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Stricter Regulations (stricter + regulation)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Alcohol Price and Intoxication in College Bars

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2009
Ryan J. O'Mara
Background:, Many population studies find that alcohol prices are inversely related to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems, including among college students and young adults. Yet, little is known about the "micro-level" effects of alcohol price on the behavior of individual consumers in natural drinking settings such as college bars. Therefore, we assessed patron's cost per gram of ethanol consumed at on-premise drinking establishments and its association with intoxication upon leaving an establishment. Methods:, On 4 consecutive nights during April 2008, data were collected from 804 patrons exiting 7 on-premise establishments in a bar district located adjacent to a large university campus in the southeastern United States. Anonymous interview and survey data were collected as well as breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) readings. We calculated each patron's expenditures per unit of ethanol consumed based on self-reported information regarding the type, size, number, and cost of consumed drinks. Results:, A multivariable model revealed that a 10-cent increase in cost per gram of ethanol at on-premise establishments was associated with a 30% reduction in the risk of exiting an establishment intoxicated (i.e., BrAC , 0.08 g/210 l). Conclusions:, The results are consistent with economic theory and population-level research regarding the price elasticity of alcoholic beverages, which show that increases in alcohol prices are accompanied by less alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that stricter regulation of the drink discounting practices of on-premise drinking establishments would be an effective strategy for reducing the intoxication levels of exiting patrons. [source]

Winners and losers of conservation policies for European eel, Anguilla anguilla: an economic welfare analysis for differently specialised eel anglers

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
M. DOROW
Abstract, Recreational specialisation theory was coupled with a discrete choice experiment to understand eel, Anguilla anguilla L., angler's heterogeneity in their reaction to regulatory changes and the associated welfare changes. Differently specialised eel anglers exhibited distinct preferences for catch variables and eel angling regulations. All anglers preferred slightly to moderately stricter regulations than are currently in place; however, such policies particularly benefited casual eel anglers. In contrast, advanced eel anglers would be most penalised by highly restrictive regulations as indicated by substantial reductions in economic welfare. Aversions to stricter regulations found for advanced anglers contradicted predictions from specialisation theory. From an eel management perspective, the implementation of some simple tools such as increased minimum-size limits will reduce angling mortality on eel and simultaneously increase the welfare of anglers. By contrast, highly restrictive eel angling regulations will result in considerable economic welfare losses of several million , per year for northern Germany alone. [source]

Quality of different chondroitin sulfate preparations in relation to their therapeutic activity

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2009
Prof. Nicola Volpi
Abstract Objectives Chondroitin sulfate is currently recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) as a SYSADOA (symptomatic slow acting drug for osteoarthritis) in Europe in the treatment of knee and hand osteoarthritis based on research evidence and meta-analysis of numerous clinical studies. Furthermore, recent clinical trials demonstrated its possible structure-modifying effects. Chondroitin sulfate, alone or in combination with glucosamine or other ingredients, is also utilized as a nutraceutical in dietary supplements in Europe and the USA. However, it is derived from animal sources by extraction and purification processes. As a consequence, source material, manufacturing processes, the presence of contaminants and many other factors contribute to the overall biological and pharmacological actions of these agents. We aim to review the quality control of chondroitin sulfate in pharmaceutical-grade preparations and nutraceuticals. Key findings Pharmaceutical-grade formulations of chondroitin sulfate are of high and standardized quality, purity and properties, due to the stricter regulations to which this drug is subjected by local national health institutes as regards production and characteristics. On the contrary, as several published studies available in literature indicate, the chondroitin sulfate quality of several nutraceuticals is poor. Additionally, there are no definite regulations governing the origin of the ingredients in these nutraceuticals and the origin of the ingredients in natural products is the most important factor ensuring quality, and thus safety and efficacy, in particular for chondroitin sulfate, due to its extraction from different sources. Conclusions Due to the poor chondroitin sulfate quality of some nutraceuticals, we conclude that stricter regulations regarding their quality control should be introduced to guarantee the manufacture of high quality products for nutraceutical utilization and to protect customers from low-quality, ineffective and potentially dangerous products. There is a need for specific and accurate analytical procedures, which should be enforced to confirm purity and label claims both for raw materials and finished chondroitin sulfate products, and also to govern the origin of ingredients. Until these stricter regulations are in place, then it is strongly recommended that pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate is used rather than food supplements. [source]

MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL AND BIOTERRORISM INDUCED PANDEMICS

BIOETHICS, Issue 7 2007
MICHAEL G. TYSHENKO
ABSTRACT A recent approach for bioterrorism risk management calls for stricter regulations over biotechnology as a way to control subversion of technology that may be used to create a man-made pandemic. This approach is largely unworkable given the increasing pervasiveness of molecular techniques and tools throughout society. Emerging technology has provided the tools to design much deadlier pathogens but concomitantly the ability to respond to emerging pandemics to reduce mortality has also improved significantly in recent decades. In its historical context determining just how ,risky' biological weapons is an important consideration for decision making and resource allocation. Management should attempt to increase capacity, share resources, provide accurate infectious disease reporting, deliver information transparency and improve communications to help mitigate the magnitude of future pandemics. [source]