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Strength Training (strength + training)
Selected AbstractsMuscle performance in patients with Crohn's disease in clinical remissionINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 3 2005Jean-Baptiste Wiroth PhD Abstract Background: Because patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often show increased energy expenditure, nutritional deficiencies, and general fatigue, all which may persist after a flare, we hypothesized that CD could alter muscle mass and function. This study aimed to assess muscle strength and endurance in CD patients in clinical remission and the influencing factors. Methods: Forty-one outpatients (17 men and 24 women; age, 37 ± 10 yr), in remission (CD Activity Index < 150) for >3 months, and 25 age-matched healthy controls (10 men and 15 women; age, 37 ± 13 yr) were evaluated. Evaluation included a sit-up test, hand-grip strength test, hand-grip endurance test, lower limb strength test, and lower limb endurance test (LE), as well as a measure of physical activity. Results: No significant difference was found between CD and control groups regarding weight, height, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass. Strength performance was lower in CD subjects compared with controls, particularly for lower limb indexes: lower limb strength test (,24.6%, P < 0.001), LE (,25.8%, P < 0.001), and sit-up test (,25.1%, P < 0.001). Previous disease severity, disease duration, the cumulative dose of glucocorticosteroids, current inflammation, and global habitual physical activity did not affect muscle performance. A recent use of steroids improved LE. Conclusions: CD patients in clinical remission have decreased muscle function that may affect their quality of life. This pattern is reflected by reduced strength and endurance indexes, particularly for lower limbs. The reasons for these changes need further study. Strength training should be assessed in these patients. [source] The effect of strength training on the force of twitches evoked by corticospinal stimulation in humansACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 2 2009T. J. Carroll Abstract Aim:, Although there is considerable evidence that strength training causes adaptations in the central nervous system, many details remain unclear. Here we studied neuromuscular responses to strength training of the wrist by recording electromyographic and twitch responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and cervicomedullary stimulation of the corticospinal tract. Methods:, Seventeen participants performed 4 weeks (12 sessions) of strength training for the radial deviator (RD) muscles of the wrist (n = 8) or control training without external load (n = 9). TMS recruitment curves were constructed from stimuli at five to eight intensities ranging between 15% below resting motor threshold and maximal stimulator output, both at rest and during isometric wrist extension (EXT) and RD at 10% and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Responses to weak TMS and cervicomedullary stimulation (set to produce a response of 10% maximal M wave amplitude during 10% MVC EXT contraction) were also compared at contraction strengths ranging from 10% to 75% MVC. Results:, Isometric strength increased following strength training (10.7% for the RD MVC, 8.8% for the EXT MVC), but not control training. Strength training also significantly increased the amplitude of TMS- and cervicomedullary-evoked twitches during low-force contractions. Increases in the force-generating capacity of the wrist extensor muscles are unlikely to account for this finding because training did not affect the amplitude of twitches elicited by supra-maximal nerve stimulation. Conclusion:, The data suggest that strength training induces adaptations that increase the net gain of corticospinal-motor neuronal projections to the trained muscles. [source] Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength trainingDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2003C Andersson MSc PT The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a progressive strength training programme on walking ability in adults with cerebral palsy. Ten individuals with spastic diplegia (seven males, three females; mean age 31, range 23,44 years) participated twice a week over 10 weeks. Seven individuals with spastic diplegia (four males, three females; mean age 33, range 25,47 years) who did not receive strength training served as controls. All individuals were ambulatory but motor ability ranged from functional walkers to individuals who always required walking aids and used a wheelchair regularly. Significant improvements were seen in isometric strength (hip extensorsp=0.006, hip abductors p=0.01), and in isokinetic concentric work at 30/s (knee extensors p=0.02) but not in eccentric work. Results also showed significant improvements in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) dimensions D and E (p=0.005), walking velocity (p=0.005), and Timed Up and Go (p=0.01). There was no increase in spasticity for those who underwent strength training. Individuals in the control group did not show any significant improvement in any measured variable. The groups were small, however, and there was no significant difference between the groups in any measured variable. These findings suggest that a 10-week progressive strength training programme improves muscle strength and walking ability without increasing spasticity. [source] Vitamin D receptor FokI genotype influences bone mineral density response to strength training, but not aerobic trainingEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Karma M. Rabon-Stith To determine the influence of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene FokI and BsmI genotype on bone mineral density response to two exercise training modalities, 206 healthy men and women (50,81 years old) were studied before and after ,5,6 months of either aerobic exercise training (AT) or strength training (ST). A totla of 123 subjects completed AT (51 men, 72 women) and 83 subjects completed ST (40 men, 43 women). DNA was extracted from blood samples of all subjects and genotyping was performed at the VDR FokI and BsmI locus to determine its association to training response. Total body, greater trochanter and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were measured before and after both training programmes using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VDR BsmI genotype was not significantly related to BMD at baseline or after ST or AT. However, VDR FokI genotype was significantly related to ST- but not AT-induced changes in femoral neck BMD (P < 0.05). The heterozygotes (Ff) in the ST group approached a significantly greater increase in femoral neck BMD (P= 0.058) compared to f homozygotes. There were no significant genotype relationships in the AT group. These data indicate that VDR FokI genotype may influence femoral neck BMD response to ST, but not AT. [source] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype Affects the Response of Human Skeletal Muscle to Functional OverloadEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2000Jonathan Folland The response to strength training varies widely between individuals and is considerably influenced by genetic variables, which until now, have remained unidentified. The deletion (D), rather than the insertion (I), variant of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype is an important factor in the hypertrophic response of cardiac muscle to exercise and could also be involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy , an important factor in the response to functional overload. Subjects were 33 healthy male volunteers with no experience of strength training. We examined the effect of ACE genotype upon changes in strength of quadriceps muscles in response to 9 weeks of specific strength training (isometric or dynamic). There was a significant interaction between ACE genotype and isometric training with greater strength gains shown by subjects with the D allele (mean ± S.E.M.: II, 9.0 ± 1.7%; ID, 17.6 ± 2.2%; DD, 14.9 ± 1.3%, ANOVA, P 0.05). A consistent genotype and training interaction (ID DD II) was observed across all of the strength measures, and both types of training. ACE genotype is the first genetic factor to be identified in the response of skeletal muscle to strength training. The association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the responses of cardiac and skeletal muscle to functional overload indicates that they may share a common mechanism. These findings suggest a novel mechanism, involving the renin-angiotensin system, in the response of skeletal muscle to functional overload and may have implications for the management of conditions such as muscle wasting disorders, prolonged bed rest, ageing and rehabilitation, where muscle weakness may limit function. [source] Impact of low cost strength training of dorsi- and plantar flexors on balance and functional mobility in institutionalized elderly peopleGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2009Fernando Ribeiro Aim: To evaluate the effects of a low cost strength training program of the dorsi- and ankle plantar flexors on muscle strength, balance and functional mobility, in elderly institutionalized subjects; and to determine the association between strength gain and balance and/or functional mobility gain. Methods: Forty-eight volunteers were recruited and equally divided into two groups: intervention (aged 78.44 ± 3.84 years) and control (aged 79.78 ± 3.90 years). Both groups were tested at baseline and outcome for ankle dorsi- and plantar flexors muscle strength, balance and functional mobility. The intervention group participated in a 6-week program, three-sessions-per-week, of resisted ankle dorsi- and plantar flexion exercises using elastic bands. Results: In the intervention group, maximal isometric dorsi- (from 8.4 ± 0.45 to 12.6 ± 0.95 kg; P , 0.001) and plantar flexors strength (from 13.0 ± 0.85 to 17.5 ± 0.93 kg; P , 0.001), balance (from 14.6 ± 0.54 to 22.3 ± 1.81 cm; P , 0.001) and functional mobility (from 18.4 ± 0.51 to 11.0 ± 0.66 s; P , 0.001) increased significantly after the 6-week strength training program. In the control group, no significant differences were detected. In the intervention group, a significant correlation between plantar flexor strength gain and balance gain was found (r = 0.826; P = 0.01). Conclusion: The proposed low cost strength training of dorsi- and plantar flexors improved strength, balance and functional mobility in institutionalized elderly people; moreover, the improvement in plantar flexor strength was associated with the improvement in balance. [source] A Randomized Trial of a Multicomponent Home Intervention to Reduce Functional Difficulties in Older AdultsJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2006Laura N. Gitlin PhD OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce functional difficulties, fear of falling, and home hazards and enhance self-efficacy and adaptive coping in older adults with chronic conditions. DESIGN: A prospective, two-group, randomized trial. Participants were randomized to a treatment group or no-treatment group. SETTING: Urban community-living older people. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred nineteen community-living adults aged 70 and older who reported difficulty with one or more activities of daily living. INTERVENTION: Occupational and physical therapy sessions involving home modifications and training in their use; instruction in strategies of problem-solving, energy conservation, safe performance, and fall recovery techniques; and balance and muscle strength training. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures included self-rated functional difficulties with ambulation, instrumental activities of daily living, activities of daily living, fear of falling, confidence performing daily tasks, and use of adaptive strategies. Observations of home hazards were also conducted. RESULTS: At 6 months, intervention participants had less difficulty than controls with instrumental activities of daily living (P=.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)=,0.28,0.00) and activities of daily living (P=.03, 95% CI=,0.24 to ,0.01), with largest reductions in bathing (P=.02, 95% CI=,0.52 to ,0.06) and toileting (P=.049, 95% CI=,0.35,0.00). They also had greater self-efficacy (P=.03, 95% CI=0.02,0.27), less fear of falling (P=.001, 95% CI=0.26,0.96), fewer home hazards (P=.05, 95% CI=,3.06,0.00), and greater use of adaptive strategies (P=.009, 95% CI=0.03,0.22). Benefits were sustained at 12 months for most outcomes. CONCLUSION: A multicomponent intervention targeting modifiable environmental and behavioral factors results in life quality improvements in community-dwelling older people who had functional difficulties, with most benefits retained over a year. [source] Linearity and reliability of the mechanomyographic amplitude versus dynamic torque relationships for the superficial quadriceps femoris musclesMUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 3 2010Matthew S. Stock MS Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine the linearity and reliability of the mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude versus dynamic torque relationships for the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. Nine healthy men and 11 healthy women performed submaximal to maximal, concentric, isokinetic muscle actions of the leg extensors at 30° s,1 on two occasions. Surface MMG signals were detected from the VL, RF, and VM of the dominant thigh during both trials. The ranges of the coefficients of determination for the MMG amplitude versus dynamic torque relationships were 0.01,0.94 for the VL, 0.01,0.84 for the RF, and 0.19,0.96 for the VM. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the linear MMG amplitude versus torque slope coefficients were 0.823 (VL), 0.792 (RF), and 0.927 (VM). These results indicate that, when analyzed for individual subjects, the MMG amplitude versus dynamic torque relationships demonstrated inconsistent linearity. When using MMG in the clinical setting, dynamic muscle actions of the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles do not appear to be appropriate for assessing changes in muscle function during strength training. Muscle Nerve, 2009 [source] The implications of physical activity in patients with chronic heart failureNURSING IN CRITICAL CARE, Issue 1 2004Catherine T Mondoa Summary ,,The clinical syndrome of chronic heart failure is increasingly prevalent. It can be considered a multiorgan disorder that may exert a negative physical and psychological influence on a patient ,,Medication and surgical intervention have important roles to play and have certainly improved both morbidity and mortality in this field, but clearly these interventions alone are not enough ,,Excessive resource utilization for this group of patients has provided added impetus to research into non-pharmacological interventions. These encompass dietary and other lifestyle measures, including smoking cessation and exercise ,,Exercise has been shown to favourably affect the functional capacity and quality of life. There is also emerging evidence that it reduces mortality ,,In the absence of contraindications, regular endurance exercise coupled with strength training is undoubtedly beneficial ,,As with other cardiovascular research, there is a trend towards recruiting middle-aged males. This effectively means that practitioners need to be cautious when evaluating and/or implementing research evidence ,,By addressing the implications of physical activity for deconditioned patients with chronic heart failure, a holistic therapeutic regimen is fostered. This has been shown to improve the quality of life of patients and to enhance the quality of service delivered to this patient group [source] Exercise Training Improves Aerobic Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Heart Transplant RecipientsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2009M. Haykowsky The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of supervised aerobic and strength training (SET) versus no-training (NT) on peak aerobic power (VO2peak), submaximal exercise left ventricular (LV) systolic function, peripheral vascular function, lean tissue mass and maximal strength in clinically stable heart transplant recipients (HTR). Forty-three HTR were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of SET (n = 22; age: 57 ± 10 years; time posttransplant: 5.4 ± 4.9 years) or NT (n = 21; age: 59 ± 11 years; time posttransplant: 4.4 ± 3.3 years). The change in VO2peak (3.11 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.2,5.0 mL/kg/min), leg and total lean tissue mass (0.78 kg, 95% CI: 0.31,1.3 kg and 1.34 kg, 95% CI: 0.34,2.3 kg, respectively), chest-press (10.4 kg, 95% CI: 5.2,15.5 kg) and leg-press strength (34.7 kg, 95% CI: 3.7,65.6 kg) were significantly higher after SET versus NT. No significant change was found for submaximal exercise LV systolic function or brachial artery endothelial-dependent or -independent vasodilation. Supervised exercise training is an effective intervention to improve VO2peak, lean tissue mass and muscle strength in HTR. This training regimen did not improve exercise LV systolic function or brachial artery endothelial function. [source] Acute heavy-resistance exercise,induced pain and neuromuscular fatigue in elderly women with fibromyalgia and in healthy controls: Effects of strength trainingARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 4 2006Heli Valkeinen Objective To examine heavy-resistance exercise,induced acute neuromuscular fatigue, blood lactate concentration, and muscle pain in elderly women with fibromyalgia (FM) and in healthy controls before and after a period of strength training. Methods Thirteen elderly women with FM (mean ± SD age 60 ± 2 years) and 10 healthy women (mean ± SD age 64 ± 3 years) performed a heavy-resistance fatiguing protocol (5 sets of leg presses with 10 repetitions maximum) before and after a 21-week strength training period. Maximal isometric force and electromyography (EMG) activity of leg extensors and blood lactate concentration were measured during the loading. Pain was assessed by visual analog scale. Results The strength training led to large increases in maximal force and EMG activity of the muscles and contributed to the improvement in loading performance (average load/set) at week 21. The fatiguing loading sessions typically applied in strength training before and after the experimental period caused remarkable and comparable acute decreases in maximal force and increases in blood lactate concentration in both groups. Acute exercise-induced muscle pain increased similarly in both groups, and the pain level in women with FM was lowered after the 21-week training period. Conclusion The increased strength in women with FM improved high-load performance and also seemed to attenuate perceived pain. Acute exercise-induced neuromuscular changes and the time course of muscle pain in women with FM were comparable with findings in healthy controls, which suggests a typical fatiguing process and a similar trainability of the muscles in elderly women with FM. [source] Large Artery Stiffness: Implications For Exercise Capacity And Cardiovascular RiskCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Bronwyn A Kingwell SUMMARY 1. Large artery stiffness, or its inverse, compliance, determines pulse pressure, which, in turn, influences myocardial work capacity and coronary perfusion, both of which impact on exercise capacity and cardiovascular risk. 2. In support of a role for arterial properties in exercise performance, aerobically trained athletes (aged 30,59 years) have lower arterial stiffness than their sedentary counterparts. Furthermore, in healthy older subjects (aged 57,80 years), time to exhaustion on treadmill testing correlated positively with arterial compliance. 3. Arterial stiffness is more closely linked to exercise capacity and myocardial risk in patients with coronary disease where, independently of degree of coronary disease, those with stiffer proximal arteries have a lower exercise-induced ischaemic threshold. 4. Moderate aerobic training elevates resting arterial compliance by approximately 30%, independently of mean pressure reduction, in young healthy individuals but not in isolated systolic hypertensive patients. Rat training studies support a role for exercise training in structural remodelling of the large arteries. 5. High-resistance strength training is associated with stiffer large arteries and higher pulse pressure than matched controls. 6. Large artery stiffness is an important modulator of the myocardial blood supply and demand equation, with significant ramifications for athletic performance and ischaemic threshold in coronary disease patients. Moderate aerobic training, but not high-resistance strength training, reduces large artery stiffness in young individuals whereas older subjects with established isolated systolic hypertension are resistant to such adaptation. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||