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Sur
Kinds of Sur Terms modified by Sur Selected AbstractsTranscatheter versus Surgical Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect in Adults: Impact of Age at Intervention.CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, Issue 3 2007A Concurrent Matched Comparative Study Abstract Objectives., To compare the short- and mid-term outcomes of surgical (SUR) vs. transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) using Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) in adults with a very similar spectrum of the disease; and to identify predictors for the primary end point. Design., Single-center, concurrent comparative study. Surgically treated patients were randomly matched (2:1) by age, sex, date of procedure, ASD size, and hemodynamic profile. Setting., Tertiary referral center. Patients., One hundred sixty-two concurrent patients with ASD submitted to ASO (n = 54) or SUR closure (n = 108) according with their preferences. Main Outcome Measures., Primary end point was a composite index of major events including failure of the procedure, important bleeding, critical arrhythmias, serious infections, embolism, or any major cardiovascular intervention-related complication. Predictors of these major events were investigated. Results., Atrial septal defects were successfully closed in all patients, and there was no mortality. The primary event rate was 13.2% in ASO vs. 25.0% in SUR (P = .001). Multivariate analysis showed that higher rate of events was significantly associated with age >40 years; systemic/pulmonary output ratio <2.1; and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure >50 mm Hg; while in the ASO group the event rate was only associated with the ASD size (>15 cm2/m2; relative risk = 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.01,8.8). There were no differences in the event-free survival curves in adults with ages <40 years. Conclusions., The efficacy for closure ASD was similar in both groups. The higher morbidity observed in SUR group was observed only in the patients submitted to the procedure with age >40 years. The length of hospital stay was shorter in the ASO group. Surgical closure is a safe and effective treatment, especially in young adults. There is certainly nothing wrong with continuing to do surgery in countries where the resources are limited. [source] Vertical integration and cost behavior in poultry industry in Ogun and Oyo States of NigeriaAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Olasunkanmi M. Bamiro In this article, the influence of vertical integration on cost behavior in poultry farming in southwestern Nigeria is examined. The study was based on primary data obtained in cross-section survey of 211 randomly selected poultry farms in the study area. An average farmer in the sample was 44 years old; 85% were males and 72% had tertiary education. An average poultry farm in the sample had 4,342 birds, about half of which were laying birds. A set of cost and revenue share equations estimated by Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method revealed that vertical integration (measured in proxy by value-added sales ratio) is feed and veterinary service using, labor saving, and output augmenting. However, the scale effect of vertical integration was found to be higher in layers production than what obtains in broilers and cock/cockerel productions. [EconLit citations: Q120, D240, R340]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Robust estimation of the SUR modelTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 2 2000Martin Bilodeau Abstract This paper proposes robust regression to solve the problem of outliers in seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models. The authors present an adaptation of S -estimators to SUR models. S -estimators are robust, have a high breakdown point and are much more efficient than other robust regression estimators commonly used in practice. Furthermore, modifications to Ruppert's algorithm allow a fast evaluation of them in this context. The classical example of U.S. corporations is revisited, and it appears that the procedure gives an interesting insight into the problem. Les auteurs proposent une méthode de régression robuste pour résoudre le problème des valeurs aberrantes dans les modèles SUR. Ils adaptent les S -estimateurs dans les modèles SUR. Les S -estimateurs sont robustes, ont un haut point de rupture et sont beaucoup plus efficaces que les autres estimateurs robustes de régression couramment utilisés en pratique. De plus, une modification de l'algorithme de Ruppert permet une évaluation rapide de ces estimateurs dans ce contexte. La procédure donne une compréhension intéressante d'un problème classique portant sur des compagnies américaines. [source] ATP sensitivity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels: role of the , phosphate group of ATP and the R50 residue of mouse Kir6.2THE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Scott A. John ATP-sensitive K (KATP) channels are composed of Kir6, the pore-forming protein, and the sulphonylurea receptor SUR, a regulatory protein. We and others have previously shown that positively charged residues in the C terminus of Kir6.2, including R201 and K185, interact with the , and , phosphate groups of ATP, respectively, to induce channel closure. A positively charged residue in the N terminus, R50, is also important, and has been proposed to interact with either the , or , phosphate group of ATP. To examine this issue, we systematically mutated R50 to residues of different size, charge and hydropathy, and examined the effects on adenine nucleotide sensitivity in the absence and presence of SUR1. In the absence of SUR1, only the size of residue 50 significantly altered ATP sensitivity, with smaller side chains decreasing ATP sensitivity. In the presence of SUR1, however, hydrophathy and charge also played a role. Hydrophilic residues decreased ATP sensitivity more than hydrophobic residues for small size residues, and, surprisingly, negatively charged residues E and D preserved ATP sensitivity and increased ADP sensitivity relative to the wild-type residue R. These observations suggest that a negative charge near position 50, due to either mutation of R50 or the interaction of the , phosphate group of ATP with R50, facilitates closure of the ATP-dependent gate. Mutation of the nearby positively charged residue R54, known to be involved in stabilizing channel opening via electrostatic interactions with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), also caused increased ADP sensitivity as compared with ATP, suggesting a loss of function of ATP's , phosphate. Based on these results, we propose that a phosphate group or a negative charge at position 50 initiates channel closure by destabilizing the electrostatic interactions between negative phosphate groups of PIP2 and residues such as R54. [source] Direct interaction of Na-azide with the KATP channelBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 6 2000Stefan Trapp The effects of the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide were tested on excised macropatches from Xenopus oocytes expressing cloned ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels of the Kir6.2/SUR1 type. In inside-out patches from oocytes expressing Kir6.2,C36 (a truncated form of Kir6.2 that expresses in the absence of SUR), intracellular Na-azide inhibited macroscopic currents with an IC50 of 11 mM. The inhibitory effect of Na-azide was mimicked by the same concentration of NaCl, but not by sucrose. Na-azide and NaCl blocked Kir6.2/SUR1 currents with IC50 of 36 mM and 19 mM, respectively. Inhibition was abolished in the absence of intracellular Mg2+. In contrast, Kir6.2,C36 currents were inhibited by Na-azide both in the presence or absence of intracellular Mg2+. Kir6.2/SUR1 currents were less sensitive to 3 mM Na-azide in the presence of MgATP. This apparent reduction in sensitivity is caused by a small activatory effect of Na-azide conferred by SUR. We conclude that, in addition to its well-established inhibitory effect on cellular metabolism, which leads to activation of KATP channels in intact cells, intracellular Na-azide has direct effects on the KATP channel. Inhibition is intrinsic to Kir6.2, is mediated by Na+, and is modulated by SUR. There is also a small, ATP-dependent, stimulatory effect of Na-azide mediated by the SUR subunit. The direct effects of 3 mM Na-azide on KATP channels are negligible in comparison to the metabolic activation produced by the same Na-azide concentration. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 131, 1105,1112; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703680 [source] Remarkable Amphibian Biomass and Abundance in an Isolated Wetland: Implications for Wetland ConservationCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS biodiversidad; declinación de anfibios; recuperación de humedales sequía; uso de suelo Abstract:,Despite the continuing loss of wetland habitats and associated declines in amphibian populations, attempts to translate wetland losses into measurable losses to ecosystems have been lacking. We estimated the potential productivity from the amphibian community that would be compromised by the loss of a single isolated wetland that has been protected from most industrial, agricultural, and urban impacts for the past 54 years. We used a continuous drift fence at Ellenton Bay, a 10-ha freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina (U.S.A.), to sample all amphibians for 1 year following a prolonged drought. Despite intensive agricultural use of the land surrounding Ellenton Bay prior to 1951, we documented 24 species and remarkably high numbers and biomass of juvenile amphibians (>360,000 individuals; >1,400 kg) produced during one breeding season. Anurans (17 species) were more abundant than salamanders (7 species), comprising 96.4% of individual captures. Most (95.9%) of the amphibian biomass came from 232095 individuals of a single species of anuran (southern leopard frog[Rana sphenocephala]). Our results revealed the resilience of an amphibian community to natural stressors and historical habitat alteration and the potential magnitude of biomass and energy transfer from isolated wetlands to surrounding terrestrial habitat. We attributed the postdrought success of amphibians to a combination of adult longevity (often >5 years), a reduction in predator abundance, and an abundance of larval food resources. Likewise, the increase of forest cover around Ellenton Bay from <20% in 1951 to >60% in 2001 probably contributed to the long-term persistence of amphibians at this site. Our findings provide an optimistic counterpoint to the issue of the global decline of biological diversity by demonstrating that conservation efforts can mitigate historical habitat degradation. Resumen:,A pesar de la pérdida de hábitats de humedales y las declinaciones asociadas de poblaciones de anfibios, se han realizado pocos intentos para traducir las pérdidas de humedales en pérdidas mensurables en los ecosistemas. Estimamos la productividad potencial de la comunidad de anfibios que se afectaría por la pérdida de un humedal aislado que ha estado protegido de los impactos industriales, agrícolas y urbanos durante los últimos 54 años. Utilizamos un cerco de desvío en la Bahía Ellentonn, un humedal dulceacuícola de 10 ha en el Río Savannah, cerca de Aiken, Carolina del Sur (E.U.A.), para muestrear todos los anfibios durante 1 año después de una sequía prolongada. A pesar del intensivo uso agrícola del suelo alrededor de la Bahía Ellenton antes de 1951, documentamos 24 especies y números y biomasa de anfibios juveniles notablemente altos (>360,000 individuos; >1,400 kg) en una temporada reproductiva. Los anuros (17 especies) fueron más abundantes que las salamandras (7 especies), y comprendieron 96.4% de las capturas individuales. La mayor parte (95.9%) de la biomasa provino de 232095 individuos de una sola especie de anuro (Rana sphenocephala). Nuestros resultados revelaron que la resiliencia de la comunidad de anfibios a los estresantes naturales y a la alteración histórica del hábitat y la magnitud potencial de la transferencia de biomasa y energía desde los humedales aislados hacia el hábitat terrestre circundante. Atribuimos el éxito post-sequía de los anfibios a una combinación de longevidad de adultos (a menudo > 5 años), la reducción de la abundancia de depredadores y la abundancia de recursos alimenticios para las larvas. Asimismo, el incremento de la cobertura forestal alrededor de la Bahía Ellerton de < 20% en 1951 a > 60% en 2001 probablemente contribuyó a la persistencia de los anfibios a largo plazo en este sitio. Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan un contrapunto optimista al tema de la declinación global de la diversidad biológica al demostrar que los esfuerzos de conservación pueden mitigar a la degradación histórica del hábitat. [source] The Cost Efficiency of Wild Dog Conservation in South AfricaCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2005P. A. LINDSEY crianza de especies cinegéticas; financiamiento de donantes; Lycaon pictus; metapoblación; reintroducción Abstract:,Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation. Resumen:,Además del Parque Nacional Kruger, en África del Sur no existen otras reservas de suficiente tamaño como para mantener una población viable de perros salvajes (Lycaon pictus). En consecuencia, los esfuerzos de conservación se han enfocado en la creación de una metapoblación por medio de una serie de reintroducciones en pequeñas reservas cercadas. Hay un potencial adicional para la conservación de perros salvajes en terrenos privados. El establecimiento de la metapoblación fue un proceso costoso, ,75% de US $380,000 que fueron gastados en la conservación de perros salvajes entre 1997 y 2001 en África del Sur. La meta principal del proyecto de metapoblación fue la reducción del riesgo de una declinación catastrófica de la población. Ya que esto se ha logrado, desarrollamos un índice de rentabilidad uniforme para estimar la rentabilidad de las actuales y potenciales estrategias de conservación en África del Sur. Se predijo que la estrategia de conservación de más rentable (449manadas/$100,000 de gasto) era la conservación de perros salvajes en áreas protegidas grandes. El establecimiento de la metapoblación ha sido menos rentable (23 manadas/$100,000), y se predijo que la expansión de la metapoblación sería aun menos rentable si la depredación por perros salvajes resulta en costos adicionales, como se esperaría si se utilizan reservas privadas para las reintroducciones (3-13 manadas/$100,000). Debido a los bajos costos de logística, la conservación de perros salvajes in situ en terrenos privados fue potencialmente más rentable que reintroducir a los perros salvajes (14-27 manadas/$100,000). Recomendamos que el financiamiento de donantes sea utilizado para reintroducir perros salvajes en parque transfronterizos, cuando sean establecidos, para mantener a la metapoblación existente y para establecer programas de conservación que involucren a perros salvajes en terrenos privados. La inversión en la expansión de la metapoblación deberá limitarse a reservas naturales propiedad del estado que estén dispuestas a absorber los costos de la depredación sin ser compensadas. [source] Interspecific Effects of Artifically Propagated Fish: an Additional Conservation Risk for SalmonCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Phillip S. Levin We tested the hypothesis that hatchery-reared steelhead salmon ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) released into the Snake River Basin negatively affect the survival of wild Snake River steelhead and chinook ( O. tshawytscha) salmon. Because climatic conditions can influence salmon survival, we included an index of the El Niño,Southern Oscillation ( ENSO) as a covariate in our analyses. Based on time series of hatchery releases and rates of smolt-to-adult survival, we demonstrate that the survival of wild chinook salmon is negatively associated with hatchery releases of steelhead. The state of the ( ENSO) did not affect the strength of this relationship. We observed no relationship between survival of wild steelhead and steelhead hatchery releases. Our results suggest that industrial-scale production of hatchery fish may hinder the recovery of some threatened salmonids and that the potential interspecific impact of hatcheries must be considered as agencies begin the process of hatchery reform. Resumen: Por más de 120 años, las granjas han liberado números enormes de salmones del Pacífico para compensar las numerosas agresiones humanos a sus poblaciones, sin embargo, los impactos ecológicos de este esfuerzo masivo son poco entendidos. Evaluamos la hipótesis de que la trucha cabeza de acero ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) criada en granjas y liberada en la cuenca del Río Snake afecta negativamente la supervivencia de truchas cabeza de acero y salmones chinook ( O. tshawytscha) silvestres. Puesto que las condiciones climáticas pueden influir sobre la supervivencia del salmón, incluimos un índice de la Oscilación del Niño del Sur como covariable del análisis. En base a series de tiempo de las liberaciones de las granjas y las tasas de supervivencia hasta adulto de peces migrantes al mar, demostramos que la supervivencia del salmón chinook silvestre está negativamente correlacionada con las liberaciones de truchas cabeza de acero de las granjas. El estado de la Oscilación del Niño del Sur no afectó el grado de correlación. No observamos relación alguna entre la supervivencia de las truchas silvestres y las liberaciones de las granjas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la producción a escala industrial de peces de granja puede obstaculizar la recuperación de algunos salmónidos amenazados y que el impacto interespecífico potencial de las granjas debería ser considerado en cuanto las agencias inicien el proceso de reforma de las granjas. [source] Using Phylogenetic Diversity Measures to Set Priorities in Conservation: an Example from Southern South AmericaCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Paula Posadas The goal of these ranks for conservation is to consider as many factors as possible that provide additional taxic information, such as taxa richness, taxa distributional patterns, area endemicity, and complementarity between areas. At present there are many measures that consider phylogenetic information, including node-based, genetic-distance, and feature-based measures. We devised a modified phylogenetic node-based index that we call "taxonomic endemicity standardized weight," which considers not only the taxonomic distinctness of the taxa that inhabit a given area but their endemicity as well. Once the standardized weight of the taxonomic endemicity identifies the area of highest priority, complementarity can be used to identify the second area and so on. We used this node-based index to rank priority areas for conservation in southern South America, and we compared the results of our rankings to results based on other node-based indexes. Our index identified Santiago district, in Central Chile province, as the highest priority area for conservation, followed by Maule, Malvinas, and districts of Subantarctic province. Malvinas exhibits greater complementarity relative to Santiago than Maule does, however, so Malvinas is ranked second in priority. Indexes based on phylogenetic information measure the evolutionary component of biodiversity and allow one to identify areas that will ensure the preservation of evolutionary potential and phylogenetically rare taxa. The modified index we propose is sensitive to taxic distinctness and endemicity as well and allows information from diverse taxa to be combined (i.e., different cladograms). The use of complementarity allows for preservation of the maximum quantity of taxa in a minimal number of protected areas. Resumen: Las medidas de diversidad filogenética jerarquiza a las áreas para prioridades de conservación de biodiversidad con base en información codificada en filogenias (cladogramas), La meta de estas categorías de conservación requiere tomar en consideración tantos factores que proporcionan información adicional (riqueza de taxones, patrones de distribución de los taxones, endemicidad del área y complementariedad entre áreas) como sea posible. Actualmente hay muchas medidas que consideran información filogenética (basadas en nodos, distancia genética y basadas en características). Diseñamos un índice filogenético modificado basado en nodos que denominamos "peso estandarizado de endemicidad taxonómica", el cual considera no solo la peculiaridad genética de los taxa que habitan una región determinada sino también su endemicidad. Una vez que el peso estandarizado de endemicidad identifica el área de mayor prioridad, la complementariedad se puede usar para identificar la segunda área y así sucesivamente. Utilizamos este índice basado en nodos para jerarquizar áreas prioritarias para conservación en el sur de América del Sur, y comparamos los resultados de nuestras jerarquizaciones con resultados obtenidos con otros índices basados en nodos. Nuestro índice identificó al distrito de Santiago, en la provincia de Chile Central, como el área de mayor prioridad para conservación, seguido por Maule, Malvinas y distritos de la provincia Subantártica. Sin embargo, Malvinas presenta mayor complementariedad en relación con Santiago que el Maule y, por tanto, Malvinas ocupa la segunda prioridad. Los índices basados en información filogenética miden el componente evolutivo de la biodiversidad y permiten la identificación de áreas que aseguran la preservación de taxones con potencial evolutivo y filogenéticamente peculiares. El índice modificado que proponemos es sensible tanto a la peculiaridad de los taxones como a la endemicidad y permite combinar información de diversos taxones (i.e. cladogramas diferentes). El uso de la complementariedad permite la preservación de la mayor cantidad de taxones en un número mínimo de áreas protegidas. [source] A constrained 2D gravity model of the Sebastián Vizcaíno Basin, Baja California Sur, MexicoGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 6 2005J. García-Abdeslem ABSTRACT The subsurface geometry of the Sebastián Vizcaíno Basin is obtained from the 2D inversion of gravity data, constrained by a density-versus-depth relationship derived from an oil exploration deep hole. The basin accumulated a thick pile of marine sediments that evolved in the fore-arc region of the compressive margin prevalent along western North America during Mesozoic and Tertiary times. Our interpretation indicates that the sedimentary infill in the Sebastián Vizcaíno Basin reaches a maximum thickness of about 4 km at the centre of a relatively symmetric basin. At the location of the Suaro-1 hole, the depth to the basement derived from this work agrees with the drilled interface between calcareous and volcaniclastic members of the Alisitos Formation. A sensitivity analysis strongly suggests that the assumed density function leads to a nearly unique solution of the inverse problem. [source] Con el Corazón Mirando al Sur: Transformaciones en el Sur de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires , Edited by Hilda HerzerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010Jan Dohnke No abstract is available for this article. [source] Food habits of the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) off the western coast of Baja California Sur, MexicoJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2010A. A. Cabrera-Chávez-Costa Summary The objective of this study was to establish the trophic niche of the silky shark and to determine the ecological role of this predator in the ecosystem close to Baja California. The trophic spectrum was analyzed from samples taken during summer and autumn (2000,2002) from the fishing camps of Punta Lobos and Punta Belcher on the western coast of Baja California Sur. A total of 263 stomach contents were analyzed (143 with food; 120 empty). The index of relative importance (IRI) showed that at Punta Lobos, silky sharks fed mainly on red crabs Pleuroncodes planipes (%IRI = 83%), whereas at Punta Belcher the main food item was the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (%IRI = 41%), followed by chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (%IRI = 33%). According to the Levin Index (Bi), the trophic niche breadth in silky sharks is low (Bi = <0.6), which means that silky sharks are specialist predators because they mainly consume three prey types: red crab, chub mackerel, and jumbo squid. The Shannon-Wiener Index indicated that all trophic categories at Punta Belcher (0.85,1.22) had lower diversity than at Punta Lobos (0.50,1.6), because the silky shark feeds more on tropical prey found close to Punta Lobos. The Morisita-Horn Index (C,) showed an overlap in the diet between the two areas analyzed and between sexes (C, = >0.6). The juveniles and adult females did not show any overlap. In the caloric analysis of the main prey, the jumbo squid (D. gigas) contributed the most calories to the silky shark diet (76%). [source] First reported records of the leopard cusk-eel Lepophidium pardale (Ophidioidei: Ophidiidae) off the west coast of Baja California Sur, MéxicoJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 5 2008J. Rodríguez-Romero No abstract is available for this article. [source] Length,weight relationships of cryptic reef fishes from the southwestern Gulf of California, MèxicoJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2006E. F. Balart Summary Length,weight relationships of 33 cryptic reef fishes from the southwestern Gulf of California were estimated. The most common families were Gobiidae (seven species), Labrisomidae (four), Pomacentridae (three), and Tripterygiidae (three). These are the first length,weight parameters reported for 32 of these species. Specimens were sampled during a comparative ecological study of community structure of fish assemblages associated with coral heads, rocky walls, and artificial reefs in Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur. The b values varied between 2.63 and 3.61. New maximum length records for five of the species were established in the study. [source] Areography of the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in MexicoJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 7 2004Yolanda Salinas-Moreno Abstract Objective, To analyse whether the geographical ranges of Dendroctonus species are (1) associated with factors such as host species or elevation, and (2) in agreement with Halffter's Nearctic distribution pattern. (3) To identify and discuss the factors that are likely to act as barriers to the genus' geographical distribution. (4) To explore whether there is an association between the size of the geographical ranges of Dendroctonus species and the number of Pinus host species used by each of them, and (5) to assess if these host species are most common at the elevations preferred by the individual Dendroctonus species. Site, Mexico. Methods, Records of 12 species of Dendroctonus were gathered from entomological collections in Mexico. Distribution ranges were defined by using the propinquity method (Rapoport, 1975a). Analysed parameters were: (1) geographical distribution of single species, (2) overlapping of species ranges, (3) disjunction patterns and barriers by means of isoprobabilistic lines, based on the morphotectonic subdivision of Mexico (Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 1998), (4) spatial variation in species richness with respect to latitude and altitude, (5) size of geographical ranges, and (6) host species for each Dendroctonus species. A correlation was determined between area size and number of pine host species. Results, The species ranges varied in shape and size. Geographical ranges tend to be discontinuous in shape. Composite patterns showed that disjunctions among ranges do not closely follow Mexico's morphotectonic subdivision. There are repeated discontinuities among individual distributions, which define five areas: (1) Baja California Peninsula, (2) Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC), (3) northern Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOR), (4) Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and (5) SMOR + Faja Volcanica Transmexicana (FVT) + Sierra Madre del Sur. The isoprobabilistic lines confirm that the inner part of SMOC provides an optimal environment for the genus, and the FVT province constitutes the broader corridor for it in the country. Richness does not directly decrease or increase with latitude. Richness behaviour of the insect is not associated with that of its host. Elevation distributions showed that most Dendroctonus species move within broad margins of tolerance and species richness is concentrated in the montane interval. Dendroctonus attack 24 of the 47 Pinus species distributed in Mexico. Preferred pine species belong predominantly to Leiophyllae, Ponderosae and Oocarpae subsections. The Spearman rank correlation between area size and number of pine host species was not significant. Dendroctonus clearly belongs to a Nearctic distribution pattern (sensuHalffter, 1987). Main conclusions,Dendroctonus is present in all montane systems of Mexico and its species coexist within a high geographical sympatry. Overlapping of species distribution appears to be the result of two elements , generalized polyphagy inside Pinus and a wide elevation tolerance within mountainous environments. This behaviour, linked to a high vagility, has allowed the genus Dendroctonus to expand its distribution across Mexico and to employ mountainous systems as corridors separated by barriers that exert a low selective filter effect. [source] Seasonal diets of insectivorous birds using canopy gaps in a bottomland forestJOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Christopher E. Moorman ABSTRACT Little is known about how insectivorous bird diets are influenced by arthropod availability and about how these relationships vary seasonally. We captured birds in forest-canopy gaps and adjacent mature forest during 2001 and 2002 at the Savannah River Site in Barnwell County, South Carolina, and flushed their crops to gather information about arthropods eaten during four periods: spring migration, breeding, postbreeding, and fall migration. Arthropod availability for foliage- and ground-gleaning birds was examined by leaf clipping and pitfall trapping. Coleopterans and Hemipterans were used by foliage- and ground-gleaners more than expected during all periods, whereas arthropods in the orders Araneae and Hymenoptera were used as, or less than, expected based on availability during all periods. Ground-gleaning birds used Homopterans and Lepidopterans in proportions higher than availability during all periods. Arthropod use by birds was consistent from spring through fall migration, with no apparent seasonal shift in diet. Based on concurrent studies, heavily used orders of arthropods were equally abundant or slightly less abundant in canopy gaps than in the surrounding mature forest, but bird species were most frequently detected in gaps. Such results suggest that preferential feeding on arthropods by foliage-gleaning birds in gap habitats reduced arthropod densities or, alternatively, that bird use of gap and forest habitat was not determined by food resources. The abundance of arthropods across the stand may have allowed birds to remain in the densely vegetated gaps where thick cover provides protection from predators. SINOPSIS Se conoce poco de como la dieta de insectívoros está influenciada por la disponibilidad de artrópodos y de como estas interacciones varían estacionalmente. Capturamos aves en huecos o aberturas del docel de un bosque, adyacente a un bosque maduro durante el 2001 y el 2002 en Savannah River Site, Condado Garnwell, Carolina del Sur. A las aves le lavamos el buche para obtener información sobre los artrópodos utilizados como alimento durante la migración primaveral, durante la época reproductiva, post-reproductiva y durante la migración otoñal. Para determinar la disponibilidad de artrópodos en el follaje y en el suelo, usamos la técnica de cortar hojas con artrópodos y la de trampas de envases en el suelo. Los coleópteros y los hemípteros fueron utilizados como fuente de alimento, más de lo esperado tanto por aves que se alimentaron en el follaje como en los suelos, durante todos los periodos. Por su parte, los arácnidos y los himenópteros, fueron utilizados menos de lo esperado, basándose en la disponibilidad de estos durante todos los periodos de estudio. Las aves que se alimentaron en los suelos utilizaron homópteros y lepidópteros en mayor proporción que lo esperado, dada su disponibilidad, durante todos los periodos. Los artrópodos utilizados por las aves fueron consistentes desde la primavera hasta la migración otoñal, sin que hubiera desplazamiento o cambios estacionales en la dieta. Basado en estudios concurrentes, los ordenes de artrópodos más utilizados como alimento, estuvieron en similar o un poco más bajo en abundancia en los huecos del docel que en los alrededores de bosque maduro, pero las especies de aves se detectaron con mayor frecuencia en los huecos. Estos resultados sugieren que la alimentación preferencial de artrópodos por aves que se alimentan buscando insectos entre el follaje en habitats con huecos, reducen la densidad de artrópodos, o que el uso de los huecos o de bosque maduro no esta determinado por los recursos alimentarios. La abundancia de artrópodos a lo largo del rodal puede haber permitido que la aves permanecieran en los huecos o aperturas con alta densidad de plantas, en donde el follaje provee de protección contra los depredadores. [source] GROWTH OF CULTURED ABALONE, HALIOTIS FULGENS, USING NATURAL ALGAL DIETSJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 Pérez-Estrada, C. J.1,2, Serviere-Zaragoza, E.1, Mazariegos-Villareal, A.1, Reynoso-Granados, T.1 & Monsalvo-Spencer, P.1 1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). P.O. Box 128, La Paz, Baja California Sur. 23000. México; 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Carretera al Sur km. 5.5 o 23080 o La Paz, B. C. S. Algal diets have been evaluated and used extensively for the aquaculture of abalone, especially in Japan. In other areas little is known about the nutritional value of the algae that the local abalone consume. In Mexico, regional hatcheries use Macrocystis pyrifera as a main source of natural food. Kelp availability, year round, has not generally been a problem for abalone aquaculturists. Most difficulties occur during severe storms, which may prevent access to kelp beds. El Niño also caused widespread destruction of M. pyrifera. In this study, growth rates of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens, 31.7 " 1.5 mm shell length and 2.5 " 0.2 g body weight were evaluated during 136 days. Juveniles were fed with some of the algae used in regional hatcheries, Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii, Eisenia arborea, Porphyra sp. and Ulva sp. Shell length growth rates varied between 2 mm day-1 for Ulva sp. and 18 mm day-1 for M. pyrifera. Body weight rates ranged from no growth for Ulva sp. to 14 mg day-1for E. menziesii. The percent of survival was between 46 and 75 %. Ulva sp. showed the lowest protein content followed by E. menziesii, E. arborea, M. pyrifera and Porphyra sp. [source] SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF VITIS VINIFERA CV. MALBEC WINES FROM SEVEN VITICULTURE REGIONS OF ARGENTINAJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 5 2007MARÍA CRISTINA GOLDNER ABSTRACT Fifty-six Malbec wines from seven Argentine viticulture regions (Valles Calchaquíes, Mendoza del Este, Mendoza del Sur, Patagonia, Alto Río Mendoza, Valle de Uco and San Juan), of the 2004 vintage, were evaluated by sensory descriptive analysis using a panel of 10 not-sighted assessors. "Noncommercial" samples were obtained using standardized conditions, not aging and produced with grapes corresponding to each viticulture region. Malbec wines from same regions exhibited particular characteristics. Valles Calchaquíes wines had strong herbal, spicy, sweet pepper aromas and pungency in contrast to San Juan wines that showed fruity, strawberry, honey and citrus aromas. Mendoza del Este and Valle de Uco wines were associated with cooked fruit, raisin, floral and sweetness attributes as opposed to Mendoza del Sur and Patagonia wines which were characterized by sourness, bitterness, persistency and astringency, and not by aroma attributes. Alto Río Mendoza wines were characterized by pungency, sweet pepper and bitterness. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Sensory profiling of "non-commercial" Malbec wines developed in this research could be used as a tool to differentiate and classify Argentine Controlled Denominations of Origin (DOC). Wines with DOC have important value in the market and they are original country representative in the world. The results of this study suggest that Malbec wines from some of the regions located in latitudes 31,33° (San Juan, Mendoza del Este and Valle de Uco; Argentina) were associated with the most desired sensory characteristics. Out of these latitudes, wine-making process would have more importance on Malbec wine quality. [source] Population genetics of Galápagos land iguana (genus Conolophus) remnant populationsMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 23 2008ATHANASIA C. TZIKA Abstract The Galápagos land iguanas (genus Conolophus) have faced significant anthropogenic disturbances since the 17th century, leading to severe reduction of some populations and the extinction of others. Conservation activities, including the repatriation of captive-bred animals to depleted areas, have been ongoing since the late 1970s, but genetic information has not been extensively incorporated. Here we use nine species-specific microsatellite loci of 703 land iguanas from the six islands where the species occur today to characterize the genetic diversity within, and the levels of genetic differentiation among, current populations as well as test previous hypotheses about accidental translocations associated with early conservation efforts. Our analyses indicate that (i) five populations of iguanas represent distinct conservation units (one of them being the recently discovered rosada form) and could warrant species status, (ii) some individuals from North Seymour previously assumed to be from the natural Baltra population appear related to both Isabela and Santa Cruz populations, and (iii) the five different management units exhibit considerably different levels of intrapopulation genetic diversity, with the Plaza Sur and Santa Fe populations particularly low. Although the initial captive breeding programmes, coupled with intensive efforts to eradicate introduced species, saved several land iguana populations from extinction, our molecular results provide objective data for improving continuing in situ species survival plans and population management for this spectacular and emblematic reptile. [source] III ,,ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD ,PLATONISM' IN THE EXPRESSION ,MATHEMATICAL PLATONISM'PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY (HARDBACK), Issue 1 2005Jacques Bouveresse ABSTRACT The expression ,platonism in mathematics' or ,mathematical platonism' is familiar in the philosophy of mathematics at least since the use Paul Bernays made of it in his paper of 1934, ,Sur le Platonisme dans les Mathématiques'. But he was not the first to point out the similarities between the conception of the defenders of mathematical realism and the ideas of Plato. Poincaré had already stressed the ,platonistic' orientation of the mathematicians he called,Cantorian', as opposed to those who (like himself) were ,pragmatist' ones. I examine in this paper some very perplexing aspects of the use which is made at that time of a number of concepts, particularly ,idealism' (which generally designates what we would call ,mathematical realism') and ,empiricism' (which can designate almost any form of antirealism, even if, like for example intuitionism, it is not empiricist at all). There are, of course, historical reasons that may explain why it was for a time so easy and natural to use the words and the concepts in a way that may seem now very strange and to treat as if they were equivalent the two oppositions: realism/antirealism and idealism/empiricism. [source] How does one speak of social psychology in a nation in transition?THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Mamphela Ramphele Abstract:, Although South Africa's transition into nationhood has been remarkable by all measures, persistent inequalities remain. These are directly traceable to the impact of the social engineering of apartheid which has left a legacy of poverty and a lack of education. In this talk, I focus on three key dilemmas for South Africans: identity as a nation of citizens with multiple identities, capacity for self-knowledge and self-acceptance and openness to new impulses. Acceptance of multiple identities is widespread but how deep is the acceptance of difference, especially when conflicts of opinion emerge? Finding a language of self-knowledge and acceptance requires a language that enables us to gain greater mastery of the complexities of living in a diverse society. How can psychology help with this task? In African cultures illness is described as a visitation from the ancestors: affected persons become wounded healers whose healing powers come from their acknowledged weakness. To what extent might you, as analytical psychologists, help find the ritual processes and language to be effective healers of your own nation? Translations of Abstract Bien que la transition de l'Afrique du Sud au statut de nation ait été remarquable à tous points de vue, des inégalités persistantes demeurent. Celles-ci sont directement repérables à leur impact sur le système social de l'apartheid, qui a laissé en héritage la pauvreté et un système éducatif inexistant. Dans cette discussion, je me concentrerai sur trois dilemmes cruciaux pour les Sud Africains : la question de l'identité dans une nation de citoyens aux identités multiples, l'aptitude à la connaissance et à l'acceptation de soi et l'ouverture à de nouveaux horizons. L'acceptation des identités multiples est largement répandue, mais quelle est la profondeur de cette acceptation de la différence, notamment lorsque surgissent des conflits d'opinions? Parler la langue de la connaissance de soi et de l'acceptation requiert un langage qui nous permette d'atteindre une meilleure maîtrise des complexités de la vie dans une société diversifiée. Comment la psychologie peut-elle contribuer à cette tâche? Dans les cultures africaines, la maladie est décrite comme une visitation par les ancêtres; les personnes affectées deviennent des guérisseurs blessés dont les pouvoirs de guérison résultent de la reconnaissance de leur mal. Dans quelle mesure êtes-vous, en tant qu'analystes, à même d'aider à trouver les processus rituels et le langage qui fassent de vous les guérisseurs de votre propre nation? Obwohl Südafrikas Übergang in eine gemeinsame Nation nach allen Maßstäben beachtenswert ist, bleiben anhaltende Ungleichheiten bestehen. Diese kann man direkt zurückverfolgen bis zum Einfluss der sozialen Konstruktion der Apartheid, die eine Erbschaft von Armut und Mangel an Bildung hinterlassen hat. In diesem Vortrag werde ich auf drei Schlüssel-Dilemmata fokussieren: Identität einer Nation von Bürgern mit zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Identitäten, Kapazität zur Selbsterkenntnis und Selbstakzeptanz und Offenheit für neue Impulse. Es gibt eine weit reichende Akzeptanz der vielen Identitäten, aber wie tief geht die Akzeptanz des Unterschiedes, insbesondere wenn Meinungsverschiedenheiten auftauchen? Um eine Sprache der Selbsterkenntnis und ,akzeptanz zu finden, wird eine Sprache gebraucht, die uns befähigt, eine größere Beherrschung der Komplexitäten des Lebens in einer facettenreichen Gesellschaft zu gewinnen. Wie kann die Psychologie bei dieser Aufgabe helfen? In afrikanischen Kulturen wird Krankheit als Heimsuchung durch die Ahnen beschrieben. Betroffene Personen werden verwundete Heiler, deren Heilkräfte aus ihrer anerkannten Schwäche hervorgehen. In welchem Ausmaß können Sie als Analytische Psychologen helfen, die rituellen Prozesse und die Sprache zu finden, um effektive Heiler Ihrer eigenen Nation zu werden? Sebbene il passaggio del Sud Africa a una nazione unita sia stato notevole in tutti i sensi, tuttavia restano persistenti ineguaglianze. Queste possono essere fatte risalire direttamente all'impatto della manovra sociale dell'apartheid che ha lasciato un'eredità di povertà e di mancanza di educazione. In questa relazione metto a fuoco tre problemi dei Sud Africani: l'identità di una nazione di cittadini dalle molteplici identità, la capacità di un riconoscimento di sé e di una accettazione di sé, e l'apertura a nuovi stimoli. L'accettazione di séè ampiamente distribuita, ma quanto è profonda l'accettazione delle differenze, soprattutto quando emergono conflitti di opinione? Trovare un linguaggio in cui ci si riconosca e ci si accetti richiede un linguaggio che sia in grado di farci guadagnare una maggior padronanza delle complessità del vivere in una società diversa. In che modo la psicologia può aiutarci in questo compito? Nelle culture africane la malattia viene descritta come una visita degli antenati: le persone colpite diventano guaritori feriti il cui potere di guarire viene dalla loro conoscenza della debolezza. Fino a che punto voi, in quanto psicologi analisti, potreste aiutare a trovare i processi rituali e il linguaggio per essere efficaci guaritori della vostra stessa nazione? Aun cuando al transición de Sur África a una nacionalidad ha sido notable en todo sentido, perduran persitentes desigualdaes. Ellas pueden directamente descubiertas en el impacto de la ingienería social de la discriminación (apartheid) que ha dejado una herencia de pobreza y falta de educación. En esta presentación, me focalizaré en tres dilemas fundamentales para los Sur Africanos: Identidad nacional de ciudadanos con múltiples identidades, Capacidad para el auto-conocimiento y auto-aceptación, y apertura a nuevos impulsos. La aceptación de la multiplicidad de la identidad está ampliamente difundida pero, ¿qué tan profunda es la aceptación de las diferencias, en especial cuando emergen los conflictos de opinión? Encontrar un lenguaje de auto-conocimiento y aceptación requiere de un lenguaje que nos permita ganar mayor dominio de la complejidad del vivir en una sociedad diversa. ¿Cómo puede ayudar al psicología en la obtención de esta meta? En las culturas Africanas la enfermedad se describe como la visita de los ancestros: las personas afectadas se convierten en curadores heridos cuyos poderes sanadores viene de su conocimientos de debilidades. ¿Hasta que punto pueden ustedes, como Psicólogos Analíticos, puene ayudar a encontrar los procesos rituales y el lenguaje que los convierta en curadores eficientes en su nación? [source] The effect of feral cats on the population viability of black-vented shearwaters (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, MexicoANIMAL CONSERVATION, Issue 3 2002Bradford S. Keitt Insular breeding seabirds are likely to be particularly vulnerable to introduced mammalian predators because they often lack behavioural, morphological and life-history defenses against predation. We studied the life-history of the black-vented shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, to examine its vulnerability to introduced feral cats. Using an allometric equation, we estimated that feral cats consumed 328 g of food day -1 to satisfy their nutritional requirements. We used stable isotope analysis of cat scat to estimate that 90% of the cats' diet was composed of shearwaters. Using data from our focal species and from the closely related manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), we created a demographic model to evaluate the effects of cat population size on the annual growth rate (,) of the shearwater. The annual growth rate for black-vented shearwaters was estimated to be 1.006 in the absence of cat predation. With predation, we estimated that annual growth rate declined approximately 5% for every 20 cats in a population of 150,000 birds. Persistence times of bird colonies decreased both with an increase in the size of the feral cat population and with a decrease in the size of the initial bird population. [source] Growth and survival of the Calafia mother-of-pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley 1856) under different sequences of nursery culture,late culture at Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, MéxicoAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2000Mario Monteforte The Calafia mother-of-pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley), and the Rainbow nacre shell, Pteria sterna (Gould), represent an important resource for México because of their potential in pearl production. The present work deals with the effect of different sequences of nursery culture-late culture on growth and survival of P. mazatlanica, from September 1993 to October 1994. The collected spat presented two main size groups: small (mean shell height of 7 mm), and large (13 mm). They were arranged into four experimental batches for each size group at a constant stocking density of 40,45 juvenile pearl oysters per Nestier cage. Three batches remained in nursery culture for 2, 4 and 6 months respectively, after which they were transferred to late culture in rail cages. A control group remained in nursery culture for 12 months. Growth was evaluated monthly and compared through anova and HSD Tukey tests. In addition to the shell height, width, depth (mm) and weight (g), data of shell volume (height × width × depth, in mm3) was also introduced to estimate and compare growth among the experimental groups. Mortality was estimated by counting the dead specimens every month and obtaining the percentage from a 100% initial survival at the start of the experiment. The juveniles showed different responses to the change from nursery culture to late culture; the level of each response varied significantly among the experimental groups at the end of the study. It seemed that a 6-month period for nursery culture was propitious for P. mazatlanica. [source] Clinoform nucleation and growth in coarse-grained deltas, Loreto basin, Baja California Sur, Mexico: a response to episodic accelerations in fault displacementBASIN RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005Estelle Mortimer We investigate the controls on the architecture of coarse-grained delta progradational units (PUs) in the Pliocene Loreto basin (Baja California Sur, Mexico), a half-graben located on the western margin of the Gulf of California. Dorsey et al. (1997b) argued that delta progradation and transgression cycles in the basin were driven by episodic fault-controlled subsidence along the basin-bounding Loreto fault. Here we test this hypothesis by a detailed analysis of the sedimentary architecture of 11 exceptionally well-exposed, vertically arranged fluvio-deltaic PUs, each of which shows lateral facies transition from proximal alluvial facies palaeo-seaward into distal pro-delta facies. Of these 11 PUs, seven exhibit a lateral transition from a shoal water to Gilbert-delta facies associations as they are traced palaeo-seaward. This transition is characterised by down-transport development of foresets, which grow in height up to 35 m. Foreset units thicken in a basinward direction, with initially an oblique topset,foreset geometry that becomes increasingly sigmoidal. Each delta is capped by a shell bed that records drowning of the delta top. This systematic transition in delta architecture records increasing water depth through time during individual episodes of progradation. A mechanism that explains this transition is an accelerating rate of fault-controlled subsidence during each PU. During episodes of low slip rate, shoal-water deltas prograde across the submerged topography of the underlying delta unit. As displacement rate accelerates, increasing bathymetry at the delta front leads to steepening of foresets and initiation of Gilbert deltas. Subsequent delta drowning results from sediment starvation at the shoreline at high slip rates because of sediment trapping upstream. The observed delta architecture suggests that the long-term (>100 kyr) history of slip on the Loreto fault was characterised by repetitive episodes of accelerating displacement accumulation. Such episodic fault behaviour is most likely to be because of variations in temporal and spatial strain partitioning between the Loreto fault and other faults in the Gulf of California. A physical explanation for the acceleration phenomenon involves evolving frictional properties on the episodically active Loreto fault. [source] Restructurer peu, restructurer mieux : leçons d'expériences ministérielles récentes au CanadaCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 1 2010Luc Bernier Sommaire: Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux restructurations de ministères fonctionnels. Nous revoyons d'abord les raisons recensées pour restructurer. Puis, nous comparons ce qui s'est passé récemment dans trois provinces du Canada ainsi qu'au gouvernement fédéral dans ce domaine. Les exemples utilisés nous informent sur les raisons de restructurer et sur les conséquences des restructurations. Les cas relatés, tous territoires confondus, nous amènent à constater que certains domaines semblent plus problématiques que d'autres (par ex. : développement économique, environnement), c'est-à-dire qu'ils font plus souvent l'objet de restructurations sans que la solution choisie ne soit satisfaisante par la suite. Les raisons évoquées pour expliquer les restructurations ont trait à la complexité du dossier et aux priorités gouvernementales. Par ailleurs, pour ce qui est des conséquences, elles sont de trois ordres : à savoir les conséquences administratives et budgétaires (coûts liés aux déménagements, à l'imprimerie, etc.), les conséquences relatives à l'orientation du ministère (sa mission et sa vision), et les incidences sur le personnel (pertes d'emploi, impact sur le moral des employés, etc.). Sur le plan pratique, les premiers ministres doivent particulièrement éviter de restructurer lors de remaniements ministériels. Abstract: In this article, we take a look at restructuring initiatives involving functional departments. First, we review the documented reasons leading to the decision to restructure. Next, we compare recent restructuring activities in three Canadian provinces and at the federal government level. The examples used provide us with information on the reasons for engaging in the restructuring process, and its implications. The cases reported (all territories combined) reveal that some areas seem more problematic than others (for example, economic development, environment) , that is, they are the focus of more frequent restructuring, and the subsequent outcome is not always satisfactory. The reasons for explaining the restructurings point to the complexity of the file and government priorities. Furthermore, the consequences of the restructuring process fall into three main areas: implications at the administrative and budgetary levels (costs related to moving, printing, etc.), implications revolving around the department's direction (mission and vision), and implications on personnel (loss of employment, impact on employees' morale, etc.). On a practical level, the premiers must particularly avoid the restructuring of departments during Cabinet shuffles. [source] Lawyers, trees and money: British Columbia forest policy and the convergence of international and domestic trade considerationsCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 4 2005Christopher J. Kukucha At the domestic level, the BC government maintains significant control over softwood lumber as a result of provincial land ownership, executive dominance, and the role of the Ministry of Forests. This is reinforced by a close relationship between the bureaucracy and key industry associations. Under the New Democratic Party government of the 1990s, however, the policy relevance of environment, labour, and aboriginal groups increased. The election of the BC Liberals, however, diminished these interests, with the possible exception of First Nations groups. It is also important, however, to acknowledge the significance of international developments. Institutionally, these pressures contributed to bureaucratic restructuring and a changing "culture" within the Ministry of Forests. Industry relations have also been influenced by consolidation of ownership, bilateral lumber disputes with the United States, and the increasing role of non-elected legal representatives. In addition, environment and labour interests were empowered by external funding, high export demands, and a low Canadian dollar. Although these developments have created an increasingly complex policy process, it is apparent that domestic considerations remain dominant, especially traditional participants, such as the Ministry of Forests and other specific setoral interests. Sommaire: Les developements nationaux et internationaux ont des répercussions directes sur la politique forestière en Colombie-Britannique. À l'échelle nationale, le gouvernement de la C.-B. maintient un important contrôle sur le bois d'evre en rai-son de la propriété foncière provinciale, de la dominance de I'exécutif, et du rôle du ministere des ForCts. Ceci est renforcb par des liens étroits entre la bureaucratie et les associations clés de l'industrie. Cependant, sous le gouvernement du Nouveau Parti Démocratique des années 1990, la pertinence des politiques des groupes environne-mentaux, syndicaux et autochtones s'est accrue. L'élection des Libéraux et C.-B. a réduit ces intéréts, a l'exception des groupes des Premières Nations. Cependant, il faut aussi reconnaître l'importance des développements intemationaux. Sur le plan institutionnel, ces pressions ont contribuéà une restructuration bureaucratique et a l'évolution de la « culture » au sein du ministère des Forê Les relations indus-trielles ont aussi été influencées par une consolidation de la propriété, les conflits bilatéraux avec les États-Unis au sujet du bois, et le rde croissant des mandataires légaux non élus. En outre, les intér& environnementaux et de main-d'aeuvre ont vu leurs pouvoirs accrus par le financement externe, les demandes d'exportation Plevees et la faiblesse du dollar canadien. Quoique ces changements aient Créé un processus de politiques de plus en plus complexe, il est évident que les considérations nationales dominent, en particulier celles qui sont préconisées par les participants traditionnels, comme le ministére des Forêts et d'autres intérêts sectoriels particuliers. [source] La diffusion d'une innovation portant les germes de son plafonnement: la réutilisation des hémodialyseurs au QuébecCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 3 2001Daniel Lozeau Sommaire: L'objectif de cette recherche est d'identifier les facteurs de diffusion d'une innovation - la réutilisation des hémodialyseurs (rh) - ainsi que de son plafonncment marqué par la controverse, à travers les motivations et stratégies des groupes d'acteurs clés. Plus particulièrement, cette étude vise à situer le rôle de la " médecine fondée sur des données probantes "dans la dynamique de la diffusion de cette innovation. Nous partons du constat que la rh est une pratique reconnue pour les économies qu'elle génère tout en étant perçue par certains comme risquée pour la santé des usagers et du personnel. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que la diffusion de la rh au Québec, loin d'avoir pris son assise sur des données empiriques solides, a plutôt résulté de comportements sociaux d'imitation à la faveur de contacts directs entre des centres de dialyse voisins qui subissaient alors de fortes pressions de leurs autorités afin de réduire leurs dépenses. Cependant, l'ampleur des investissements nécessaires à l'introduction de cette pratique, la perspective de devoir négocicr I'achat de matériel dédiéà la rh auprès d'un monopole, ainsi que les stratégies commerciales de fournisseurs peu motivés à promouvoir la vente de matériel de rh au détriment de celle, plus lucrative, d'hémodialyseurs en grande quantité (lorsque non réutilisés), ont grandement réduit l'attrait économique dc la rh aux yeux des dirigeants de centres de dialyse. L'incapacité des données empiriques à endiguer les craintes soulevées par les risques associés à la rh a eu la double conséquence (1) dc mener au plafonnement de cette activité et (2) d'induire des centres de dialysc qui effectuaient déjà la rh à se doter d'une gestion envers les patients basée sur la non transparence et la contrainte. Sur le plan conceptuel, les résultats de cette étude montrent que ce n'est que dans la mesure où les facteurs sociaux et d'intérêts (dynamiquc institutionnelle) sont pris en compte et qu'ils convergent avec les critères de rationalité technique, qu'une innovation améliore ses chances de se diffuser et de s'enraciner dans une organisation. Considérant ces conclusions, quelques propositions sont énonées dans le but d'améliorer le potentiel d'implantation de la rh en facilitant la prise en compte des données empiriques dans les centres de dialyse, tout en leur procurant un meilleur rapport de force vis-à-vis leurs fournisseurs et afin que les patients et le personnel clinique y trouvent davantage leur intérêt. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the factors in the diffusion of an innovation - hemodialyzer re-use - and the controversy surrounding the levelling off of its use, by looking at the motivations and strategies of key actors. More particularly, this study focuses on the role of "evidence-based medicine" in the diffusion of this innovation. Starting with the observation that hemodialyzer re-use is recognized for its cost-savings while being perceived by some to be a health risk for both users and staff, our findings show that diffusion of this practice in Quebec, far from being based on solid empirical data, was instead influenced by the social phenomenon of imitation that resulted from direct contact with local dialysis centres that were at the time under great pressure from their management to reduce expenditures. The cost-savings of hemodialyzer re-use for the people managing the dialysis centres was, however, greatly reduced by several factors: the considerable investments needed to introduce this practice; the prospects of having to negotiate with a monopoly to purchase the hemodialyzer-dedicated equipment; and the commercial strategies of suppliers who have little interest in promoting the sale of equipment for hemodialyzer re-use over the more lucrative sale of large quantities of hemodialyzers (when not re-used). The ineffectiveness of empirical data in allaying fears of the risks associated with the practice of hemodialyzer re-use has had the dual effect of 1) causing this activity to level off, and 2) causing dialysis centres already involved in hemodialyzer re-use to adopt an approach to patient management that is based on non-transparency and constraint. On the conceptual level, our findings show that the likelihood of an organization adopting an innovation increases when social factors and interest factors (such as the institutional dynamic) are taken into account and align with criteria of technical rationality. Given these conclusions, we put forward some proposals for improving the potential of hemodialyzer re-use by facilitating the dialysis centres' consideration of empirical data. As well, our proposals are aimed at obtaining a stronger position for the centres with regard to their suppliers and at ensuring that both patients and clinic staff benefit more from the practice of hemodialyzer re-use. [source] "Choice" in Filial Care Work: Moving beyond a DichotomyCANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 3 2009LAURA M. FUNK Les auteures analysent le concept du «choix» dans le travail des aidants naturels filiaux. Dans la documentation théorique et empirique sur le travail des aidants naturels, une dichotomie entre le «choix» et l'«obligation» est considérée comme une construction sociale. Néanmoins, cette dichotomie ne reflète pas adéquatement les expériences familiales de fourniture de soins; par exemple, le choix et l'obligation ne constituent pas des motivations mutuellement exclusives. Ils sont plutôt «relationnels», «contextuels» et manifestes dans l'interaction entre des macro et des microcontextes. La dichotomie choix-obligation est également idéologique. Sur le plan de la politique morale, elle fait la promotion du déchargement de la responsabilité des gouvernements sur les familles, elle obscurcit la complexité des relations filiales et peut même promouvoir l'ambivalence psychologique. In this paper, we discuss the concept of "choice" in filial care work. A dichotomy between choice and obligation is constructed in theoretical and empirical literature on filial care work. However, this dichotomy does not adequately reflect family caregiving experiences; for instance, choice and obligation are not mutually exclusive motivations. Rather, choice and obligation are "relational" and "contextual" and manifest in the interaction between macro- and micro-contexts. The choice-obligation dichotomy is also ideological. At the moral-political level, it promotes the downloading of responsibility by governments to family, obscures the complexity of filial relationships, and may even promote psychological ambivalence. [source] La valeur économique de l'audit et son efficacité dans le fonctionnement de l'école publiqueCONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010YOSHIE SAITO M40; M48; M49 Les auteurs examinent l'incidence de l'audit sur le fonctionnement de l'école publique en poursuivant deux objectifs : déterminer si les audits procurent des avantages économiques aux parties prenantes et définir l'incidence de la complexité des règles à observer sur l'efficacité de l'audit. Utilisant des données relatives au temps consacréà l'audit et profitant de l'occasion unique offerte par la Quality Basic Education Act en Georgie, les auteurs estiment le rendement relatif des activités des arrondissements scolaires au moyen d'une méthode stochastique d'estimation des frontières. Ils constatent que l'audit produit de véritables avantages économiques pour les parties prenantes en atténuant le manque d'efficience de l'utilisation des ressources scolaires. Ils constatent également que la rigueur des règles à observer réduit l'efficacité de l'audit mais que l'expérience des auditeurs peut contribuer à surmonter ce problème. Le fait que les coûts d'audit ne soient pas communiqués entrave la réalisation d'une analyse coûts-avantages des nouvelles exigences. L'analyse des auteurs vient confirmer la thèse selon laquelle l'audit est indispensable à l'établissement de mécanismes de gouvernance et la communication des coûts d'audit est importante dans l'évaluation adéquate d'une nouvelle politique. Les données pertinentes peuvent être obtenues auprès des sources publiques indiquées dans le texte. [source] Sources of sulphur in gypsiferous sediments and crusts and pathways of gypsum redistribution in southern TunisiaEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 12 2004Nick A. Drake Abstract Southern Tunisia contains one of the most extensive gypsum accumulations in Africa comprising Triassic, Cretaceous, Eocene and Mio-Pliocene marine evaporites, spring deposits, playa sediments, aeolian sands and gypsum crusts. Sulphur isotope analysis (,34S) of bedrock samples, groundwater, playa brines, playa sediments, and gypsiferous crusts provides insight into the sources of gypsum in the region and sheds light on the processes that lead to gypsum crust formation. Results suggest that recycling of marine gypsum is the most likely source of the sulphate in the groundwater, playa sediments and crusts. The low ,34S values found in Eocene and Mio-Pliocene samples suggest that this recycling has been going on for millions of years. Though bedrock appears to be the ultimate source of the gypsum in the crusts, transport of this sulphate to playas, concentration therein, and subsequent dispersal across the landscape by aeolian processes provides the most likely pathway for sur,cial gypsum crust formation. Comparison of these results with those from Australia, Chile and Namibia suggests that, although the source of the sulphur varies from region to region, the processes of sur,cial crust formation appear to be similar. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||