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Steam Distillation (steam + distillation)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Chemistry	95%

Selected Abstracts

Microwaves in soil remediation from VOCs.

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004

Abstract This work presents the design of a microwave opened applicator useful to perform the Microwave Induced Steam Distillation (MISD) process for soil remediation treatments. The prototype has been also realized and used to irradiate a 40 x 30 cm area with a given electromagnetic field distribution. Experiments carried out by in situ operations on a soil contaminated with VOC's are reported. Finally, the experimental data collected are described by a mathematical model previously proposed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:722,732, 2004 [source]

Variation in essential oil composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) distilled by different distillation techniques,

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005
Kiran G. D. Babu
Abstract The rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) cultivar ,Kelkar', grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the western Himalayas, was processed by various hydrodistillation methods, which revealed that water distillation of the herb gave a higher oil yield (0.16,0.22%) than the water,steam distillation (0.09,0.12%) and steam distillation methods (0.06,0.18%). The samples were analysed by GC and GC,MS to study and compare the essential oil compositions which revealed that the oil distilled by the water,steam distillation method contained a higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.7%), followed by steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling (1.5%). A higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.4%) was found in cumulative oil followed by ,direct oil' (4.2%) obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol, followed by the water,steam distillation method (3.4%). ,Decanted oil', recovered from redistilling the hydrosol obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling, contained maximum monoterpene cyclic ethers (1.1%) and carbonyl content (9.9%), closely followed by water,steam distillation method (1.1% and 7.2%, respectively). Steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol yielded essential oil with a higher percentage of esters (21.1%), followed by ,direct oil' (16.6%). Lower ester content (5.3%) was noticed in ,decanted oil', followed by oil distilled by steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (11.8%) and oil distilled in a Clevenger apparatus by the water distillation method (12.2%), whereas maximum total alcohols were found in the ,decanted oil' (75.1%), followed by oil from the Clevenger apparatus (72.8%) and steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (69.1%). A lower alcohol content was found in the ,direct oil' (55.2%) closely followed by ,cumulative oil' (55.8%). The variation in total alcohol and ester contents in geranium oil samples, distilled by using different processing techniques on pilot scale distillation, is mainly due to hydrolysis of some volatile constituents. This was further supported by acid values of the oils, along with other physicochemical properties, such as speci,c gravity, optical rotation, refractive index, solubility in alcohol, ester value with cold and hot methods, estimation of ester content as geranyl formate and geranyl tiglate, ester number after acetylation, and ester number after formylation with aceto-formic acid and formic acid. Methods have been standardized and proposed for distillations of speci,c quality, e.g. ester-rich and alcohol-rich geranium oils, to meet different requirements of the industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Aroma-impact compounds in Lysimachia foenum-graecum extracts

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009
Na Shu
Abstract Two different extraction methods were used to obtain representative extracts from stems and leaves of Lysimachia foenum-graecum, a Chinese plant with a smoky, spicy, green, woody and caramel aroma. An extract was obtained by steam distillation followed by pentane back-extraction. Plants were also extracted with dichloromethane, and the non-volatile compounds were separated from volatiles by high-vacuum distillation (SAFE). Compared to the steam distillate extract, the SAFE-distilled extract was judged to be more similar to the aroma of the starting materials. The aroma-impact compounds of the SAFE extract were then determined using multidimensional GC. From the detection frequencies and the intensities of the peaks, 47 peaks with odour-activity were determined, using an adaptation of the GC,SNIFF method, to have an impact on the overall aroma of the extract. Fifty-four compounds responsible for the peaks presenting odour-activity were identified from mass spectral data, retention indices, olfactory character and co-injection of authentic standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Composition of the essential oil of Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. (Lamiaceae) from Tunisia

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007
Souleima F. Hachicha
Abstract The essential oil from aerial parts of Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. (Lamiaceae), endemic to North Africa, was isolated by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC,MS). Seventy-four components were identified; the essential oil was mainly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes at nearly the same amounts (41.9% and 42.3%, respectively). , -Cadinene (19.97%), , -cadinol (9.93%) and germacradien-4- , -1-ol (8.68%) were the major compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The study of the aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp during storage by the combination sampling method coupled with GC,MS

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007
Zhuo-Min Zhang
Abstract In this study, a combination sampling method, including headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HSSPME), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and steam distillation (SD), were used to study the aroma profile characteristics of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) pulp during storage, followed by gas chromatography,mass spectrometric (GC,MS) detection; 26 and 22 aroma volatiles of fresh and deteriorated durian pulps were identified according to different degrees of certainty. Volatile esters were identified as the main aromatic components of durian pulp. Most ethyl esters reduced in concentration during storage, whereas the methyl, propyl and butyl esters increased. Different aroma profile characteristics at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases obtained by HSSPME were specified by principal component analysis (PCA). Five typical aroma volatiles contributing greatly to the difference of aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases were distilled by common model strategy. These compounds are potential bio-markers for durian degradation, but further study is needed. Tentative results suggest that combining HSSPME with conventional volatile isolation methods would yield more representative data on changes in the aroma of durian pulp during storage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Chemical composition of essential oils of two submerged macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L.

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006
Xian Qiming
Abstract The essential oils from leaves of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L. from China were isolated by steam distillation in yields of 0.15% and 0.10%, respectively, and their chemical composition was examined by GC and GC,MS. More than 50 constituents were identified, representing 87% of the total oils. The main components were basically the same in the two plants' essential oils. 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ester (>15%), 2-methylpropanoic acid 2,2-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)propyl ester (>3%), , -ionone-5,6-epoxide (>7%), toluene (>6%), hexanal (>5%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid di(2-methylpropyl) ester (>5%) were the major components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Composition of the essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana,

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006
Theodore T. Borek
Abstract The essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana, was obtained by steam distillation and analysed by GC,MS. A total of 13 components were identified, accounting for >99.9% of the oil. The primary component was 1,8-cineole, accounting for 71.6% of the oil. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Stachys plumosa Griseb.

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006
Silvana Petrovi
Abstract The essential oil of Balkan endemic Stachys plumosa Griseb. obtained by steam distillation was analysed by GC and GC,MS. Essential oil yield was 0.15% (v/w) and 45 components were identified (86.9% of the total amount). Dehydroabietane was identified as the most prominent component (61.2%), while other constituents were present in much lower quantity, predominantly diterpenes kaurene and biformene (3.2% and 3.0%, respectively). The antimicrobial activity was tested on six bacterial strains and two fungal strains, using the agar diffusion method. Diameters of growth inhibition zones were measured. The most sensitive microorganisms were, in order: Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bacillus subtilis > Enterococcus faecalis > Klebsiella pneumoniae > Candida albicans (ATCC 10259) > Candida albicans (ATCC 24433) > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Modulation of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Staphylococcus aureus by Osha (Ligusticum porteri L., Apiaceae) essential oil compounds

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005
Pascale Cégiéla-Carlioz
Abstract In a continuing project to characterize natural compounds with activity as modulators of MDR in Staphyloccocus aureus, Osha essential oil and extracts were evaluated. The aim of this work was to identify the active components as MDR modulators in the oil from the roots of Ligusticum porteri Coulter & Rose (Apiaceae). This essential oil was obtained by steam distillation or by solvent extraction and analysed by gas chromatography,mass spectrometry. Forty-two components were identified. Sabinyl acetate (1) (56.6%), (Z)-ligustilide (2) (12.9%) and sabinol (3) (3.3%) were the major components of water-distilled essential oil, while (Z)-ligustilide (2) (39.1%), sabinyl acetate (1) (34.6%) and 4-terpinyl acetate (4) (3.1%) were the major components of the dichloromethane extract. At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the oil from hydrodistillation caused a two-fold potentiation, and the oil from solvent extraction caused a four-fold potentiation of the activity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic norfloxacin against a norfloxacin-resistant strain possessing the NorA MDR efflux transporter, the major chromosomal drug pump in this pathogen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Variation in essential oil composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) distilled by different distillation techniques,

The essential oil of Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004
Hector R Juliani
Abstract The essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Anemiaceae) was characterized by GC,MS. Total volatile oil yield extracted by steam distillation was 0.2% dry weight basis. The volatile oil was composed mainly of sesquiterpenes (75%, as the relative percentage of the total essential oil) with lower amounts of monoterpenes (15%); no phenylpropanoids were detected. The sesquiterpenes were composed mainly of oxygenated components (67%), including , -bisabolol (51%), spathulenol (1%), caryophyllene oxide (3%), , -bisaboloxide (1%) and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (1%). The monoterpenes were dominated by neral (5%) and geranial (7%), with lower amounts of , -pinene, camphene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 1,8-cineole and pinocarveol. This is the ,rst report of the essential oil accumulation (0.2%) and volatile composition in the aromatic fern A. tomentosa. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The variation of antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oils of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale during harvesting stages

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004
Ali Yildirim
Abstract The aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale were collected at the budding, ,owering and vegetative stages. In the each stage, essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were analysed by GC and GC,MS; 43 different compounds were determined in total, and more than 96% of the essential oils were identi,ed by GC and GC,MS. They contain mainly linalool, , -caryophyllene, 3-octanol, phytol, , -bourbonene and germacrene D. Among the steam distillation oils, the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found at the budding stage and the lowest at the vegetative stage. At all stages, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of hydrodistillation oils were markedly lower than those of steam distillation oils. Steam distillation oils of the budding and ,owering stages showed the highest antioxidant activities. However, steam distillation oils of the vegetative stage in two doses (200 and 400 µg) did not show antioxidant activities (p > 0.05, between these and control). None of the hydrodistillation oils showed detectable antioxidant activity. In contrast, in the presence of 400 µg hydrodistillation oils of ,owering stage, prooxidant activity was found in the linoleic acid emulsion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Chemical composition of the essential oil of nine Eucalyptus species growing in Morocco

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004
S. Zrira
Abstract The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of nine Eucalyptus species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker, E. microtheca F. Muell., E. foecunda Schau., E. pulverulenta Sims, E. propinqua Deane and Maiden, E. erythrocorys F. Muell.) of Moroccan origin have been analysed using GC and GC,MS. A total of 83 constituents were identi,ed. All the species investigated were found to possess an oil rich in 1,8-cineole (>68%). In ,ve species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker and E. microtheca F. Muell.), the 1,8-cineole content exceeded 80%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydrodistillation

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2003
C. Boutekedjiret
Abstract Rosemary oil was extracted by both steam and hydrodistillations then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography,mass spectrometry. The effect of time of extraction enabled us to follow the evolution of the yield and oil composition obtained by both processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Composition of the volatile oils isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba from Turkey

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002
Mehmet Emin Duru
Abstract The volatile oils isolated by three different methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction,steam distillation) from the aerial parts of Liquidambar orientalis var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba were analysed by GC and GC,MS. This study allowed the identification of 41, 35 and 36 constituents in the oils obtained from var. orientalis and 43, 41 and 40 constituents in the oils obtained from var. integriloba by hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction,steam distillation, respectively. They were characterized by the presence of a high proportion of oxygen-containing monoterpenes, amounting to 39% in the hydrodistillation oil, 54% in the steam distillation oil and 50% in the extraction,steam distillation oil of var. orientalis; 50% in the hydrodistillation oil, 64% in the steam distillation oil and 37% in the extraction,steam distillation oil of var. integriloba. Two varieties of L. orientalis provided volatile oils with a high content of terpinen-4-ol, ,-terpineol, sabinene, ,-pinene, viridiflorene and germacrene D and a lower percentage of other components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.

FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001
S. Nagarajan
Abstract The fragrant roots of Hemidesmus indicus (Indian sarsaparilla) is used in Indian native medicine and herbal tea preparations. The volatiles obtained by steam distillation (yield, 0.25%) contained 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (91%) and (,) ledol (4.5%), which are isolable in pure form, as the major constituents. The GC,MS analysis of the residual oil showed the presence of over 40 minor constituents. Among them, nerolidol (1.2%), borneol (0.3%), linalyl acetate (0.2%), dihydrocarvyl acetate (0.1%), salicylaldehyde (0.1%), isocaryophyllene (0.1%), ,-terpinyl acetate (traces) and 1,8-cineol (traces) are important as aromatic and bio-active principles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The use of spray drying to microencapsulate 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a major flavour component of aromatic rice

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2003
Muanmai Apintanapong
Summary Different ratios of gum acacia and maltodextrins were used to investigate the appropriate wall materials for encapsulation, by spray drying, of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (ACPY). This compound, which is the major flavour component of aromatic rice, was extracted from pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) leaves by steam distillation. The amounts of ACPY before and after spray drying encapsulation were not significantly different (P < 0.05). Better retention of ACPY was obtained by encapsulation. In its liquid form ACPY degraded quickly as 63% reduction occurred in a basic solution after 7 days; however, only 30% reduction was found in acidic solution after 35 days of storage. After 72 days of storage, the amount of ACPY in encapsulated powders made with differing amounts of gum acacia and maltodextrin decayed as follows: ratios of gum acacia:maltodextrin of 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70 and 0:100 gave the following amounts of degradation of 27.7, 33.4, 43.2, 35.7, 30.6 and 32.6% respectively. Encapsulation in 70:30 gum acacia:maltodextrin gave the best retention of ACPY. [source]

Flavour retention during high temperature short time extrusion cooking process: a review

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2001
Bhesh Bhandari
Research on the stability of flavours during high temperature extrusion cooking is reviewed. The important factors that affect flavour and aroma retention during the process of extrusion are illustrated. A substantial number of flavour volatiles which are incorporated prior to extrusion are normally lost during expansion, this is because of steam distillation. Therefore, a general practice has been to introduce a flavour mix after the extrusion process. This extra operation requires a binding agent (normally oil), and may also result in a non-uniform distribution of the flavour and low oxidative stability of the flavours exposed on the surface. Therefore, the importance of encapsulated flavours, particularly the ,-cyclodextrin-flavour complex, is highlighted in this paper. [source]

Odorous compounds in paperboard as influenced by recycled material and storage

PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001
Gottfried Ziegleder
Abstract Many volatile compounds can be identified in unprinted paperboard by means of steam distillation in combination with capillary gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and olfactometry. Paperboards produced with recycled material exhibit additional volatiles which partly contribute to off-odours. Using sniffing techniques, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, 2-nonenal, methylguajacol, butanoic and 3-methyl butanoic acid were identified as the most odorous volatiles. The aromatic substances mainly exude from inks and printing solvents in waste materials used for paperboard manufacturing. During storage under controlled conditions, the microbial load of paperboard decreased slightly, and no odorous metabolic products were generated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

An integrated simultaneous distillation,extraction apparatus for the extraction of essential oils from herb materials and its application in Flos Magnoliae

BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2010
Yuhui Wei
Abstract A large number of herb materials contain essential oils with extensive bioactivities. In this work, an integrated simultaneous distillation,extraction (ISDE) apparatus was developed. To demonstrate its feasibility, the performance of ISDE was evaluated for the extraction of essential oil from Flos Magnoliae and compared with conventional techniques including steam distillation (SD) and simultaneous distillation,extraction (SDE). According to the product yield, the time consumed and the composition of oil, the essential oils isolated by ISDE were better than that obtained by SD and similar to those obtained by SDE. ISDE was also better than SDE due to its simple operation and lower consumption of energy and organic solvent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]