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Stable Differences (stable + difference)
Selected AbstractsExtremely interesting, very interesting, or only quite interesting?JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 3 2002Adverbs, social class An earlier study, based on interviews with a socially stratified sample showed a difference in the use of adverbs, with the middle,class speakers using derived adverbs in ,ly more than twice as frequently as the working,class speakers. An examination of interactions in peer,group same,sex dyads shows a similar socially stratified pattern in both adults and adolescents. There are similar differences in the use of some other adverbs and certain adjectives. The consistency of the results suggests that there is a stable difference in speech styles between the two social classes and that this difference reflects a different attitude on the part of the speakers to their audience. [source] Cell volume and rate of proliferation, but not protein expression pattern, distinguish pup/intimal smooth muscle cells from subcultured adult smooth muscle cellsCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 5 2001E. McKilligin Smooth muscle cells from neonatal rats and from injured blood vessels grow with a characteristic cobblestone morphology that distinguishes them from adult smooth muscle cells. This has led to the proposition that there are two distinct types of smooth muscle cells with different proliferative capacity. Here we systematically compare the properties of subcultured adult smooth muscle cells in culture and clonal lines of cobblestone smooth muscle cells from both neonatal rats and injured vessels. The cobblestone smooth muscle cells have a significantly smaller average cell volume, estimated using two different flow cytometry measurements. However, the two types of smooth muscle cells have indistinguishable protein expression patterns when the levels of more than 20 different proteins (including cytoskeletal proteins, matrix proteins, cytokines, cytokine receptors, adhesion molecules and enzymes) are measured by quantitative immunofluorescence. Furthermore, in contrast to previous observations, we demonstrate that both types of smooth muscle cells secrete a powerful mitogenic activity. The higher cell density achieved by the cobblestone smooth muscle cells in culture was responsible for the earlier reports that this mitogenic activity was secreted only by cobblestone smooth muscle cells. We conclude that many of the differences seen between cobblestone smooth muscle cells and adult smooth muscle cells in vitro (proliferation rate, morphology, protein expression pattern, secretion of mitogenic activity) could be attributable to a stable difference in the median cell volume of the cultures. [source] Intra-individual variability in infancy: Structure, stability, and nutritional correlatesDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Theodore D. Wachs Abstract Intra-individual variability (IIV) refers to relatively stable differences between individuals in the degree to which they show behavioral fluctuations over relatively short time periods. Using temperament as a conceptual framework the structure, stability, and biological roots of IIV were assessed over the first year of life. Biological roots were defined by maternal and infant nutrition. The sample was 249 Peruvian neonates, followed from the second trimester of pregnancy through the first 12 months of life. Maternal anthropometry, diet, iron status, and fetal growth were assessed prenatally. Neonatal anthropometry and iron status were assessed at birth. Degree of exclusive breastfeeding was assessed at 3 and 6 months, infant anthropometry was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months, infant dietary intake was assessed at 6 and 12 months and infant iron status was tested at 12 months. Individual differences in IIV at 3, 6, and 12 months were derived from a residual standard deviation score based on infant behaviors measured using the Louisville Temperament Assessment Procedure. Principal components analysis indicated that individual differences in IIV were defined by two components at 3, 6, and 12 months. There was modest stability between IIV components assessed at 3 and 12 months. Reduced levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher maternal weight and higher fetal weight gains in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Higher levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher levels of maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and higher levels of neonatal ferritin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 217,231, 2008. [source] Differences in prevalence of pressure ulcers between the Netherlands and Germany , associations between risk, prevention and occurrence of pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 9 2008Antje Tannen MA Aim., This study compares pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention activities in nursing homes and hospitals within two European countries. Background., Over three years stable differences have been found between the Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER) with higher pressure ulcer rates in the NL. As previous analyses have shown, the differences cannot be entirely explained by differences in the population's vulnerability to pressure ulcers because they still remain after risk adjustment. Therefore, the differences in prevalence must be caused by other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyse if any potential differences in preventive activities can account for the varying occurrence of pressure ulcers. Method., In both countries, nation-wide surveys were conducted annually using the same standardised questionnaires. Trained nurses examined all consenting patients of the voluntarily participating facilities. This examination included a skin assessment of the entire body. Data regarding risk factors, prevention and details about wounds were then collected. Results., In-patients of 29 German (n = 2531) and 71 Dutch (n = 10 098) nursing homes and 39 German (n = 8515) and 60 Dutch (n = 10 237) hospitals were investigated. The use of pressure-reducing devices was more common in the NL than in GER, but all other interventions were more frequently provided to German risk patients than to their Dutch counterparts. The pressure ulcer prevalence was significantly higher in the Dutch sample. After adjusting for gender, age, Braden Score and prevention, the probability of having a pressure ulcer was 8·1 times higher for Dutch nursing home residents than for German residents. Conclusion., Some of the variance in pressure ulcer prevalence between the two countries can be explained by varying pressure ulcer prevention. However, some remarkable differences still remain unexplained. Relevance to clinical practice., The extent of pressure ulcer prevention, especially repositioning and nutrition intervention provided to patients at risk, is not in accordance with international guidelines. [source] Work Pressure in Europe 1996,2001: Trends and DeterminantsBRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 3 2005Duncan Gallie Diverse theories have predicted a trend towards growing work pressure in advanced capitalist societies, while pointing to quite distinct causal factors. This paper seeks to assess these arguments using data from two surveys of employees in European Union member-states carried out in 1996 and in 2001. It finds there is no evidence of a trend towards higher work pressure over this period. There is, however, support for some of the main arguments about the types of factors that affect work pressure: for instance, skill, job control, new technology and current job security are clearly important. But the trends in job control and job security have not been those predicted, while changes in another major determinant , the length of working hours , have tended to reduce work pressure. There are substantial and relatively stable differences in work pressure between countries, but to a considerable extent, these reflect compositional differences with respect to the main determinants of work pressure. [source] | ||||||||||