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Stage C (stage + c)
Selected AbstractsELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HEATED CORNSTARCH,WATER MIXTURESJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2009EDUARDO MORALES-SANCHEZ ABSTRACT Electrical conductivity (EC) of cornstarch,water mixtures in the range 10:90 to 70:30 (w/w) was studied as a function of temperature. An external resistive heating system equipped with an electronic device capable of monitoring EC in real time was used and EC of the mixtures was measured while heated at a rate of 5C/min. Results showed that EC went through four different temperature-dependent stages (A, B, C and D). Stage B (41C to 64C) showed a lower EC increasing rate when compared with that of Stage A (from 25C to 41C), probably as a result of starch granule swelling. In Stage C (64C to 78C), EC behavior was found to be dependent on water content. When water content was more than 50%, the value for EC increased. On the other side, EC decreased when water content was less than 50%. Stage C was related to starch gelatinization, according to differential scanning calorimetry results obtained in this study. In Stage D (78C to 92C), a steady increase in EC was observed, probably as a result of the total solubilization of starch in water. It was concluded that Stage C in EC graphs corresponded to cornstarch gelatinization, so it might be possible to use EC monitoring as an alternative technique to measure cornstarch thermal characteristics with different contents of water. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Electrical conductivity can be used as an adequate technique to monitor gelatinization, granule swelling and phase change of starch as a function of temperature in corn starch,water mixtures with a wide range of water contents. With this technique, it is also possible to calculate important thermal parameters, such as the beginning and end of the gelatinization and the energy activation for the heating process of cornstarch. This can lead to a better design and control of important industrial corn processes such as alkaline cooking. [source] Disease burden of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia within the European UnionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Louise Watson Abstract Objective:, Whilst Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is considered a rare disease, to our knowledge, the current prevalence of CLL within the European Union (EU) member states is not published. Understanding the number of individuals with CLL is vital to assess disease burden within the wider population. Methods:, Using 2002 data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, we estimated the number of individuals with CLL (ICD-10 C91.1) from those reported for all leukaemias (C91,95) and extrapolated the figures by the population increase within the EU between 2002 and 2006, the last year with fully updated community population estimates. One- and 5-yr partial prevalence estimates are reported (i.e. the number of individuals still living 1,5 yr post-diagnosis). We then applied proportional estimates from the literature to assess those requiring immediate treatment, those under observation and their likely progression rates. Results:, We found that within the 27 EU states plus Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein, 1- and 5-yr CLL partial prevalence estimates totalled approximately 13 952 and 46 633 individuals respectively in 2006. By applying Binet staging to the 1-yr estimate, 40% of patients will be stage B/C and require immediate treatment. Thus, 5581 individuals may be treated within the first year of diagnosis. Of the 60% (8371) under observation, by 5 yr up to 33% (2763) may have more advanced disease with increased risk of mortality. Conclusion:, Whilst CLL is a rare disease, the number of individuals burdened by the disease within the EU is considerable and thousands of patients require treatment and physician care, which has cost implications for member states. [source] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as cutaneous and bone involvementINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Maria P. Stefanidou MD An 84-year-old man had a 3-year history of a progressive, painless, papulonodular eruption, that was particularly prominent on the face and extremities. Physical examination revealed firm, bluish-red nodules and plaques, located on the tip of the nose, the cheeks, ears, and distal digits. Skin lesions produced a leonine facies (Fig. 1), deformities of the fingers and toes, finger clubbing, and onyxis. An identical lesion was seen on a postoperational scar on the left cheek. The mucous membranes were spared. The patient had anterior and posterior cervical and bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. Figure 1. Leonine facies On admission, the peripheral blood count revealed 260,000/mm3 leukocytes (lymphocytes 97%, neutrophils 2%, and monocytes 1%), a hemoglobin level of 9.5 g/dL, and platelet count of 100,000/mm3. Hypogammaglobulinemia with reduction of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM was found. Radiography of the fingers showed multiple osteolytic lesions of the phalanges and phalangette destruction of the left median finger (Fig. 2a,b). Computed tomography of the chest and abdomen revealed bilateral axillary, mediastinal, and para-aortic lymphadenopathy and spleen enlargement. Figure 2. X-Ray of the hands: (a) ,multiple osteolytic lesions of the phalanges and (b) ,partial destruction of the left median phalangette Skin biopsy specimens from the ear and finger lesions showed a massive nonepidermal leukemic infiltration in the papillary and reticular dermis, with a grenz zone consisting of small lymphocytes (Fig. 3). Figure 3. Skin biopsy (hematoxylin and eosin, ×,250). Massive leukemic infiltration consisting of small lymphocytes. Subepidermally, a grenz zone of connective tissue is noted Biopsy of the enlarged cervical lymph node showed a diffuse infiltration with lymphocytes. Tissue biopsy from a finger lytic lesion revealed infiltration of bone trabecular and fibrous tissue with a dense population of small- and medium-sized lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical study of cutaneous and bone lesions showed that the infiltrate in both biopsies consisted mainly of B lymphocytes (CD20+, CD45R+, CD45Ro,, OPD4,). Peripheral blood smear had a B-cell phenotype (CD19 98%, CD20 97%, CD23 99%, CD25 40%, CD5 90%, HLA-DR 100%). Bone marrow smear and immunophenotyping surface marker analysis found a diffuse pattern of B-lymphocytic infiltration. A diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage C (Binet staging system), with specific cutaneous and bone lesions, was established. The patient received chemotherapy with chlorambucil and methylprednisolone, which resulted in improvement of the hematologic profile. Two years later, the cutaneous lesions showed partial remission. [source] Change in the ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 3 2000MASASHI TANAKA Abstract Background: The ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is different in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in the early stage of prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to examine the ratio of free-to-total PSA in the advanced stage of this cancer and its subsequent change during course of the disease. Methods: Free and total PSA were measured in sera collected from the following patients with benign and cancerous prostatic diseases: 47 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, nine in T1C with less than 10 ng/mL of total PSA, 11 in stage C, 16 in D2, 22 in remission under endocrine therapy, and 12 in relapse. In addition, PSA was measured sequentially in four other patients who were also in relapse. Results: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in early and advanced stages of untreated prostate cancer and was lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The ratio increased to the level of benign prostatic hyperplasia during remission from stages C and D2 under endocrine therapy. There was no correlation with the intervals from the start of the therapy to examination. Following relapse, the ratio came down gradually to the level obtained in untreated prostate cancer. Conclusion: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in all stages of untreated prostate cancer. Response and relapse to endocrine therapy were associated with increase and decrease in ratio, respectively. [source] Progressive supranuclear palsy combined with Alzheimer's disease: A clinicopathological study of two autopsy casesNEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Rieko Sakamoto We present here the clinicopathological characteristics of two autopsy-confirmed cases comorbid of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Histopathologically, the amount and distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the basal ganglia and brainstem fulfilled the pathological criteria of PSP proposed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , The Society for PSP (NINDS-SPSP). The Braak stages of senile plaques and NFTs were stage C and stage V in Case 1, and stage C and stage IV in Case 2. These neuropathological findings confirmed that the two patients had combined PSP with AD. Our patients presented clinically with executive dysfunction prior to memory disturbance as an early symptom. Not only neurological symptoms such as gait disturbance, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and pseudobulbar palsy, but emotional and personality changes and delirium were prominent. Therefore, symptoms of subcortical dementia of PSP were more predominant than AD-related symptoms in the present two patients. Comorbid PSP and AD further complicates the clinical picture and makes clinical diagnosis even more difficult. [source] Fas ligand and tumour counter-attack in colorectal cancer stratified according to microsatellite instability statusTHE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Julie M Michael-Robinson Abstract Expression of membrane-bound Fas ligand (FasL) by colorectal cancer cells may allow the development of an immune-privileged site by eliminating incoming tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a Fas-mediated counter-attack. Sporadic colorectal cancer can be subdivided into three groups based on the level of DNA microsatellite instability (MSI). High-level MSI (MSI-High) is characterized by the presence of TILs and a favourable prognosis, while microsatellite-stable (MSS) cancers are TIL-deficient and low-level MSI (MSI-Low) is associated with an intermediate TIL density. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between MSI status and FasL expression in primary colorectal adenocarcinoma. Using immunohistochemistry and a selected series of 101 cancers previously classified as 31 MSI-High, 30 MSI-Low, and 40 MSS, the present study sought to confirm the hypothesis that increased TIL density in MSI-High cancers is associated with low or absent membrane-bound FasL expression, while increased FasL in MSS cancers allows the killing of host TILs. TUNEL/CD3 double staining was also used to determine whether MSS cancers contain higher numbers of apoptotic TILs in vivo than MSI-High or MSI-Low cancers. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, it was found that MSI-High cancers were associated with higher FasL expression (p = 0.04) and a stronger intensity of FasL staining (p = 0.007). In addition, mucinous carcinomas were independently characterized by increased FasL expression (p = 0.03) and staining intensity (p = 0.0005). Higher FasL expression and staining intensity did not correlate with reduced TIL density or increased numbers of apoptotic TILs. However, consistent with the hypothesis that curtailment of the host anti-tumour immune response contributes to the poor prognosis in MSS cancers, it was found that apoptotic TILs were most abundant in MSS carcinomas and metastatic Dukes' stage C or D tumours (p = 0.004; p = 0.046 respectively). This study therefore suggests that MSS colorectal cancers are killing incoming TILs in an effective tumour counter-attack, but apparently not via membrane-bound FasL. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Clinical and pathological evaluation of patients with early and late recurrence of colorectal cancerASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Mahdi AGHILI Abstract Aim: To compare the characteristics of primary cancer between patients with early recurrence and those with late recurrence of colorectal cancer. Methods: Overall 535 patients with primary colorectal cancer were reviewed and of these 130 patients with demonstrated recurrence were evaluated. Of the 130 patients, 91 had early recurrence (less than 2 years after surgery) and 39 had late recurrence (2 years or more after surgery). The clinical and pathological characteristics of primary cancer in these two groups were compared. Results: The rate of late recurrence was 30% of total recurrences (39/130). On average, patients with early recurrence were younger than patients with late recurrence (mean age 48 vs 54 years, p = 0.027). Adjacent organ involvement and Dukes stage C was more prevalent in the early recurrence group than in the late group. The liver was the main site of distant recurrence in the early recurrence group (64% of distant recurrences), whereas bone and peritoneum were the most frequent sites of metastases in the late recurrence group (58%). In Dukes C colon cancer patients the disease-free interval was significantly longer in those who received both adjuvant therapies than in those who received either radiotherapy or chemotherapy or neither of them. Conclusion: This study showed that factors such as primary clinical signs, stage of primary tumor, and adjacent organ involvement are significant with respect to the time for recurrence of colorectal cancer. It is important to take these characteristics into account in patient care management after curative resection for colorectal cancer. [source] Extent of disease burden determined with magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow is predictive of survival outcome in patients with multiple myelomaCANCER, Issue 1 2010Sikander Ailawadhi MD Abstract BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable cancer. Treatment often is initiated at the time patients experience a progressive increase in tumor burden. The authors of this report investigated magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow (BM-MRI) as a novel approach to quantify disease burden and validated a staging system by correlating BM-MRI with common clinical and laboratory parameters. METHODS: The extent of bone marrow involvement was evaluated by BM-MRI. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed in patients with active MM, and correlations between variables were assessed statistically. Bone marrow involvement by BM-MRI was defined as stage A (0%), stage B (<10%), stage C (10%-50%), and stage D (>50%). RESULTS: In total, 170 consecutive patients were evaluated (77 women and 93 men), including 144 patients who had active MM. The median age was 61 years (age range, 35-83 years). Advance stage disease (stage >I) based on Durie-Salmon (DS) staging or International Staging System (ISS) criteria was observed in 122 patients (84%) and 77 patients (53%), respectively. Lytic bone disease was noted in 120 patients (83%). There was a significant association between BM-MRI involvement and DS stage (P = .0006), ISS stage (P = .0001), the presence of lytic bone disease (P < .0001) and mean ,-2 microglobulin levels (P < .0001). Among the patients with previously untreated MM, there was a significant association between BM-MRI stage and overall survival (OS) (univariate P = .013; multivariate P = .045). Plasmacytosis on bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis was not predictive of OS (P = .91). CONCLUSIONS: BM-MRI is a novel approach for quantifying disease burden in patients with MM. The current investigation in a large cohort of nontransplantion MM patients demonstrated that the extent of bone marrow involvement determined by BM-MRI correlates accurately with other conventional parameters of disease burden and can independently predict survival in patients with MM at the time of initial diagnosis. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society. [source] Change in the ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 3 2000MASASHI TANAKA Abstract Background: The ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is different in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in the early stage of prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to examine the ratio of free-to-total PSA in the advanced stage of this cancer and its subsequent change during course of the disease. Methods: Free and total PSA were measured in sera collected from the following patients with benign and cancerous prostatic diseases: 47 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, nine in T1C with less than 10 ng/mL of total PSA, 11 in stage C, 16 in D2, 22 in remission under endocrine therapy, and 12 in relapse. In addition, PSA was measured sequentially in four other patients who were also in relapse. Results: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in early and advanced stages of untreated prostate cancer and was lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The ratio increased to the level of benign prostatic hyperplasia during remission from stages C and D2 under endocrine therapy. There was no correlation with the intervals from the start of the therapy to examination. Following relapse, the ratio came down gradually to the level obtained in untreated prostate cancer. Conclusion: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in all stages of untreated prostate cancer. Response and relapse to endocrine therapy were associated with increase and decrease in ratio, respectively. [source] Comparison of three current staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma: Japan integrated staging score, new Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification, and Tokyo scoreJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Hobyung Chung Abstract Background and Aim:, Although various staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been developed in recent years, there is no worldwide consensus which staging system is best. The aim of the present study was to compare the performance of the currently developed three staging systems: the Japan integrated staging (JIS) score, new Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging classification, and the Tokyo score. Methods:, A total of 290 consecutive patients with HCC before initial treatment at Kinki University between January 1999 and December 2001 were included. The patients were stratified according to the three staging systems, and the performance of the staging systems was compared using survival time as the only outcome measure. Results:, There were significant differences between all stages in the JIS score, while no significant difference was found between stages C and D in the BCLC staging classification and between all the scores, except between scores 0 and 1 and 2 and 3 in the Tokyo score. For all patients (n = 290), the radical treatment group (n = 208) and the non-radical treatment group (n = 82), the likelihood ratio ,2 -test showed the highest value, and the Akaike information criterion value was lowest in the JIS score. Conclusion:, The JIS score provided the best prognostic stratification in a Japanese cohort of HCC patients who were mainly diagnosed at early stages and treated with radical therapies. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||