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Sugar Yield (sugar + yield)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Life Sciences	70%
Chemistry	10%

Selected Abstracts

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2005
J. T. Tsialtas
Abstract For three successive growing seasons (1999,2001), a completely randomized block design experiment was established at the surrounding area of each of four sugar beet processing plants of Hellenic Sugar Industry SA, Greece (a total of 12 experiments). Nitrogen was applied at five rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha,1) and six replications per rate. Nitrogen fertilization had site-specific effects on quantitative (fresh root and sugar yields) and qualitative (sucrose content, K, Na, , -amino N) traits. When data were combined over years and sites, fresh root and sugar yields were maximized at high N rates (330.75 and 295 kg N ha,1 respectively), as derived from quadratic functions fitted to data. In three trials, increased N rates had negative effects on root and sugar yield. These sites were characterized by high yield in control plots, light soil texture (sand > 50 %) and low CEC values. When data were converted into relative values (the ratio of the trait values to the control mean of each experiment), root and sugar yield was found to be maximized at higher N rates (350 and 316 kg N ha,1, respectively). Sucrose content was strongly and linearly reduced by the increased N rates when data were combined but a significant reduction with increasing N rates was found in only two sites. Non-sugar impurities (K, Na, , -amino N) were positively related to the increased N rates when data were combined. Sodium and , -amino N showed to be most affected by N fertilization as positive relationships were found in six and eight of 12 locations, respectively. Increased N supply resulted in higher soil NO3 -N concentrations (0,90 cm depth) at harvest which were related with amino N contents in sugar beet roots (in 1999 and 2001). [source]

Effects of Pressing Lignocellulosic Biomass on Sugar Yield in Two-Stage Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis Process

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2002
Kyoung Heon Kim
Dilute sulfuric acid catalyzed hydrolysis of biomass such as wood chips often involves pressing the wood particles in a dewatering step (e.g., after acid impregnation) or in compression screw feeders commonly used in continuous hydrolysis reactors. This study addresses the effects of pressing biomass feedstocks using a hydraulic press on soluble sugar yield obtained from two-stage dilute-acid hydrolysis of softwood. The pressed acid-impregnated feedstock gave significantly lower soluble sugar yields than the never-pressed (i.e., partially air-dried or filtered) feedstock. Pressing acid-impregnated feedstocks before pretreatment resulted in a soluble hemicellulosic sugar yield of 76.9% from first-stage hydrolysis and a soluble glucose yield of 33.7% from second-stage hydrolysis. The dilute-acid hydrolysis of partially air-dried feedstocks having total solids and acid concentrations similar to those of pressed feedstocks gave yields of 87.0% hemicellulosic sugar and 46.9% glucose in the first and second stages, respectively. Microscopic examination of wood structures showed that pressing acid-impregnated wood chips from 34 to 54% total solids (TS) did not cause the wood structure to collapse. However, pressing first-stage pretreated wood chips (i.e., feedstock for second-stage hydrolysis) from approximately 30 to 43% TS caused the porous wood matrix to almost completely collapse. It is hypothesized that pressing alters the wood structure and distribution of acid within the cell cavities, leading to uneven heat and mass transfer during pretreatment using direct steam injection. Consequently, lower hydrolysis yield of soluble sugars results. Dewatering of corn stover by pressing did not impact negatively on the sugar yield from single-stage dilute-acid pretreatment. [source]

Potential agronomic options for energy-efficient sugar beet-based bioethanol production in northern Japan

GCB BIOENERGY, Issue 3 2009
NOBUHISA KOGA
Abstract Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) is deemed to be one of the most promising bioethanol feedstock crops in northern Japan. To establish viable sugar beet-based bioethanol production systems, energy-efficient protocols in sugar beet cultivation are being intensively sought. On this basis, the effects of alternative agronomic practices for sugar beet production on total energy inputs (from fuels and agricultural materials during cultivation and transportation) and ethanol yields (estimated from sugar yields) were assessed in terms of (i) direct drilling, (ii) reduced tillage (no moldboard plowing), (iii) no-fungicide application, (iv) using a high-yielding beet genotype, (v) delayed harvesting and (vi) root+crown harvesting. Compared with the conventional sugar beet production system used in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, northern Japan, which makes use of transplants, direct drilling and no-fungicide application contributed to reduced energy inputs from raising seedlings and fungicides, respectively, but sugar (or ethanol) yields were also reduced by these practices, to a greater equivalent extent than the reductions in energy inputs. Consequently, direct drilling (6.84 MJ L,1) and no-fungicide application (7.78 MJ L,1) worsened the energy efficiency (total energy inputs to produce 1 L of ethanol), compared with conventional sugar beet production practices (5.82 MJ L,1). Sugar yields under conventional plow-based tillage and reduced tillage practices were similar, but total energy inputs were reduced as a result of reduced fuel consumption from not plowing. Hence, reduced tillage showed improved energy efficiency (5.36 MJ L,1). The energy efficiency was also improved by using a high-yielding genotype (5.23 MJ L,1) and root+crown harvesting (5.21 MJ L,1). For these practices, no major changes in total energy inputs were noted, but sugar yields were consistently increased. Neither total energy inputs nor ethanol yields were affected by extending the vegetative growing period by delaying harvesting. [source]

Characterization and Origin of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Yegua Ground Water in Brazos County, Texas

GROUND WATER, Issue 5 2001
Joyanto Routh
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in five shallow (< 20 m) and three deeper wells (27 to 30 m) in the Eocene Yegua Formation (Brazos County in east-central Texas) ranged from 92 to 500 ,m. Characterization of high, intermediate, and low molecular weight DOC fractions (HMW > 3000 amu, IMW 1000 to 3000 amu, and LMW 500 to 1000 amu) and combined neutral sugar analyses provide information on organic matter sources in the Yegua aquifers. Combined neutral sugars ranged in concentration from 0.6 to 2.7 ,mol/L and comprised 0.8% to 6.7% of DOC in ground water. Glucose was the most abundant neutral sugar, followed by xylose and galactose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose, and fucose. These combined neutral sugars were more diagenetically altered in shallow, oxic ground water as indicated by high mole % fucose + rhamnose and low neutral sugar yield. The precursors for neutral sugars are most probably angiosperm leaves, which show a similar distribution pattern of neutral sugars. Ground water DOC was depleted in 13C relative to soil-zone organic matter (OM) (,16, to ,19,). The ,13C values of bulk DOC and HMW DOC ranged from ,24, to ,32,, whereas LMW and IMW DOC ranged from ,32, to ,34, and ,16, to ,28,, respectively. This variability in ,13C values is probably related to microbial processes and selective preservation of OM. Carbon isotope analyses in bulk and different molecular weight DOC fractions imply a predominantly C3 OM source and a low contribution of soil-zone OM to DOC. [source]

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

Co-operative actions and degradation analysis of purified xylan-degrading enzymes from Thermomonospora fusca BD25 on oat-spelt xylan

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003
M. Tuncer
Abstract Aims: To determine and quantify the products from the degradation of xylan by a range of purified xylan-degrading enzymes, endoxylanase, , -xylosidase and , - l -arabinofuranosidase produced extracellularly by Thermomonospora fusca BD25. Methods and Results: The amounts of reducing sugars released from oat-spelt xylan by the actions of endoxylanase, , -xylosidase and , - l -arabinofuranosidase were equal to 28·1, 4·6 and 7% hydrolysis (as xylose equivalents) of the substrate used, respectively. However, addition of , -xylosidase and , - l -arabinofuranosidase preparation to endoxylanase significantly enhanced (70 and 20% respectively) the action of endoxylanase on the substrate. The combination of purified endoxylanase, , -xylosidase and , - l -arabinofuranosidase preparations produced a greater sugar yield (58·6% hydrolysis) and enhanced the total reducing sugar yield by around 50%. The main xylooligosaccharide products released using the action of endoxylanase alone on oat-spelt xylan were identified as xylobiose and xylopentose. , - l -Arabinofuranosidase was able to release arabinose and xylobiose from oat-spelt xylan. In the presence of all three purified enzymes the hydrolysis products of oat-spelt xylan were mainly xylose, arabinose and substituted xylotetrose with lesser amount of substituted xylotriose. Conclusions: The addition of the , -xylosidase and , - l -arabinofuranosidase enzymes to purified xylanases more than doubled the degradation of xylan from 28 to 58% of the total substrate with xylose and arabinose being the major sugars produced. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results highlight the role of xylan de-branching enzymes in the degradation of xylan and suggest that the use of enzyme cocktails may significantly improve the hydrolysis of xylan in industrial processes. [source]

Pretreatment of barley husk for bioethanol production

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2005
Beatriz Palmarola-Adrados
Abstract This paper reports on the optimization of steam pretreatment of barley husk for high pentose and hexose recovery in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis step, as well as high ethanol yield, following simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The parameters optimized in the steam pretreatment step were residence time (5,15 min), temperature (190,215 °C), and concentration of the acid catalyst (0 or 0.5% H2SO4). A microwave oven was employed for screening of the optimal conditions to obtain the highest sugar yield following combined pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The final optimization of the pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on a larger scale, in a steam pretreatment unit. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was carried out following steam pretreatment on 5 and 10% dry matter steam-pretreated slurries. Fermentability tests were performed to determine the effect of by-products (ie furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural) in the bioconversion of glucose to ethanol by baker's yeast. The maximum glucose yield, 88% of the theoretical, was obtained following steam pretreatment with 0.5% H2SO4 at 200 °C for 10 min. Under these conditions, a sugar to ethanol conversion of 81% was attained in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Variety-specific Epidemiology of Cercospora beticola Sacc. and Consequences for Threshold-based Timing of Fungicide Application in Sugar Beet

JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010
Ulrike Kaiser
Abstract In Central Europe, fungicides to control leaf spot disease in sugar beet caused by Cercospora beticola are applied based on thresholds of disease incidence (DI, per cent of infected plants). As variety-specific fungicide application was not analyzed to date, the epidemiology of C. beticola and its effect on white sugar yield (WSY) in varieties with different susceptibility were investigated at seven sites in Germany and Austria in 2004 and 2005. All varieties reached the summary thresholds 5 / 15 / 45% DI in all environments. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DI revealed significant differences among varieties. At high disease pressure, susceptible varieties reached a considerably higher disease severity (DS, per cent of infected leaf area) at harvest and a larger area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) than resistant varieties. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DS showed an increasing differentiation among varieties with time. The growth rate estimated based on the logistic growth curve was the only variable that performed equally well in differentiating varieties under low and high disease pressure. With increasing disease pressure, varieties differed considerably in WSY, but differences between susceptible and resistant varieties were significant only in some environments. The disease-loss relation between AUDPC and relative WSY was variety-specific. Resistant varieties had an approximately identical WSY with and without infection and compensated for negative infection effects even at higher AUDPC. Therefore, at high disease pressure, resistant varieties had a higher relative yield compared to susceptible ones. However, our results indicate that there is no need to develop variety-specific thresholds, but resistant varieties reach the established thresholds later than susceptible ones. Consequently, the time of fungicide application can be delayed in resistant varieties. This will help to reduce the use of fungicides to the bare essentials as requested for the integrated crop protection management. [source]

Seasonal patterns of sucrose concentration in relation to other quality parameters of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2006
Christine Kenter
Abstract The chemical composition of sugar beet is the most important parameter affecting its processing. Sugar factories require beet with high concentrations of sucrose and low concentrations of melassigenic substances to maximise the amount of extractable sugar. In order to plan the processing campaign, forecasts of root and sugar yield by prediction models are possible but there are no means to predict the technical quality of the beet. In the present study, the seasonal development and physiological relationships of different parameters of sugar beet quality were analysed. In order to estimate possibilities for quality forecasts, the concentrations of beet quality variables in October were correlated with corresponding quality measurements in late summer and to weather variables during the growing season by linear regressions. In 2000 and 2001, 27 field trials were conducted on commercial farm fields in all sugar beet growing areas in Germany. From June to October, sequential samples were taken every 4 weeks and the concentrations of sucrose, potassium, sodium, total soluble nitrogen, ,-amino nitrogen, nitrate, betaine, reducing sugars and marc in the beet were determined. The sucrose concentration increased progressively until the final harvest date in autumn, whereas the concentrations of the melassigenic substances decreased markedly until late summer and remained fairly constant as the season progressed. Marc concentration was the most stable of the parameters analysed. The sucrose concentration was positively correlated with the concentrations of dry matter, betaine and marc, but negatively with nitrate concentration and leaf yield throughout the season. The correlation between the concentrations of sucrose and nitrogenous compounds measured in summer and their final concentrations in autumn was rather weak. However, it was close for potassium, sodium and marc and a satisfactory prediction of their final concentrations was possible by the end of August. Based on weather data, beet quality was not predictable. Therefore, it seems to be difficult to integrate beet quality parameters into prediction models. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

The effects of Beet mild yellowing virus and Beet chlorosis virus on the yield of UK field-grown sugar beet in 1997,1999 and 2000

ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004
MARK STEVENS
Summary The separate effects of the aphid-transmitted poleroviruses; Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Beet chlorosis virus (BChV), on the yield of field-grown sugar beet were studied following different inoculation dates from May to July in 1997,1999 and 2000. Each sugar beet plant within the appropriate plots was infected with virus using at least 10 wingless viruliferous Myzus persicae per plant. In all 3 years, overall yield losses caused by BMYV were negatively correlated with time of infection with early season (May) inoculations causing 18,27% losses in sugar yield but late season losses only 4,15%. BChV decreased the sugar yield and sugar content of beet following early season inoculations, although the effects on sugar yield were more variable (range 8,24%) and the virus appeared to be less damaging compared to BMYV. However, inoculations with BChV in July of each year caused greater root and sugar losses than inoculations with BMYV at that time. Both poleroviruses increased the sodium content of the roots early in the season, although neither virus had an effect on potassium levels at any stage. [source]

Enzymatic digestion of liquid hot water pretreated hybrid poplar

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2009
Youngmi Kim
Abstract Liquid hot (LHW) water pretreatment (LHW) of lignocellulosic material enhances enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose by solubilizing hemicellulose fraction of the biomass, while leaving the cellulose more reactive and accessible to cellulase enzymes. Within the range of pretreatment conditions tested in this study, the optimized LHW pretreatment conditions for a 15% (wt/vol) slurry of hybrid poplar were found to be 200oC, 10 min, which resulted in the highest fermentable sugar yield with minimal formation of sugar decomposition products during the pretreatment. The LHW pretreatment solubilized 62% of hemicellulose as soluble oligomers. Hot-washing of the pretreated poplar slurry increased the efficiency of hydrolysis by doubling the yield of glucose for a given enzyme dose. The 15% (wt/vol) slurry of hybrid poplar, pretreated at the optimal conditions and hot-washed, resulted in 54% glucose yield by 15 FPU cellulase per gram glucan after 120 h. The hydrolysate contained 56 g/L glucose and 12 g/L xylose. The effect of cellulase loading on the enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated poplar is also reported. Total monomeric sugar yield (glucose and xylose) reached 67% after 72 h of hydrolysis when 40 FPU cellulase per gram glucan were used. An overall mass balance of the poplar-to-ethanol process was established based on the experimentally determined composition and hydrolysis efficiencies of the liquid hot water pretreated poplar. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source]

Effects of Pressing Lignocellulosic Biomass on Sugar Yield in Two-Stage Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis Process

Potential agronomic options for energy-efficient sugar beet-based bioethanol production in northern Japan

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

Striving for high sugar yields with less enzymes for cellulosic ethanol

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009
Article first published online: 17 DEC 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on the deconstruction of solids from pretreatment of poplar by leading technologies

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2009
Rajeev Kumar
Abstract Comparative data is presented on glucose and xylose release for enzymatic hydrolysis of solids produced by pretreatment of poplar wood by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, flowthrough (FT), lime, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) technologies. Sugar solubilization was measured for times of up to 72 h using cellulase supplemented with ,-glucosidase at an activity ratio of 1:2, respectively, at combined protein mass loadings of 5.8,116 mg/g of glucan in poplar wood prior to pretreatment. In addition, the enzyme cocktail was augmented with up to 11.0 g of xylanase protein per gram of cellulase protein at combined cellulase and ,-glucosidase mass loadings of 14.5 and 29.0 mg protein (about 7.5 and 15 FPU, respectively)/g of original potential glucose to evaluate cellulase,xylanase interactions. All pretreated poplar solids required high protein loadings to realize good sugar yields via enzymatic hydrolysis, and performance tended to be better for low pH pretreatments by dilute sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide, possibly due to higher xylose removal. Glucose release increased nearly linearly with residual xylose removal by enzymes for all pretreatments, xylanase leverage on glucan removal decreased at high cellulase loadings. Washing the solids improved digestion for all pretreatments and was particularly beneficial for controlled pH pretreatment. Furthermore, incubation of pretreated solids with BSA, Tween 20, or PEG6000 prior to adding enzymes enhanced yields, but the effectiveness of these additives varied with the type of pretreatment. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source]

Comparative sugar recovery and fermentation data following pretreatment of poplar wood by leading technologies

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2009
Charles E. Wyman
Abstract Through a Biomass Refining Consortium for Applied Fundamentals and Innovation among Auburn University, Dartmouth College, Michigan State University, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Purdue University, Texas A&M University, the University of British Columbia, and the University of California at Riverside, leading pretreatment technologies based on ammonia fiber expansion, aqueous ammonia recycle, dilute sulfuric acid, lime, neutral pH, and sulfur dioxide were applied to a single source of poplar wood, and the remaining solids from each technology were hydrolyzed to sugars using the same enzymes. Identical analytical methods and a consistent material balance methodology were employed to develop comparative performance data for each combination of pretreatment and enzymes. Overall, compared to data with corn stover employed previously, the results showed that poplar was more recalcitrant to conversion to sugars and that sugar yields from the combined operations of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis varied more among pretreatments. However, application of more severe pretreatment conditions gave good yields from sulfur dioxide and lime, and a recombinant yeast strain fermented the mixed stream of glucose and xylose sugars released by enzymatic hydrolysis of water washed solids from all pretreatments to ethanol with similarly high yields. An Agricultural and Industrial Advisory Board followed progress and helped steer the research to meet scientific and commercial needs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source]

Enzymatic digestibility and pretreatment degradation products of AFEX-treated hardwoods (Populus nigra)

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2009
Venkatesh Balan
Abstract There is a growing need to find alternatives to crude oil as the primary feed stock for the chemicals and fuel industry and ethanol has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative. Among the various feed stocks for producing ethanol, poplar (Populus nigra × Populus maximowiczii) is considered to have great potential as a biorefinery feedstock in the United States, due to their widespread availability and good productivity in several parts of the country. We have optimized AFEX pretreatment conditions (180°C, 2:1 ammonia to biomass loading, 233% moisture, 30 minutes residence time) and by using various combinations of enzymes (commercical celluloses and xylanases) to achieve high glucan and xylan conversion (93 and 65%, respectively). We have also identified and quantified several important degradation products formed during AFEX using liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). As a part of degradation product analysis, we have also quantified oligosaccharides in the AFEX water wash extracts by acid hydrolysis. It is interesting to note that corn stover (C4 grass) can be pretreated effectively using mild AFEX pretreatment conditions, while on the other hand hardwood poplar requires much harsher AFEX conditions to obtain equivalent sugar yields upon enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparing corn stover and poplar, we conclude that pretreatment severity and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency are dictated to a large extent by lignin carbohydrate complexes and arabinoxylan cross-linkages for AFEX. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source]