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Suburbs
Kinds of Suburbs Selected AbstractsGENTRIFICATION AND THE GRASSROOTS: POPULAR SUPPORT IN THE REVANCHIST SUBURBJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2006Christopher Niedt Drawing from a year of fieldwork in Dundalk, MD, I argue that developers and the neoliberal state will probably find popular support for gentrification as they reinvest in the politically divided industrial suburbs of the United States. Local homeowners and community associations have emerged as gentrification supporters for three interrelated reasons. First, many of them have drawn from a resurgent national conservatism to explain decline as an effect of government subsidies and "people from the city;" their desire to reclaim suburban space,a "suburban revanchism",although avoiding accusations of racism makes gentrification-induced displacement appealing. Second, the rebirth of urban neighborhoods and other industrial suburbs provides visual evidence of gentrification's success. Third, the neoliberal state's retreat from social programs and its emphasis on private-sector redevelopment allay suspicion of government and enable collaboration between the local state, developers, and homeowners. The redevelopment efforts of two local organizations illustrate how residents have become indispensable partners in Dundalk's emergent pro-gentrification coalition. [source] ASIANS IN AMERICA'S SUBURBS: PATTERNS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SETTLEMENT§GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2005EMILY SKOP ABSTRACT. In an effort to provide a more complex and multifaceted understanding of the process of spatial assimilation, this article explores alternative paths in understanding racial/ ethnic minority residential patterns. It scrutinizes patterns of contemporary Asian Indian and Chinese settlement in two metropolitan areas: Austin, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona. Though not particularly evolved in terms of their Asian immigrant settlement or dynamics, Austin and Phoenix represent the growing number of newly emergent Asian centers throughout the nation that have developed with the rapid rise of immigration from these two countries in the past several decades. The analysis utilizes records from the 2000 census to document and map Asian Indian and Chinese settlement within each metropolitan area and to investigate whether-and to what degree-each group is clustered or dispersed. The article then raises important questions about the consequences of concentration and dispersal for the incorporation of Asian Indian and Chinese residents. [source] From Urban Enclave to Ethnic Suburb: New Asian Communities in Pacific Rim Countries edited by Wei LiTHE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 2 2007SHUGUANG WANG No abstract is available for this article. [source] Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet Supports Community and Social Capital in a Wired SuburbCITY & COMMUNITY, Issue 4 2003Keith Hampton What is the Internet doing to local community? Analysts have debated about whether the Internet is weakening community by leading people away from meaningful in-person contact; transforming community by creating new forms of community online; or enhancing community by adding a new means of connecting with existing relationships. They have been especially concerned that the globe-spanning capabilities of the Internet can limit local involvements. Survey and ethnographic data from a "wired suburb" near Toronto show that high-speed, always-on access to the Internet, coupled with a local online discussion group, transforms and enhances neighboring. The Internet especially supports increased contact with weaker ties. In comparison to nonwired residents of the same suburb, more neighbors are known and chatted with, and they are more geographically dispersed around the suburb. Not only did the Internet support neighboring, it also facilitated discussion and mobilization around local issues. [source] The Decline of Inner Suburbs: The New Suburban Gothic in the United StatesGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2007John Rennie Short In this article, we critically examine transformation and decline in US suburbs. We identify four distinct, chronological phases of development: suburban utopias, suburban conformity, suburban diversity, and suburban dichotomy. An element of this new suburban dichotomy is what we term suburban gothic. We theorize that the forces of an aging housing stock, land-use planning, and deindustrialization contribute to the divergent realities of US suburbs. [source] Growth and Change in U.S. Cities and SuburbsGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2001Robin M. Leichenko Differential rates of growth and decentralization are processes that characterized U.S. urban areas over the past three decades. This paper examines the determinants of growth in cities and suburbs during the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. The modeling approach adopted in the study allows for simultaneity between population and employment, and between cities and suburbs, while also taking into account a range of other explanatory factors. Results indicate that population and employment growth in cities tend to be jointly determined, but that growth of employment in the suburbs tends to drive growth of suburban population. Results also suggest that suburban and city growth are interrelated, but that the nature of these interrelationships varies over time: suburban growth promoted city growth during the 1970s and 1980s, while city and suburban growth were jointly determined during the 1990s. Other factors that consistently explain variation in city growth include demographics, population density, crime rates, and income inequality. Factors consistently explaining suburban growth include regional location and climate. [source] Place of Residence, Party Preferences, and Political Attitudes in Canadian Cities and SuburbsJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2004R. Alan Walks As of yet, there has been very little research done on this topic in Canada. Logistic regression models derived from the 1965, 1984 and 2000 Canadian national election surveys confirm that Canadian inner cities and (particularly, outer) suburbs are diverging, and place of residence has become increasingly important in explaining this divergence. Over the study period, residents of inner cities in Canada became more likely to vote for parties of the left and to hold attitudes that would be considered on the left of the political spectrum, while suburban residents were increasingly likely to vote for parties of the right and to hold attitudes on the right of the political spectrum. The research suggests that in Canada, as in the US, the place and context of suburbia is a factor in the shift to the right. This has implications for the future direction of welfare state policy. [source] Black Residential Segregation in the City and Suburbs of Detroit: Does Socioeconomic Status Matter?JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2000Joe T. Darden According to ecological theory, the socioeconomic status of a minority group is inversely related to the group's level of residential segregation from the majority group. This article determines whether the level of black socioeconomic status is related to the level of black residential segregation in the city of Detroit and Detroit's suburbs. Data were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Summary Tape Files 4-A. The methods employed to measure residential segregation were the indexes of dissimilarity D and isolation P*. Indexes were computed by census tract to measure segregation and isolation between blacks and whites at the same level of occupation, income, or education. The results revealed that residential segregation between blacks and whites remained high (i.e., above 50%) in both the city and the suburbs despite comparable socioeconomic status. Blacks in the suburbs were more segregated and isolated than blacks in the city at each socioeconomic level. [source] Spatial point-process statistics: concepts and application to the analysis of lead contamination in urban soil,ENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 4 2005Christian Walter Abstract This article explores the use of spatial point-process analysis as an aid to describe topsoil lead distribution in urban environments. The data used were collected in Glebe, an inner suburb of Sydney. The approach focuses on the locations of punctual events defining a point pattern, which can be statistically described through local intensity estimates and between-point distance functions. F -, G - and K -surfaces of a marked spatial point pattern were described and used to estimate nearest distance functions over a sliding band of quantiles belonging to the marking variable. This provided a continuous view of the point pattern properties as a function of the marking variable. Several random fields were simulated by selecting points from random, clustered or regular point processes and diffusing them. Recognition of the underlying point process using variograms derived from dense sampling was difficult because, structurally, the variograms were very similar. Point-event distance functions were useful complimentary tools that, in most cases, enabled clear recognition of the clustered processes. Spatial sampling quantile point pattern analysis was defined and applied to the Glebe data set. The analysis showed that the highest lead concentrations were strongly clustered. The comparison of this data set with the simulation confidence limits of a Poisson process, a short-radius clustered point process and a geostatistical simulation showed a random process for the third quartile of lead concentrations but strong clustering for the data in the upper quartile. Thus the distribution of topsoil lead concentrations over Glebe may have resulted from several contamination processes, mainly from regular or random processes with large diffusion ranges and short-range clustered processes for the hot spots. Point patterns with the same characteristics as the Glebe experimental pattern could be generated by separate additive geostatistical simulation. Spatial sampling quantile point patterns statistics can, in an easy and accurate way, be used complementarily with geostatistical methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Essential oils composition of Stachys byzantina, S. inflata, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa from IranFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Katayoun Morteza-Semnani Abstract The essential oils of the dried flowering aerial parts of Stachys byzantina, Stachys inflata, Stachys lavandulifolia and Stachys laxa (Labiatae) collected from the suburb of Behshahr, Mazandaran province (north of Iran), in May 2003, were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by means of GC and GC,MS. The major components of S. byzantina oil were piperitenone (9.9%), 6,10,14-trimethyl pentadecan-2-one (6.4%), and n -tricosane (6.4%). The main constituents of S. inflata oil were hexadecanoic acid (9.1%), germacrene D (8.9%), , -pinene (5.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.1%). The major compounds of S. lavandulifolia oil were 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (9.3%), , -pinene (7.9%) and hexadecanoic acid (5.2%). The main components of S. laxa oil were germacrene D (17.1%), 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (12.3%), 7- epi - , -selinene (8.3%), bicyclogermacrene (6.7%), , -caryophyllene (6.2%) and , -pinene (5.9%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] CLAIMING PLACE: THE PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MEN'S STREET MEETING PLACES IN ACCRA, GHANAGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2008Thilde Langevang ABSTRACT This article discusses the social significance of the street to young men through a case study of their street meeting places, ,the bases' in Accra, Ghana. Drawing on field research in a suburb of Accra, the paper explores how such meeting places are produced, claimed and defended. The aim is to contribute to discussions of the relationship between the marginalization of young men in Africa, the appropriation of street space and the production of youth identities. The article illuminates how bases are produced in an urban landscape characterized by rapid change, in which young men are excluded from meaningful work and influence, and tend to be represented as a problem. Describing how these meeting places are interpreted both from the outside and from within, the article illustrates the heterogeneous character of such places and the multiple meanings ascribed to them. While hordes of young men hanging out on the street tend to be viewed by the surrounding world as either potentially dangerous or as a sign of marginalization and immobility, the paper stresses that for the young men themselves, these places are also full of motion and serve to orient their lives socially and materially. [source] Changes in TMIG-Index of Competence by subscale in Japanese urban and rural community older populations: Six years prospective studyGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2003Yoshinori Fujiwara Objective: To examine the longitudinal changes in higher-level functional capacity in Japanese urban and rural community older populations. Design: Population-based cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies. Setting: Koganei city in a suburb of Tokyo, and Nangai village, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Participants: One thousand, five hundred and six older persons (793 in Koganei and 713 in Nangai) aged 65,83 years living at home. Main outcome measures: Disability in Instrumental Self-Maintenance (IADL), Intellectual Activity or Social Role, measured by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Results: At baseline, older men and women in the rural area, Nangai, had higher prevalence of disability in Intellectual Activity compared with respective counterparts in the urban area, Koganei. By contrast, disability in Social Role was more prevalent among elderly people in Koganei than in Nangai. In both areas older men and women had lowest prevalence of disability in IADL among three subscales. The six-year longitudinal survey on older persons who had initially no disability in all three subscales demonstrated that in urban Koganei older persons were most likely to be disabled in Social Role with advancing age, followed in turn by Intellectual Activity and IADL. By contrast, elderly people in rural Nangai were most likely to be disabled in Intellectual Activity, followed by Social Role and instrumental ADL. The Cox-proportional hazard model analysis for those who had no IADL disability at baseline revealed that the baseline level of Intellectual Activity or Social Role predicted significantly future onset of IADL disability in both areas even after controlling for sex, age, and chronic medical conditions. Conclusions: In both urban and rural community older populations, disability in Social Role and Intellectual Activity preceded IADL disability, and predicted significantly the future onset of IADL disability. [source] Achievements of the Koganei StudyGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2003Hiroshi Shibata The purpose of the present paper was to briefly review longitudinal interdisciplinary studies on aging and cross-sectional studies for investigating problems in the aged society that were carried out in Koganei city, a suburb of Tokyo between 1976 and 1991. The signifi-cance of the Koganei Study is emphasized from the viewpoint of pioneering gerontological reseach in Japan. [source] Changes in family food habits: the role of migrationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Clara Opare-Obisaw Abstract The food habits of people generally dictate their nutritional well-being, which subsequently affects their physical and mental health. A change in environment is one of the major factors that could bring about positive or negative changes in food consumption patterns. The food habits of 50 migrant families living in a suburb of Accra were studied to find out what changes have taken place as a result of a change in living environment. The homemaker in each family was interviewed to obtain information on socioeconomic characteristics, past and present food procurement and consumption patterns, food avoidances and factors that influence food selection and consumption. The findings revealed that, although the majority stuck to foods they were accustomed to, there were striking changes in sources of food procurement, the number of meals prepared at home and the relative frequency of consumption of some staple foods. One-third of the study group felt that their diets had become poorer as a result of the change in environment. Two factors, time and money, were associated with the changes that had taken place. The study provides some evidence for the existence of inadequate diets among migrant families. This might even reflect a more serious situation facing the numerous migrant youth, who have no families to cater for them and, hence, put their health at risk. Home economists and other related professionals could be instrumental in drawing up intervention programmes to ensure adequate selection and consumption of food to promote good health among migrants to the city. [source] Late-Life Depression is Associated with Arterial Stiffness: A Population-Based StudyJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2003Henning Tiemeier MD Objectives: To determine whether arterial stiffness is associated with depression in the elderly. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: In Ommoord, a suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Participants: Three thousand seven hundred four subjects of the Rotterdam Study aged 60 and older. Measurements: Arterial stiffness was assessed using the distensibility of the carotid artery and the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. All participants were screened for depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies,Depression scale. Those with depressive symptoms had a psychiatric evaluation to establish a diagnosis of depressive disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Results: Participants with increased arterial stiffness were more likely to have depressive symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) for depressive symptoms were 1.24 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01,1.52) per standard deviation decrease in carotid distensibility and 1.17 (95% CI = 1.00,1.38) per standard deviation increase in aortic pulse wave velocity. The association was stronger for depressive disorders meeting DSM-IV criteria (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.03,2.03; OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.16,1.90, respectively). Control for atherosclerosis, as measured by the ankle-to-brachial index or presence of plaques in the carotid artery, did not change the associations. Conclusion: This study shows an association between arterial stiffness and depression in the elderly. The findings are compatible with the vascular depression hypothesis. These data suggest that arterial stiffness may partly cause the proposed relationship between vascular factors and depression. [source] Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with obesity indices in a Chinese populationJOURNAL OF DIABETES, Issue 1 2009Yun HUANG Abstract Background:, To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urbanizing community in Qingpu, a suburb of Shanghai, and to determine which obesity indices, including body mass index, waist circumference (WC), and waist:hip (WHpR), and waist:height (WHtR) ratios, are most closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Methods:, We conducted a cross-sectional health survey of 1634 individuals (age 15,87 years) in the Jinhulu community located in Qingpu. The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP ATP III) criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome, with central obesity defined according to Asia,Pacific (APC) region criteria. Results:, The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.6% in men and 7.2% in women. Using the criterion of central obesity in the APC, the age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased to 8.3% in men and 10.9% in women. Regardless of age, WHtR consistently showed a higher odd ratios (OR) after adjustment for confounding factors of 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12,4.20; P = 0.022) in subjects<52 years of age and 1.92 (95% CI 1.18,3.11; P = 0.008) in those ,52 years of age. In men, the WHtR was the only significant predictor (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.15,5.08; P = 0.02) of metabolic syndrome after adjustment, whereas in women WHtR (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.37,2.85; P =0.0088) was slightly inferior to WHpR and WC. Conclusion:, Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in an urbanizing rural area in Qingpu. Of the anthropometric parameters commonly used to identify metabolic syndrome, WHtR may be the best. [source] Socio-cultural perceptions of sudden infant death syndrome among migrant Indian mothersJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 11 2009Henna Aslam Aim: To explore socio-cultural influences on migrant mother decisions and beliefs regarding co-sleeping as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Methods: Semi-structured interviews with five Indian-born women in a socio-economically disadvantaged suburb in the south-west of Sydney were conducted between September and December 2007. Transcripts were analysed using principles of discourse analysis. Results: Discourse analysis revealed that SIDS-related decisions and beliefs about co-sleeping as a risk factor for SIDS are constructed amid competing discourses of motherhood and child health. Mothers are either actively or unconsciously deciding how they negotiate or resist dominant Western discourses of motherhood and child health to make ,the best' health-related decisions for their children. Participants resisted acknowledging child sleep practices recommended by health practitioners, particularly recommendations to put to sleep the baby in its own cot. This resistance was expressed by constructing messages as ,inapplicable' and ,inappropriate'. Co-sleeping was constructed as a highly valued practice for its physical and social benefits to the child, mother and family by facilitating child security, breastfeeding, bonding and family connectedness. Conclusion: This study illustrates how decisions and behaviour are shaped by socio-cultural influences embedded in discourses and context. It also shows that in-depth investigation through a social constructivist lens is particularly useful for investigating influences on knowledge acquisition, interpretation and implementation among migrant groups. A greater appreciation of the social meanings and ideologies attached to behaviours can help to ensure that the correct messages reach the correct populations, and that child health outcomes can be achieved and maintained both for overseas and Australian-born populations. [source] Sociological consciousness as a component of linguistic variation1JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 1 2008Robin Dodsworth While practice theory has provided a valuable framework for establishing connections between individual-level sociolinguistic variation and social structures, Bourdieu's (1977) formulation of practice theory has been argued to inadequately address subjectivity. The sociologist C. Wright Mills' (1959) concept of the sociological imagination , consciousness of links among personal experiences, social structures, and historical processes , is posited as a partial solution, as it offers a framework for modeling one aspect of subjectivity. Use of the sociological imagination concept is demonstrated through a quantitative acoustic analysis of /o/ fronting in Worthington, Ohio, a Columbus suburb confronting acute urban sprawl. The distribution of /o/ fronting across 21 speakers largely resists traditional sociolinguistic explanations. A close analysis of four speakers' mental representations of the local tensions surrounding urban sprawl reveals significant differences which are argued to account for their variable use of fronted /o/. [source] Attribute networking: A technique for modeling social perceptions1JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2005Robin Dodsworth An original, network-based technique is presented for modeling community members' conceptions of local social space. Social categories derived from the model are used to investigate the social meaning of linguistic variation. The technique is first explained and then demonstrated using linguistic and ethnographic data from Worthington, Ohio, a Columbus suburb. Two linguistic variables are analyzed: (1)/l/ vocalization; and (2) the phonetic realization of the before vowel-initial words. The results are discussed in the context of Columbus-area urban sprawl and its perceived threat to Worthington's distinctiveness. [source] Influence of the spatial distribution of human hosts and large size containers on the dispersal of the mosquito Aedes aegypti within the first gonotrophic cycleMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2010R. MACIEL-DE-FREITAS It is generally accepted that Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) has a short dispersal capacity, and that displacement can be influenced by the availability of oviposition sites in the surroundings of emergence or release sites. In the present article, we observed the influence of spatial heterogeneity of large containers and human hosts on the cumulative flight direction of Ae. aegypti females during the first gonotrophic cycle, testing the hypothesis that they aggregate in resource-rich areas, i.e. where there are higher concentrations of large containers and/or humans per habitation. We analysed data from pupal surveys and mark-release-recapture experiments (non-blood-fed females were released) carried out in two dengue endemic neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Tubiacanga (a suburb, with a human density of 337 inhabitants/ha) and Favela do Amorim (a slum, with a human density of 901 inhabitants/ha). In both areas, host-seeking females of three different release cohorts showed an overall non-uniform and extensive dispersal from their release point within 1,2 days post-release. At 4,5 days post-release, when many of the released females would be expected to be gravid, in Tubiacanga most mosquitoes were collected in areas with a relatively higher density of containers/premise, independently of the density of residents/house, whereas in Favela do Amorim, almost half of the captured mosquitoes were collected in relatively resource-poorer areas. Although Ae. aegypti dispersal patterns varied between sites, overall the distances travelled from the release point and the cumulative flight directions were correlated with the density of containers and hosts, more markedly in Tubiacanga than in Favela do Amorim. [source] Remaking the Anglophilic city: Visual spectacles in suburbiaNEW ZEALAND GEOGRAPHER, Issue 1 2009Julie Cupples Abstract:,, In the late 1990s, the residents of the Christchurch suburb of Halswell began to extensively engage in the practice of adorning their homes with Christmas lights. While the lights attract many visitors from other parts of the city, many Christchurch people are highly critical of them on grounds of taste. An exploration of the diverse attitudes toward this cultural practice demonstrates the complex ways in which local urban identities are articulated. While the Christmas lights reproduce processes of suburban social conformity and normativity, they also constitute a more postmodern site in which the established heritage meanings of Christchurch based on notions of Englishness are disrupted. [source] ,This is like my comfort zone': Senses of place and belonging within Oru,mo/Beachhaven, New ZealandNEW ZEALAND GEOGRAPHER, Issue 3 2006Tim McCreanor Abstract:, This paper examines the culturally specific experiences of belonging within Oru,mo/Beachhaven, a suburb in North Shore City. In-depth interviews with 32 caregivers of young children expose the fact that the ethnic groups represented , M,ori, Samoan and P,keh,, vary in their uses and understandings of, as well as feelings for, residential neighbourhood. Examination of the themes of natural environment, social relations, continuity of residence, facilities, organisations and place transformation reveal that, while representatives of all groups had views on these matters, there was a variable degree of engagement with and priority afforded to these concerns. [source] Health Perception and Health Care Access: Sex Differences in Behaviors and AttitudesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Marta Gil-Lacruz This article analyzes the link between men's and women's perceptions of health and the demand for health goods and services. The study examines access to the health care system in a community characterized by social and economic variance. The data have been taken from a health survey carried out in a suburb of the city of Zaragoza in Spain. The sample (1,032 people over the age of 15) was selected according to specifications of sex, age, and place of residence. The sample shows a confidence interval of 95.5 percent with a ±3 margin of error. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques are used. Sex differences are reflected in social conditions, lifestyles, health perception, and health care behaviors. The research describes how differences in health attitudes can be contextualized by the neighborhood. The results of this type of research are essential for the design of preventive strategies that are better adapted to need. [source] Transmission of tuberculosis from adults to children in a Paris suburbPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Fouad Madhi MD Abstract Tuberculosis in children is often acquired by contact with a family or household member. The aim of our study was to evaluate risk factors for latent infection and active disease in exposed children in a suburb of Paris. We examined medical records for the period 1997,2000 at six departmental centers for medical prevention in Val de Marne. Thirty-nine patients aged 18 years or more with M. tuberculosis -positive sputum samples, and living with children or adolescents, were identified. Ninety-one children, aged 3 months,17 years, were exposed to these index cases. All the children initially underwent a tuberculin skin test and chest radiography, and children with no criteria for latent infection or active disease at time of initial evaluation were asked to attend a second evaluation 3 months later. Overall, 20 of the 91 (22%) children were infected, including 4 children identified only at the second evaluation. Eight (40%) of the 20 infected children had active disease, including 2 of the 4 children identified at the second evaluation. The risk of infection was not influenced by the children's age, but was significantly associated with three characteristics of the adult cases, i.e., age younger than 40 years, presence of cavitary lesions, and smears with more than 100 bacilli per microscopic field. In conclusion, our results call for early examination of all exposed children, in order to prevent infection and progression to active disease, and for a routine second evaluation after the adult contact has ended. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:159,163. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Contexts of interpretation: assessing immigrant reception in Richmond, CanadaTHE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 4 2001JOHN ROSE This article examines the responses of established residents to contemporary physical and social changes in Richmond, British Columbia, a Vancouver suburb that has received a considerable number of ethnic-Chinese immigrants over the past decade. In the metropolitan Vancouver context, recent considerations of immigrant reception at the neighbourhood level have focused on the critical reactions of ,white', European-origin residents in upper-middle class areas to local immigrant settlement and housing stock transformations. These studies have given rise to conflicting interpretations of the relationship between immigration and neighbourhood landscape change, the motivations behind resident protest and, in particular, the definition of their responses as racist. Drawing from extended interviews with fifty-four long-term Richmond residents, I attempt to provide a broader account of immigrant reception as a supplement to works that have revolved around housing issues and ,white' resistance. I also critique the way that the term racism has been used to describe resident reactions to immigration-related changes, calling for researchers to be more reflexive and explicit in their application of the concept. [source] IDEAS FROM AUSTRALIAN CITIES: RELOCATING URBAN AND SUBURBAN HISTORYAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Andrew May Melbourne; suburbia; urban history This article draws on preliminary research into the social history of Melbourne, on the ways that suburban life in the post-World War II era provides both explanation and counterweight to persistently negative stereotypes of suburbia. Over recent decades, suburban histories have been eschewed in favour of historical reconsiderations of the inner city or the bush. The history of the Australian suburb, particularly since 1945, is yet to be written. Oral history and municipal archives will be crucial to the writing of such histories. The article suggests several research pathways, including intergenerational life stories, a wider scale of geographical analysis, and a subtler reading of cultural conformity and social differentiation. [source] Diversity and seasonal succession of coastal mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northern Adelaide region of South AustraliaAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Craig R Williams Abstract Northern coastal suburbs in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia are often subject to extreme levels of mosquito nuisance biting. The diversity and seasonality of the mosquito community in the coastal area of northern Adelaide was investigated over 7 years (2000,2007) in the suburb of Globe Derby Park, which is adjacent to both mangrove and samphire swamps. Eight species were identified from adult mosquito collections, with the salt marsh mosquitoes Aedes camptorhynchus (Thomson) (55.7%) and Ae. vigilax (Skuse) (29.5%) most abundant. These two species display seasonal succession, with the former most abundant in spring and early summer, giving way to the latter in mid-late summer and autumn. Logistic regression showed that Ae. camptorhynchus abundance spikes were associated with lower temperatures, higher rainfall and increasing day length (r2 = 0.38). Aedes vigilax abundance spikes were associated with higher temperatures and decreasing day length (r2 = 0.52). The description of such temporal succession in salt marsh mosquitoes in southern Australia is novel. The analysis presented might therefore lead to the development of mosquito nuisance predictive tools and novel mosquito management strategies. [source] Stable isotope records of plant cover change and monsoon variation in the past 2200 years: evidence from laminated stalagmites in Beijing, ChinaBOREAS, Issue 2 2003JU ZHI HOU Two stalagmites collected from the Shihua cave in the southwestern suburb of Beijing were dated by annual layer counting. The results are consistent with thermal ionization mass spectrometry 230Th dating. Stable carbon isotope variation of stalagmites is dominated by plant cover change, which largely reflects climate change and monsoon variation. Oxygen isotopes are mainly affected by precipitation, which is related to summer and winter monsoon intensity. The combination of carbon and oxygen isotopes can therefore be a proxy of plant cover change and monsoon variation. Our stable isotope results show that lower carbon isotope values of the stalagmites between 200 BC and AD 1000 probably imply dense plant cover and an episode dominated by humid summer monsoon. From ,1000 to AD 1450, the dominant monsoon alternated between the winter monsoon and the summer monsoon. Since ,AD 1450, a significant jump in carbon isotope ratios and increasing oxygen isotope ratios has been demonstrated, indicating less plant cover and the probable dominance of dry winter monsoon. The results are consistent with historical documents of the region. [source] Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet Supports Community and Social Capital in a Wired SuburbCITY & COMMUNITY, Issue 4 2003Keith Hampton What is the Internet doing to local community? Analysts have debated about whether the Internet is weakening community by leading people away from meaningful in-person contact; transforming community by creating new forms of community online; or enhancing community by adding a new means of connecting with existing relationships. They have been especially concerned that the globe-spanning capabilities of the Internet can limit local involvements. Survey and ethnographic data from a "wired suburb" near Toronto show that high-speed, always-on access to the Internet, coupled with a local online discussion group, transforms and enhances neighboring. The Internet especially supports increased contact with weaker ties. In comparison to nonwired residents of the same suburb, more neighbors are known and chatted with, and they are more geographically dispersed around the suburb. Not only did the Internet support neighboring, it also facilitated discussion and mobilization around local issues. [source] User-Focused Public Space(M)UTOPIA in DenmarkARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 1 2008Serban Cornea Abstract The Danish practice MUTOPIA brings to public space a strong sense of delight and playfulness, while demonstrating an overriding concern with the end user. As Serban Cornea of MUTOPIA explains, a temporary plaza for the extensive development of Orestad Nord in Copenhagen aims ,to speed up the process of creating the area's own identity', while the practice's housing for Lyngby-Taarb'k, Hovedstaden, audaciously puts the ,garden' back into the ,garden suburb' by relocating the transport infrastructure to the rooftops. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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