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Selected AbstractsSvenzea zeai, a Caribbean reef sponge with a giant larva, and Scopalina ruetzleri: a comparative fine-structural approach to classification (Demospongiae, Halichondrida, Dictyonellidae)INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Klaus Rützler Abstract. Svenzea zeai, abundant on many deep Caribbean fore-reef habitats but of uncertain systematic position within the Demospongiae, is closely examined histologically and cytologically for evidence of its phylogenetic relationship beyond the traditional analysis of gross morphology and skeletal structure. We document that S. zeai is a bacteriosponge containing substantial quantities of unicellular photosynthetic and autotrophic microbes; that the most abundant cell type is an unusual cell with refractile granules that only few species share and whose composition and function are still enigmatic; and that it produces the largest,by a factor of 3,embryos and larvae recorded in the phylum Porifera. A combination of characters such as the granular cells, ciliary pattern, and aspects of larval shape and behavior are comparable with those of Scopalina ruetzleri, family Dictyonellidae, a prominent member of the Caribbean mangrove community. These results support our earlier decision to establish Svenzea as a new genus in Dictyonellidae to accommodate its unprecedented skeletal structure, styles in isodictyal reticulation. [source] Chemical Characterization of Liver Lipid and Protein from Cold-Water Fish SpeciesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006Peter J. Bechtel ABSTRACT:, The largest US harvests of marine fish for human consumption are from Alaska waters. Livers from these fish are combined with other fish offal and made into fish meal and oil or discarded. The purpose of this study was to characterize liver lipids and proteins from important commercial species including walleye pollock (WP), pink salmon (PS), Pacific halibut (PH), flat head sole (FS), and spiny head rock fish (RF), and underutilized species including arrow tooth flounder (AF) and big mouth sculpin (BS). Liver lipid content ranged from 50.3% in WP to 3.3% in PS. Protein content ranged from 7.7% in WP to 18.4% in BS. PS livers had the highest content of ,-3 fatty acids at 336 mg/g of oil and AF had the lowest content at 110 mg/g of oil. There were significant differences in the content of 9 amino acids with methionine and lysine values ranging from 2.66% to 3.43% and 7.19% to 9.45% of the total amino acids, respectively. Protein from the cold water marine fish livers was of high quality and the oils contained substantial quantities of ,-3 fatty acids. Fish livers had distinct chemical properties and can be used for the development of unique food ingredients. [source] Seedling Establishment and Survival on Restored Campsites in Subalpine ForestRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2007David N. Cole Abstract This study experimented with common restoration techniques (scarification, soil amendments, mulch, and seeding) on six closed wilderness campsites in subalpine forests in Oregon. Effectiveness in encouraging seedling establishment, growth, and survival was assessed every year for the first 7 years following treatment. Closure and restoration of the campsites increased the density of plants established from seed. Despite an original density of virtually zero, mean density of perennial plants was 55 plants/m2 7 years after closure. All the treatments, with the exception of the biodegradable mulch mat, increased plant density. Seven years after treatment, seeding had increased plant density 5-fold, whereas scarification and soil amendments (organic matter, compost, and soil inoculum) had each increased density 3-fold. The organic and compost amendments also had the positive benefit of increasing growth rates and shortening the time-to-reproductive maturity. Results suggest that restoration of the herbaceous cover on these campsites can occur rapidly using the techniques employed. All but one of the species we seeded established in substantial quantities and survived at densities exceeding their density in the naturally sparse herbaceous cover on these sites. Thirty-six perennial species volunteered on these sites. The remaining challenge is reestablishment of the shrub species that comprise much of the ground cover in these forests. These species seldom establish from seed. [source] CARBON SOURCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON GROWTH, ACETIC ACID AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS IN BATCH CULTUREJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2007M.G. AGUILAR USCANGA ABSTRACT The influence of available low-cost carbohydrates as carbon sources on Brettanomyces bruxellensis growth, acetic acid and ethanol production was studied in order to ascertain the viability of this yeast to eventually become an industrial acetic acid producer. Six different raw materials were included as carbon sources (glucose, sugarcane molasses, refined cane sugar, pineapple, sugarcane and beet juices). B. bruxellensis develops in a complex culture medium like plant juices and sugarcane molasses better than in a medium with a simple carbohydrate such as glucose. The maximum acid acetic yield (0.24 g/g) and productivity (0.14 g/L/h) were attained in tests carried out with sugarcane molasses containing 60 g/L sucrose. The strain produced low levels of ethanol in a refined sugarcane medium, but was able to produce a substantial quantity of acetic acid (13 g/L). [source] Expression and release of IL-29 by mast cells and modulation of mast cell behavior by IL-29ALLERGY, Issue 10 2010S. He To cite this article: He S, Zhang H, Chen H, Yang H, Huang T, Chen Y, Lin J, Wang F, Chen X, Li T-L, Yang P. Expression and release of IL-29 by mast cells and modulation of mast cell behavior by IL-29. Allergy 2010; 65: 1234,1241. Abstract Background:, The role of interleukin (IL)-29 in innate immunity has been recognized recently, and it is regarded as a potent bioactive molecule. However, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of allergy. Because mast cells are recognized as primary effector cells of allergy, we investigated the potential relationship between IL-29 and mast cells in this study. Objective:, To examine the expression of IL-29 in mast cells and the influence of IL-29 on mast cell mediator release and accumulation. Methods:, Expression of IL-29 in mast cells was determined by double-labeling immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis. Mast cell cell-line was cultured to examine the mediator release, and mouse peritoneal model was employed to observe the mast cell accumulation. Results:, Large proportions of mast cells expressing IL-29 were localized in human tissue including the colon, tonsil and lung. Mast cells can release substantial quantity of IL-29 upon challenge with proteolytic allergens. Extrinsic IL-29 provoked IL-4 and IL-13 release from mast cell line P815 cells through PI3K/Akt and (JAK)/STAT3 signaling pathways, but failed to induce mast cell histamine release from human mast cells. Extrinsic IL-29 also induced mast cell infiltration in mouse peritoneum by a CD18- and ICAM1-dependent mechanism. Conclusion:, Mast cell-derived IL-29 has the potential to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. [source] Optimizing Hardwood Reforestation in Old Fields: The Effects of Treeshelters and Environmental Factors on Tree Seedling Growth and PhysiologyRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Etienne Laliberté Abstract Strong competition for water is largely recognized as the main factor explaining the resistance of herbaceous old fields to tree invasion. Therefore, site preparation as well as chemical and mechanical vegetation control are recommended when establishing hardwood tree plantations on such sites, but those methods are sometimes socially or ecologically inappropriate. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether treeshelters could improve early tree growth in herbaceous old fields, when mulching alone is used to partially control herbaceous competition. Our results indicate that treeshelters can facilitate tree growth in those conditions but that this was not caused by an improvement of tree water relations. Rather, it appeared to be related to an optimization of light levels inside the shelter, where light intensity was low enough to lead to a photosynthetic system less costly to maintain due to a greater specific leaf area but high enough to have no adverse effects on photosynthetic rates. Although treeshelters increased tree growth when surrounding herbaceous vegetation was low (either height or standing biomass), allowing high light levels, they reduced growth when surrounding vegetation was high and blocked a substantial quantity of light. Therefore, environmental factors such as light availability need to be considered to optimize the success of hardwood plantations when treeshelters are used in recently abandoned agricultural fields. [source] | |||||||||||||