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Subjects Designs (subject + design)
Selected AbstractsEffects of alcohol on risk-taking during simulated drivingHUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 3 2002Scott E. Burian Abstract The effect of alcohol on judgement or conscious risk-taking may increase the likelihood of an automobile accident. This study examined the direct effects of penalty severity and alcohol on risk-taking in a novel simulated-driving lane-choice task. Thirteen male social drinkers received alcohol (0.3,g/kg, 0.5,g/kg, 0.8,g/kg) or placebo during each of four test sessions in a randomized, within subject design. In repeated trials, subjects selected, then drove through a cone-defined lane. Contingent upon performance, points were added (+,5 for the narrower lane, +,3 for the wider lane) and taken away (,,1, ,,3, or ,,5 points per hit cone) after each trial. Risk-taking was defined as a selection of the narrower-width lane. The frequency of risk-taking decreased as the penalty increased. The 0.5,g/kg dose, compared to other alcohol doses or placebo, significantly increased risk-taking in the high-risk (5-point penalty) condition. This finding suggests that breath alcohol concentrations within current legal standards can alter a driver's decision-making such that the willingness to enter a high-risk situation is increased. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Nurse or physician: whose recommendation influences the decision to take genetic tests more?JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 4 2010Sivia Barnoy barnoy s., levy o. & bar-tal y. (2010) Nurse or physician: whose recommendation influences the decision to take genetic tests more? Journal of Advanced Nursing66(4), 806,813. Abstract Title.,Nurse or physician: whose recommendation influences the decision to take genetic tests more? Aim., This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore factors influencing the decision to take genetic carrier testing. Background., Genetic testing has become a popular means of elucidating the risk of giving birth to a sick/disabled child but what influences prospective parents to take genetic tests or not is unclear. Methods., The study was based on a factorial 2 × 2 × 2 within-between subjects design. The questionnaire presented four scenarios, each illustrating a healthcare worker presenting information on a devastating genetic disease. The variables manipulated were: the health care worker's expertise (novice vs. expert), the recommender's role (nurse vs. physician) and type of recommendation (recommendation vs. no recommendation). After each scenario participants were asked their own intention to take the test and their intention to recommend a friend to take the test. Data were collected in 2007. Results., Altogether 156 questionnaires were collected. Expert nurses and expert physicians were accorded the same level of compliance. However, a novice physician's recommendation to take a genetic test was complied with as much as an expert physician's, whereas a novice nurse's recommendation was less accepted than that of an expert nurse. When no recommendation was made, more compliance with the nurse was found (i.e. less intention to take the test). Conclusion., Genetic information should be presented to the public with caution to avoid over-testing. For the public to accept a nurse's recommendation, the nurse has to be perceived as an expert; therefore, expert nurses' proficiency should be made clear. [source] Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysisADDICTION, Issue 10 2005Ståle Pallesen ABSTRACT Aims To investigate the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatments of pathological gambling and factors relating to treatment outcome. Design and setting This study provides a quantitative meta-analytical review of psychotherapeutic treatments of pathological gambling. Studies were identified by computer search in the PsycINFO and Medline databases covering the period from 1966 to 2004, as well as from relevant reference lists. Inclusion criteria The target problem was pathological gambling, the treatment was psychological, the study was published in English and outcomes directly pertaining to gambling were employed. Single case studies, studies where elimination of gambling not was the priority and studies with insufficient statistical information were excluded from the present meta-analysis. Participants A total of 37 outcome studies, published or reported between 1968 and 2004, were identified. Of these 15 were excluded, thus 22 studies were included, involving 1434 subjects. The grand mean age was 40.1 years. The overall proportion of men was 71.5%. Measurements The included studies were coded for outcome measures of pathological gambling. For each condition, means and standard deviations for gambling-related outcome measures, all based upon self-reports or therapist ratings, were compiled at three points in time: baseline, post-treatment and the last follow-up reported. Findings Effect sizes represent the difference between the mean score in a treatment condition and a control condition or the difference between mean scores at separated points in time for one group, expressed in terms of standard deviation units. At post-treatment the analysis indicated that psychological treatments were more effective than no treatment, yielding an overall effect size of 2.01 (P < 0.01). At follow-up (averaging 17.0 months) the corresponding effect size was 1.59 (P < 0.01). A multiple regression analysis showed that the magnitude of effect sizes at post-treatment were lower in studies including patients with a formal diagnosis of pathological gambling only, compared to studies not employing such inclusion criteria. Effect sizes were also higher in randomized controlled trials compared to not randomized controlled trials, higher in within subjects designs compared to between subjects designs and also positively related to number of therapy sessions. No mediator variables were significantly related to the magnitude of the effect sizes at follow-up. Conclusion Psychological interventions for pathological gamble seem to be yield very favourable short- and long-term outcomes. [source] The susceptibility of mental accounting principles to evaluation mode effectsJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING, Issue 2 2009Subimal Chatterjee Abstract The present research shows that the predictions and outcomes of mental-accounting tests depend on whether preferences are measured separately (one at a time) or jointly (comparatively). Across five studies, we show that joint evaluation weakens some decision biases (the theater ticket problem, the calculator and jacket problem), but exacerbates others (the basketball game problem). Joint evaluations serve as a check on whether people think the answers they give in separate evaluations make sense or require adjustment. We discuss how the findings impact (1) tests of mental accounting predictions (between vs. within subjects designs), and (2) the normative status of mental accounting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||