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Substantial Prevalence (substantial + prevalence)
Selected AbstractsMultivitamin supplementation in HIV-positive pregnant women: impact on depression and quality of life in a resource-poor settingHIV MEDICINE, Issue 4 2007MC Smith Fawzi Objectives The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin supplementation on health-related quality of life and the risk of elevated depressive symptoms comparable to major depressive disorder (MDD) in HIV-positive pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods From April 1995 to July 1997, 1078 HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. We examined the effects of vitamin supplementation on quality of life and the risk of elevated depressive symptoms, assessed longitudinally every 6,12 months. Results A substantial prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (42%) was observed in HIV-positive pregnant women. Multivitamin supplementation (B-complex, C and E) demonstrated a protective effect on depression [relative risk (RR)=0.78; P=0.005] and quality of life [RR=0.72 for social functioning (P=0.001) and vitality (P=0.0001); RR=0.70 for role-physical (P=0.002)]; however, vitamin A showed no effect on these outcomes. Conclusions Multivitamin supplementation (B-complex, C and E) resulted in a reduction in risk of elevated depressive symptoms comparable to MDD and improvement in quality of life in HIV-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. [source] Host reproduction and a sexually transmitted disease: causes and consequences of Coccipolipus hippodamiae distribution on coccinellid beetlesJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2004K. Mary Webberley Summary 1We know that sexually transmitted parasites and pathogens have extremely deleterious effects in human and domesticated animal populations, but know little of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in natural populations. 2One previously reported natural system is the sexually transmitted mite, Coccipolipus hippodamiae, on the eastern European coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata. Our aims were to determine how widespread this parasite is in terms of incidence and prevalence across host species, to identify the causes of the prevalence pattern and whether the parasite reduces fertility in all host species. 3Coccipolipus hippodamiae was present on four of 19 European species examined. The wide distribution and high prevalence of C. hippodamiae on A. bipunctata indicates that this is the major host. The mite was also present at substantial prevalence on Adalia decempunctata and at lower prevalence on Synharmonia (=Oenopia) conglobata and Calvia quatuordecimguttata. 4Laboratory studies on mite development time and transmission efficiency revealed that although physiological factors may affect incidence, they do not explain prevalence variation between hosts, but characteristics of host life history and reproductive behaviour are important in this context. Adalia bipunctata is more promiscuous than the less commonly infected A. decempunctata and S. conglobata. Diapause is needed before breeding will occur in C. quatuordecimguttata, leading to a lack of the consistent sexual activity between generations, which is needed for STD maintenance. Calvia quatuordecimguttata is probably periodically reinfected through hybrid matings with other host species. 5Coccipolipus hippodamiae infection has similar strong deleterious effects on female reproduction in A. decempunctata and S. conglobata as have previously been demonstrated in A. bipunctata. 6The results indicate that STDs may play a profound role in the ecology of promiscuous insect populations with overlapping generations. Here they may reach significant prevalence whilst exhibiting extreme virulence. [source] Epidemiology of gout in women: Fifty-two,year followup of a prospective cohortARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 4 2010Vidula Bhole Objective Despite the recent doubling of the incidence of gout among women and its substantial prevalence particularly in the aging female population, the risk factors for gout among women remain unknown. We undertook this study to evaluate purported risk factors for incident gout among women and to compare them with those among men. Methods Using prospective data from the Framingham Heart Study, we examined over a 52-year period (1950,2002) the relationship between purported risk factors and the incidence of gout in 2,476 women and 1,951 men. Results We documented 304 incident cases of gout, 104 of them among women. The incidence rates of gout for women per 1,000 person-years according to serum uric acid levels of <5.0, 5.0,5.9, 6.0,6.9, 7.0,7.9, and ,8.0 mg/dl were 0.8, 2.5, 4.2, 13.1, and 27.3, respectively (P for trend < 0.0001). The magnitude of this association was lower than that among men (P for interaction = 0.0002). Multivariate relative risks conferred by increasing age (per 5 years), obesity (body mass index ,30 kg/m2), alcohol intake (,7 ounces of pure alcohol/week), hypertension, and diuretic use were 1.24, 2.74, 3.10, 1.82, and 2.39, respectively (all P < 0.05), for women. Conclusion These prospective data with long-term followup provide evidence that higher levels of serum uric acid increase the risk of gout in a graded manner among women, but the rate of increase is lower than that among men. Increasing age, obesity, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and diuretic use were associated with the risk of incident gout among women. [source] Serum creatinine is an inadequate screening test for renal failure in ischemic stroke patientsACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2009G. Piņol-Ripoll Objective,,, Serum creatinine (SCr) level is the most commonly used screening test for renal function, but its concentration is affected by factors other than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We hypothesized that SCr would underestimate the degree of renal failure in ischemic stroke patients. Material and methods,,, We conducted a prospective study of 273 patients admitted to our institution for ischemic stroke within a year. GFR was calculated using the Cockcroft,Gault formula (CG). Patients were grouped according to the SCr with stages of renal failure according to CG values. Results,,, Of the 273 patients studied, 231 had normal SCr. Of this group 46.8% (108), 24.7% (57) and 4 (1.7%) had mild, moderate and severe renal failure according to GFR estimation. Among patients with normal SCr, abnormal CG values were identified in 86.2% (150) , 65 years old, 33.3% (19) <65 years old, 69% (89) in men and 78.4% (80) in women. An SCr greater than 1.7 mg/dl had only a sensitivity of 14.7%. Conclusions,,, This study documents the substantial prevalence of significantly abnormal renal function among patients with normal-range SCr. Routine estimation of GFR be preferred to SCr as a screening method for the early detection of renal impairment in stroke patients. [source] | ||||||||||