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Specific Circumstances (specific + circumstance)
Selected AbstractsPerformance analysis of high-performance file-transfer systems for Grid applicationsCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 8 2006Cosimo Anglano Abstract Data-intensive Grid applications require the availability of tools able to transfer very large files in the shortest amount of time. Many file-transfer tools, based on solutions aimed at overcoming the limitations imposed by the TCP protocol, have recently been developed. In this paper we experimentally compare the performance of some of these tools in various network scenarios by running experiments on PlanetLab, an open platform for the development, deployment, and access of planetary-scale services, that comprises hundreds of hosts scattered across the globe. Our results show that solutions based on UDP and adopting rate-based algorithms result in better performance than other alternatives in most cases, while solutions based on TCP achieve similar performance only under specific circumstances. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Challenge to the State in a Globalized WorldDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2002Christopher Clapham Individual instances of state failure and collapse must be placed within a broader appreciation of the evolution of statehood within the international system. The idea that the inhabited area of the globe must be divided between sovereign states is a recent development, and likely to prove a transient one. Largely the product of European colonialism, and turned into a global norm by decolonization, it is threatened both by the inherent difficulties of state maintenance, and by processes inherent in globalization. States are expensive organizations to maintain, not only in economic terms but also in the demands that they make on their citizens and their own employees. Poor and dispersed peoples, and those whose values derive from societies without states, have found these demands especially burdensome. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union revealed the hollowness of existing models of sovereign states, and challenged the triple narratives on which the project of global statehood has depended: the narratives of security, representation, and wealth and welfare. While individual cases of state failure and collapse may owe much to specific circumstances and the behaviour of particular individuals, they must also be understood within the context of a world in which maintaining states has become increasingly difficult. [source] Impact of severe epilepsy on development: Recovery potential after successful early epilepsy surgeryEPILEPSIA, Issue 7 2010Eliane Roulet-Perez Summary Purpose:, Epilepsy surgery in young children with focal lesions offers a unique opportunity to study the impact of severe seizures on cognitive development during a period of maximal brain plasticity, if immediate control can be obtained. We studied 11 children with early refractory epilepsy (median onset, 7.5 months) due to focal lesion who were rendered seizure-free after surgery performed before the age of 6 years. Methods:, The children were followed prospectively for a median of 5 years with serial neuropsychological assessments correlated with electroencephalography (EEG) and surgery-related variables. Results:, Short-term follow-up revealed rapid cognitive gains corresponding to cessation of intense and propagated epileptic activity [two with early catastrophic epilepsy; two with regression and continuous spike-waves during sleep (CSWS) or frontal seizures]; unchanged or slowed velocity of progress in six children (five with complex partial seizures and frontal or temporal cortical malformations). Longer-term follow-up showed stabilization of cognitive levels in the impaired range in most children and slow progress up to borderline level in two with initial gains. Discussion:, Cessation of epileptic activity after early surgery can be followed by substantial cognitive gains, but not in all children. In the short term, lack of catch-up may be explained by loss of retained function in the removed epileptogenic area; in the longer term, by decreased intellectual potential of genetic origin, irreversible epileptic damage to neural networks supporting cognitive functions, or reorganization plasticity after early focal lesions. Cognitive recovery has to be considered as a "bonus," which can be predicted in some specific circumstances. [source] Divergent trends of euroscepticism in countries and regions of the European UnionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2010MARCEL LUBBERS Changes in different aspects of euroscepticism developed at different paces and in varying directions in the regions and countries of the European Union (EU) from 1994 to 2004. Using Eurobarometer data, along with data on country and region characteristics, information on the positions of the political parties and media attention paid to the EU, it is tested in detail whether opposite developments in euroscepticism were associated with opposite developments in influencing contextual characteristics. The authors found that the Netherlands became systematically more sceptical towards the EU, whereas the opposite trend was found in Spain. The introduction of the Euro partially explains these divergent trends, but the direction of this effect varies with countries' GDP. Changes in media attention on the EU further explain the changes in the public's attitude. However, this effect is contingent upon specific circumstances. Growing media attention increases political euroscepticism in countries with a negative EU budget balance, whereas it decreases such scepticism in countries with a positive balance. The effect of left-right ideological placement is contingent upon the EU budget balance as well. Finally, the effect of education on euroscepticism is found to be smaller in countries with a higher GDP. [source] Advances in Latino Family Research: Cultural Adaptations of Evidence-Based InterventionsFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 2 2009GUILLERMO BERNAL PH.D. The stark contrast between frequent calls for research and practice that are applicable across a broad spectrum of cultural and ethnically diverse groups and the dearth of empirical knowledge about Latino families provided the impetus for this special issue on advances in Latino family research. A focus on empirically based practice frames the issue, focusing specifically on how concepts (expressed emotion, parenting style) can be used within interventions, how Latino parents perceive efforts to deliver evidence-based interventions, and how pilot projects that delivered culturally adapted interventions in three separate cities impacted family functioning. In all, the introduction highlights the complexities for researchers in meeting the needs of the field to ensure that effective interventions are applicable across cultural groups. Meeting the challenges is important to address the need of the growing Latino population. Advances in intervention research with ethnic minorities also stand to contribute to the advancement of intervention research broadly. This special issue provides examples of efforts that are underway to better understand what treatments work for Latino families, provided by whom, for what specific problems, and in which specific circumstances, paving the way to begin attempting to answer a challenge posed more than 40 years ago by Gordon Paul. RESUMEN El marcado contraste entre las frecuentes convocatorias para investigaciones y prácticas aplicables a un amplio espectro de grupos de distintas culturas y razas, y la escasez de conocimiento empírico sobre las familias latinas sirvieron como impulso para publicar este número especial sobre los avances en las investigaciones relativas a las familias latinas. La publicación está enmarcada en el análisis de la práctica sustentada empíricamente, centrándose específicamente en cómo los conceptos (emoción expresada, estilo de crianza de los hijos) pueden utilizarse dentro de las intervenciones, en cómo los padres latinos perciben las iniciativas de realizar intervenciones sustentadas empíricamente y en cómo los proyectos piloto que ofrecieron intervenciones adaptadas culturalmente en tres ciudades distintas influyeron sobre el desenvolvimiento familiar. En general, la introducción destaca las complicaciones que enfrentan los investigadores a la hora de responder a las necesidades del campo para garantizar que puedan aplicarse intervenciones eficaces a distintos grupos culturales. Resolver estas complicaciones es importante para responder a la necesidad de la población latina en aumento. Los avances en las investigaciones sobre intervenciones con minorías étnicas también contribuyen al avance de las investigaciones sobre intervenciones en general. La publicación especial ofrece ejemplos de iniciativas que están en marcha para comprender mejor qué tratamientos son eficaces para las familias latinas, quiénes deben proporcionarlos, para qué problemas específicos y en qué circunstancias específicas, allanando el camino para comenzar a responder un problema que planteó Gordon Paul hace más de 40 años. Palabras clave: Latinos/hispanos, familia, adaptación cultural, intervención, salud mental de los latinos [source] The Experience of Gender Change in Public Sector OrganizationsGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 5 2006Raewyn Connell The state has a twofold relationship to gender change in society, through its overall steering capacity and through the gendered character of its constituent agencies. It is therefore important to understand the experience of gender change in state organizations. The findings from a study of gender relations in ten public-sector worksites in New South Wales, Australia are presented. There is a widespread consciousness of gender change linked with new labour processes, restructuring and new patterns of management. These changes are uneven and limits to change are visible. Gender is recognized as an organizational problem in specific circumstances, most visibly where men's resistance to change appears. A number of mechanisms limit the consciousness of gender as a problem. Several trends, including the current strength of neo-liberalism, converge to make the gender-neutral workplace the principal goal of gender reform in the public-sector workplace. This, however, limits the state's steering capacity in regard to societal gender relations. [source] Clusters, Power and Place: Inequality and Local Growth in Time,SpaceGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2002Harald Bathelt The argument of this paper is that a deeper appreciation of the nature of the power relationships between firms and the circuits of power that bind them together is key to understanding how clusters function , including how they might emerge and how they might decline. We begin to develop a conceptualization that allows us to generate a deeper understanding of the processes that enable the production and reproduction of enterprise clusters under some combinations of circumstances but not others. The sections of the paper explore: (1) concepts of power and circuits of power including their spatialities; (2) the temporarily stabilized relationships which occur in clusters of economic activity; (3) the openness and permeability of clusters as a way of understanding conditions that foster cluster growth; (4) a tentative integration of concepts. From this reading of the concepts of clustering and power we draw the conclusion that clusters are, at any particular point in time, temporary and transient conjunctures of interfirm relationships. They depend on specific circumstances in ,time,space' and, because of their very transience and specificity, those conditions might be very difficult if not impossible to create through the blunt instruments of policy. [source] Die Festgesteinsschildmaschine, Interaktion zwischen Gebirge und Vortriebssystem, Kompetenz- und RisikoverteilungGEOMECHANICS AND TUNNELLING, Issue 6 2008Harald Lauffer Dipl.-Ing. Festgesteinsschildmaschinen mit ihren Bauformen Einfachschild (TBM-S) und Doppelschild (TBM-DS) haben sich einen wesentlichen Markanteil erobert. Sie werden für einen Vortrieb im Festgestein geringer Standzeit im nachbrüchigen bis gebrächen Gebirge empfohlen. Die Überlegungen über die Interaktion zwischen Gebirge und Vortriebssystem bestätigen die Annahme, dass eine systematische Gebirgsstützung weder im Schneidradbereich noch im Schildbereich gegeben ist. Unter gewissen Umständen kann es jedoch im Schildbereich zur Ausbildung eines sekundären Traggewölbes im aufgelockerten Gebirge kommen. Es zeigt sich, dass vermutete negative Wirkungen des Schneidrads auf die Ortsbrust nicht auftreten und das Lösen weitgehend schonend erfolgt. Der Einsatz von Schaum zur Auffüllung von Nachbrüchen und zur Stabilisierung des Gebirges hat sich bewährt. Portalbereiche und Bereiche geringer Überdeckung sind erforderlichenfalls möglichst vorweg von über Tage aus zu ertüchtigen. Im Fall von Nachbruch- und Verbrucherscheinungen an der Ortsbrust und der Tunnelleibung können Maschinenparameter wie Drehmoment und Vorschubkraft und Bohrkopfdetails das Verhalten einer Festgesteinsschildmaschine in dieser Grenzsituation stark beeinflussen. Da das Baugrundrisiko grundsätzlich dem Auftraggeber zuzuordnen ist, muss sich der Auftraggeber mit diesen Szenarien intensiv auseinandersetzten und eventuell entsprechende Vorgaben für die Gestaltung der TBM machen ohne den Auftragnehmer allzu sehr einzuschränken. Für einen erfolgreichen Vortrieb mit Festgesteinsschildmaschinen im Grenzbereich ist eine partnerschaftliche Zusammenarbeit in allen Phasen der Bauabwicklung von der Vergabe, über die Abstimmung der TBM-Details bis zur Abwicklung des Vortriebs von größerer Bedeutung. Kürzere und längere, planbare und ungeplante Unterbrüche sind bei TBM-Vortrieben unvermeidbar und systembedingt. Die baubetrieblichen Risiken von Unterbrüchen sind der Auftragnehmer-Sphäre, die Folgen für das Verhalten des Gebirges aufgrund einer verlängerten Stehzeit sind der Risikosphäre des Auftraggebers zuzuordnen. The Hard-Rock Shield Machine, Interaction between Rock and TBM System, Distribution of Responsibility and Risk Single-shield and Double-shield machines have gained a significant market share. They are recommended for tunnel driving in unstable and friable rock with short stand-up time. Looking into the interaction between rock and TBM system confirms the assumption that a systematic rock support through the cutterhead or shield does not exist. But it is possible that under specific circumstances a secondary-load bearing arch is formed inside a loosened rock mass above a shield. It appears that the suspected negative effects of the cutter head on the tunnel face do not exist and that tunnel boring is a relatively gentle process. Filling up overbreak volumes with foam has proved successful in stabilising loosening rock mass. The portal areas and areas of low overburden should be treated from above-ground well in advance if necessary. In case of massive overbreak or even downfalls TBM data such as cutterhead torque and thrust or cutterhead details can influence the behaviour of the TBM significantly. As the ground risk rests basically with the owner, he has to give serious consideration to such situations. He may have to specify basic TBMdata and TBM details without imposing too many restrictions on the contractor. A trustful partnership between owner and contractor during all stages of tunnel driving is of utmost importance for successful tunnel boring with hard-rock shield machines in difficult rock conditions. [source] International Dimensions of the Audit Fee Determinants LiteratureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 1 2002Phillip E. Cobbin A review of the literature in the area of audit fee determinants includes fifty-six studies drawn from seventeen countries over the period 1980 to 2000. The review starts with work initially based in the US market and then shows that attention spread almost immediately to a number of other markets, some of which were similar in structure to that of the US including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and Ireland. A second extension of this work has seen studies based on data drawn from markets including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, The Netherlands and Norway. The comparative, analytical review highlights the use of a core audit fee determinants model that is used and adapted in a limited way, to reflect market specific circumstances and to address market specific issues. The review indicates some consistency across markets in respect of generic variables identified as core determinants of the level of audit fees. There is little evidence in the literature to indicate historical, cultural, institutional or other market-specific factors being addressed in a systematic way, particularly in respect of developing countries. [source] Improving international nurse training: an American,Italian case studyINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 2 2006H. F. W. Dubois msc Background:, Institutionalized international nurse training organized by national educational institutions is a relatively new phenomenon. This, descriptive case study examines an early example of an American,Italian initiative of such training, in order to stimulate future international education of nurses. Aim:, To find out what factors have to be taken into account to improve training and what its potential effects are in exchange and also in the context of nurse migration. Method:, A questionnaire was sent to the 85 nurses who all participated in this particular international programme (response rate: 30.6%). Findings:, The collected data indicate that personalized and well-aimed training, preparatory language courses, predeparture exposure of nurses to the culture of the host country and well-prepared welcomes are among the most important ways to improve this programme. Implications for practice:, While the specific circumstances and cultures involved in this particular case study should not be ignored, these factors might also be applied to maximize the positive effects of nurse-migration. Two-way learning is among the positive effects of such an international training experience. Motivational and team-building effects can result in enhanced quality of care and a more efficient allocation of resources. However, the mind-opening effect seems to be the most important learning experience. Therefore, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of nursing/education is considered the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience. The effects of this experience could include avoiding cultural imposition in the increased cultural diversity of nursing in the country of origin. [source] Determinants of skin sensitisation potentialJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2008David W. Roberts Abstract Skin sensitisation is an important toxicological endpoint. The possibility that chemicals used in the workplace and in consumer products might cause skin sensitisation is a major concern for individuals, for employers and for marketing. In European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals) legislation, the sensitising potential should therefore be assessed for chemicals below the 10 ton threshold. Development of methods for prediction of skin sensitisation potential without animal testing has been an active research area for some time, but has received further impetus with the advent of REACH and the EU Cosmetics Directive (EU 2003). This paper addresses the issue of non-animal based prediction of sensitisation by a mechanistic approach. It is known that the sequence of molecular, biomolecular and cellular events between exposure to a skin sensitiser and development of the sensitised state involves several stages, in particular penetration through the stratum corneum, covalent binding to carrier protein, migration of Langerhans cells, presentation of the antigen to naïve T-cells. In this paper each of these stages is considered with respect to the extent to which it is dependent on the chemical properties of the sensitiser. The evidence suggests that, although penetration of the stratum corneum, stimulation of migration and maturation of Langerhans cells, and antigen recognition are important events in the induction of sensitisation, except in certain specific circumstances they can be taken for granted. They are not important factors in determining whether a compound will be a sensitiser or not, nor are they important factors in determining how potent one sensitiser will be relative to another. The ability to bind covalently to carrier protein is the major structure-dependent determinant of skin sensitisation potential. A chemistry-based prediction strategy is proposed involving reaction mechanistic domain assignment, reactivity and hydrophobicity determination, and application of quantitative mechanistic modelling (QMM) or read-across. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] External Sources of Innovative Capabilities: The Preferences for Strategic Alliances or Mergers and AcquisitionsJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 2 2002John Hagedoorn This paper explores the preferences that companies have as they use alternative (quasi) external sources of innovative competencies such as strategic technology alliances, mergers and acquisitions, or a mix of these. These alternatives are studied in the context of distinct industrial, technological and international settings during the first half of the 1990s. Different strategies followed by companies and the role played by routinized sets of preferences are also taken into consideration. The analysis demonstrates that these options are influenced by both different environmental conditions and firm specific circumstances, such as those related to protecting core businesses. [source] Emesis in dogs: a reviewJOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2010C. Elwood Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research. [source] GINA guidelines on asthma and beyond,ALLERGY, Issue 2 2007J. Bousquet ,Clinical guidelines are systematically developed statements designed to help practitioners and patients make decisions regarding the appropriate health care for specific circumstances. Guidelines are based on the scientific evidence on therapeutic interventions. The first asthma guidelines were published in the mid 1980s when asthma became a recognized public health problem in many countries. The Global Initiative on Asthma (GINA) was launched in 1995 as a collaborative effort between the NHLBI and the World Health Organization (WHO). The first edition was opinion-based but updates were evidence-based. A new update of the GINA guidelines was recently available and it is based on the control of the disease. Asthma guidelines are prepared to stimulate the implementation of practical guidelines in order to reduce the global burden of asthma. Although asthma guidelines may not be perfect, they appear to be the best vehicle available to assist primary care physicians and patients to receive the best possible care of asthma. [source] Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation: Treatment Options and AdvancesPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 8 2009JAMES A. REIFFEL M.D. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are two basic approaches to managing AF: slowing the ventricular rate, while allowing the arrhythmia to continue (the rate-control approach), and restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm (the rhythm-control approach) with antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) and/or ablation, electrical cardioversion (CV), if needed, or both. Strategy trials comparing rate and rhythm control have found no survival advantage of one approach over the other, but other considerations, such as symptom reduction, often necessitate pursuit of rhythm control. Electrical, or direct current, CV is a widely used and effective method for termination of nonparoxysmal AF, although its success can be affected by patient- and technique-related variables. Pharmacological CV options also exist and are preferable in specific circumstances. Both pharmacological and electrical CV are associated with the risk of proarrhythmia. Many AADs are under development for both CV and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Some are atrioselective, such as vernakalant, and target ion channels in the atria, with little or no effects in the ventricle. Vernakalant, currently under Food and Drug Administration review, appears to offer a safer profile than current CV agents and is likely to expand the role of pharmacological CV. Other new AADs that provide increased efficacy or safety while maintaining normal sinus rhythm may also be better than current drugs; if so, rate-rhythm comparisons will differ from those of previous studies. In conclusion, further trials should clarify the long-term safety profiles of new atrioselective agents and other investigational drugs and define their role in the treatment of AF. [source] Theological Pragmatism: A Critical EvaluationTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2000Mikael Stenmark Theological pragmatists like Daly, Kaufman, McFague and Reuther claim that the God we should believe in and the kind of images we should use to express our religious faith should be evaluated primarily on the basis of the consequences they have for the maintenance of certain political or moral values. These views are presented and critically evaluated. One difficulty is that their pragmatism seems to clash with our intuition and experience that there is no automatic fit between our moral aspirations and political visions, on the one hand, and how the world is actually structured, on the other. Their strong emphasis on political and moral considerations is, therefore, questionable and only plausible under certain specific circumstances. [source] Surgical Outcomes of Drillout Procedures for Complex Frontal Sinus Pathology,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 5 2007Pete S. Batra MD Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this report is two-fold: 1) to determine the incidence and 2) to determine the efficacy of drillout procedures in the management of frontal sinus disease in a tertiary rhinology practice. Study Design: Retrospective data analysis. Methods: Chart review was performed for all patients undergoing frontal sinus surgery from May 1999 to April 2004. The incidence of drillout surgery was determined. Demographic data, symptomatology, type of drillout procedure, and primary pathology were determined. Postoperative outcome was assessed based on subjective symptomatology and objective endoscopic patency. Results: A total of 186 patients underwent 207 frontal sinus procedures during this time period; 25 patients (13.4%) required a total of 30 (14.5%) drillout procedures. The patient population had previously undergone an average of 3.2 procedures; four cases were primary and 26 were revision procedures. The breakdown of the procedures was as follows: Draf III, 17; Draf IIB, 7; and transseptal frontal sinusotomy, 6. The major indications included mucoceles (11 cases), chronic frontal sinusitis (6 cases), and tumors (5 cases). Postoperatively, presenting symptomatology resolved in 32%, improved in 56%, and remained unchanged in 12% of the patients. Endoscopic patency of the neo-ostium was noted in 23 cases (92%). Average follow-up was 16.3 months. Conclusions: In this series, drillout procedures were successfully used in 25 patients as an important adjunct to the standard endoscopic techniques for management of complex frontal sinus disease. Because the procedure was used only 30 times during a 5-year period, it was reserved for specific circumstances in carefully selected patients. [source] American Society of Transplant Surgeons Transplant Center Outcomes Requirements,A Threat to InnovationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2009M. M. Abecassis The transplant center regulations recently published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) mandate that observed program-specific survival outcomes to fall within expected risk-adjusted outcomes. Meeting these outcomes is essential to continued participation in the Medicare program. Both donor and recipient variables not considered in current risk adjustment models can result in inferior outcomes and therefore may cause an overestimation of transplant center expected performance, precluding participation in the federally funded Medicare program. We reviewed the most recent four reporting periods published by the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients on their public website. We identified kidney, liver and heart transplant programs that were flagged for having outcomes statistically lower than expected as well as those that failed to meet CMS criteria. We also analyzed whether center volumes correlated with outcomes in these centers. We highlight the need for mitigating factors that could justify inferior outcomes under specific circumstances. Failure to reach consensus on such a mechanism for appeal may result in risk-averse behavior by transplant centers with respect to innovation and therefore hamper the ability to advance the field of transplantation. We propose a methodology that may address this emerging dilemma. [source] Research Note: The silenced assistant.ASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 2 2010Reflections of invisible interpreters, research assistants Abstract Given the increased attention in anthropology and human geography to the positionality and reflexivity of researchers completing fieldwork in foreign countries, it is surprising that we still know relatively little about how research assistants and interpreters are positioned in the field and their own concerns, constraints and coping mechanisms. This article, based on in-depth interviews with local interpreters/research assistants in Vietnam and China, working alongside Western doctoral students researching upland ethnic minority populations, provides space for the assistants' voices. While reflecting upon their own time in the field, we see how the positionalities of these individuals can have rather unexpected consequences. Furthermore, the assistants' analyses of particular events, as well as their take on the best way to proceed in specific circumstances can be at odds with that of their employers, and negotiated coping strategies have to be found. The article concludes with advice from these assistants regarding how future assistants can make the best of their position, and what foreign researchers need to consider in fostering constructive working relationships. [source] Australian Audit Reports: 1996,2003AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 40 2006ELIZABETH CARSON In 1996 Australia revised audit reporting standard AUS 702 to align with many of the concepts in the international audit reporting standard ISA 700. These included preventing auditors issuing a "subject to" qualified opinion, and permitting auditors to modify the audit report in specific circumstances by including an emphasis of matter (EoM) paragraph. This research examines the frequency with which different types of opinions are issued and the circumstances giving rise to the inclusion of an EoM paragraph, and compares the types of opinions issued by the major audit firms and for the various industry sectors over the period 1996,2003. [source] Trade theorems with search unemploymentCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2010Yu Sheng Abstract We revisit the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model in the presence of labour market frictions à la Mortensen-Pissarides. Relaxing the assumption of the one-worker-one-firm matching rule, we show that the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and the Rybczynski theorem may not hold in specific circumstances. We also demonstrate that the Factor Price Equalization theorem is valid only for capital and unemployed labour across countries, but not for employed labour. In equilibrium, trade patterns are determined by countries' factor endowments and relative factor intensities in sectors (independent of factor intensities in production). Finally, our results suggest an additional explanation for the ,missing trade' phenomenon. On ré-examine le modèle de Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson quand il y a des frictions à la Mortensen-Pissarides sur le marché du travail. En relaxant la règle d'appariement un-travailleur-une-entreprise, on montre que le théorème de Stolper-Samuelson et celui de Rybczybski peuvent ne pas être valides dans certaines circonstances spécifiques. On montre aussi que le théorème d'égalisation du prix des facteurs est valide seulement pour le capital et le travail non employé entre pays, mais non pour le travail employé. En équilibre, les patterns de commerce sont déterminés par la dotation en facteurs de production des pays et les intensités relatives d'utilisation des facteurs de production entre secteurs (sans rapport avec les intensités de facteurs dans la production). Finalement, les résultats suggèrent une explication additionnelle du phénomène du ,commerce manquant.' [source] |