infection could be detected. Furthermore, lectin histochemistry and electron microscopic methods showed that lectin binding patterns and cell morphology of internal epithelial lining and surface epithelium of the cysts can be used to characterize and distinguish different types of cystic alterations. Analogies between epithelial cells of the glandular chambers of the canine placenta and the cystic cellular morphology, steroid hormone receptor distribution as well as lectin binding patterns of the endometrial cysts, as observed in this study, suggest to introduce the term ,pseudo-placentational endometrial cysts'. [source] Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Trachea in the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2007A. R. Raji Summary Histology of trachea of camel (Camelus dromedarius) was studied using light, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tissue samples taken from the trachea (proximal, middle and distal part) were routinely prepared for histology (LM, EM) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Van Giesson (VG), Alcian blue, Periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome (MT), Verhof, PAS,VG and PAS,MT. The trachea of camel consists of 66,75 incomplete cartilaginous rings of hyaline. The lamina epithelium is composed of pseudostratified-ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells. Submucosal layers were loose connective tissue with many elastic fibres. The mucosal and submucosal layers were 517.2 ± 61.6 ,m (n = 20) thick. Submucosal glands were tubuloalveolar with mucous (acidic and neutral) secretions. Trachealis muscle was attached to the inside sheet of tracheal cartilage. Ultrastructural studies showed that surface epithelium is pseudostratified with mucus-producing goblet cells, ciliated and basal cells, similar to other mammals. The ciliated cells contained many mitochondria, oval nucleus and many big granules. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, viscoelastic layers were observed on the epithelial surface of trachea, and there were highly condensed cilia under this layer. [source] Colorectal xanthomas with polypoid lesion: Report of 25 casesAPMIS, Issue 1 2004MASAHIKO NAKASONO Little attention has been paid to colorectal xanthoma. To clarify the clinical and pathological features of colorectal xanthoma, we report 28 colorectal xanthomas biopsied from 25 patients. All were composed of typical xanthoma cells and showed polypoid configuration. Median age of the patients was 64 years and there were 15 men and 10 women. Diabetes mellitus, constipation, and hyperlipidemia were found in two, one, and seven patients, respectively. Seventeen (60.7%) of the 28 polyps were located in the sigmoid colon and the remaining 11 in the rectum. Twenty-three polyps (82.1%) were sessile. Twelve (60.0%) of twenty polyps that were recorded were reddish in color. Only two polyps revealed a yellowish tone. Microscopically, foamy cells were present in the lamina propria, but the submucosa did not contain foamy cells. Immunohistochemically, the foamy cells invariably expressed extensive positivity for CD68. The colonic glands showed a deformity in the case with moderate to intense density of the foamy cells. The surface epithelium showed a hyperplastic change in 22 (78.6%) xanthomas. The colonic glands in four xanthomas were also associated with hyperplastic changes. The basement membrane of the surface epithelium was often thickened. Cell debris and proliferation of the capillaries were observed just below the surface epithelium in 19 (67.9%) and 22 (78.6%) xanthomas, respectively. Previous mucosal minute injury was suggested as the pathogenesis of colorectal xanthomas. Colorectal xanthomas were not identical to gastric and esophageal xanthoma, endoscopically or microscopically. We prefer the term "xanthomatous polyp" rather than xanthoma in the colorectal region. They may be regarded as a novel type of colorectal non-neoplastic polyp. [source] Expression of c-ABL, c-KIT, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-, in ovarian serous carcinoma and normal ovarian surface epitheliumCANCER, Issue 4 2003Rosemarie E. Schmandt Ph.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinases, such as c-KIT, c-ABL, and platelet-derived growth factor-beta (PDGFR-,), are important regulators of cell growth. Highly potent and selective inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are being investigated as alternatives to standard chemotherapy. One such inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, is being used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Ovarian carcinomas frequently develop resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Immunohistochemical expression of c-ABL, PDGFR-,, and c-KIT was evaluated in ovarian carcinomas to determine whether treatment with imatinib mesylate might be feasible. METHODS The expression of c-ABL, c-KIT, and PDGFR-, in tumors was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of 52 ovarian serous carcinomas, including 21 low-grade (well differentiated) and 31 high-grade (poorly differentiated) tumors. Fourteen normal ovaries were also evaluated. RESULTS In normal ovarian surface epithelium, c-ABL was expressed universally. PDGFR-, was expressed in the majority (93%) of samples of normal ovarian epithelium, whereas the c-KIT protein was undetectable in normal ovarian surface epithelium. Overall, c-ABL was expressed in 71% of serous carcinomas. c-ABL was expressed more frequently in the low-grade serous carcinomas (81%) compared with the high-grade serous carcinomas (65%). PDGFR-, expression was observed in 81% of serous carcinomas overall and was observed more frequently in higher-grade tumors. c-KIT immunohistochemical staining was absent in low-grade tumors but was present in 26% of high-grade serous carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The majority of ovarian serous carcinomas express one or more of the kinases targeted by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, suggesting the potential usefulness of this drug in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:758,64. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11561 [source] Dynamic alterations of the extracellular environment of ovarian surface epithelial cells in premalignant transformation, tumorigenicity, and metastasisCANCER, Issue 8 2002Callinice D. Capo-Chichi Ph.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Ovarian surface epithelial cells are positionally organized as a single cell layer by a sheet of basement membrane. It is believed that the contact of the ovarian surface epithelial cells with the basement membrane regulates cell growth and ensures the organization of the epithelium. Disabled-2 (Dab2), a signal transduction protein and a candidate tumor suppressor of ovarian carcinoma, functions in positional organization of ovarian surface epithelial cells. In ovarian carcinomas, genetic and epigenetic changes enable the tumor cells to escape positional control and proliferate in a disorganized fashion. Alterations in the extracellular environment may also be critical for tumor initiation and progression. METHODS We analyzed and compared the presence of collagen IV and laminin, the scaffold proteins of the basement membrane, and Dab2 in 50 ovarian tumors that are restricted to the ovaries and in 50 metastases of ovarian tumors by immunohistochemistry. Expression of collagen IV, laminin, and Dab2 was also analyzed by Northern blotting in a panel of human ovarian surface epithelial and cancer cell lines. RESULTS The basement membrane is often absent in morphologically benign ovarian surface and cyst epithelium and low-grade tumors and collagen IV and laminin are absent in the extracellular matrix of most of the primary tumors tested. Of the 50 ovarian tumors confined to the ovaries, 6% (3 of 50) were collagen IV positive and 24% (12 of 50) were laminin positive tumors. Of the 50 metastatic tumors, 16% (8 of 50) are collagen IV positive and 86% (43 of 50) are laminin positive. In addition, even in the metastatic ovarian tumors that are largely collagen IV negative, there are pockets of local areas in which the tumor cells are surrounded by collagen IV-positive staining. Dab2 is absent in the majority of ovarian tumors found in both ovaries and metastatic sites. In both nontumorigenic human ovarian surface epithelial and cancer cell lines, collagen IV, laminin, and Dab2 are expressed aberrantly. CONCLUSIONS Loss of the basement membrane may be an early event in the preneoplastic transformation of ovarian surface epithelium and in the early stages of tumorigenesis before tumor invasion and metastasis. The majority of primary ovarian tumors examined lack collagen IV and laminin in their extracellular matrix. However, expression of laminin is restored in the majority of metastatic tumors. Reexpression of collagen IV may also contribute to tumor metastasis. The ability of tumor cells to dynamically alter the expression of collagen IV and laminin may facilitate the shedding of cancer cells into the peritoneal spaces and subsequent attachment to the metastatic sites. We propose that loss of collagen IV and laminin may be an initial event in ovarian tumorigenicity and that restoration of collagen IV and laminin expression in the later stages of tumor development may promote metastasis of ovarian tumors. Cancer 2002;95:1802,15. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10870 [source] In vitro three-dimensional modelling of human ovarian surface epithelial cellsCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 3 2009K. Lawrenson Objectives:, Ninety percent of malignant ovarian cancers are epithelial and thought to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). We hypothesized that biological characteristics of primary OSE cells would more closely resemble OSE in vivo if established as three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Materials and methods:, OSE cells were cultured as multicellular spheroids (MCS) (i) in a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) and (ii) on polyHEMA-coated plastics. The MCSs were examined by electron microscopy and compared to OSE from primary tissues and cells grown in 2D. Annexin V FACS analysis was used to evaluate apoptosis and expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was analysed by immunohistochemical staining. Results:, On polyHEMA-coated plates, OSE spheroids had defined internal architecture. RCCS MCSs had disorganized structure and higher proportion of apoptotic cells than polyHEMA MCSs and the same cells grown in 2D culture. In 2D, widespread expression of AE1/AE3, laminin and vimentin were undetectable by immunohistochemistry, whereas strong expression of these proteins was observed in the same cells grown in 3D culture and in OSE on primary tissues. Conclusions:, Physiological and biological features of OSE cells grown in 3D culture more closely resemble characteristics of OSE cells in vivo than when grown by classical 2D approaches. It is likely that establishing in vitro 3D OSE models will lead to greater understanding of the mechanisms of neoplastic transformation in epithelial ovarian cancers. [source] | |||||||||||||