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Speech
Kinds of Speech Terms modified by Speech Selected AbstractsCODE IS SPEECH: Legal Tinkering, Expertise, and Protest among Free and Open Source Software DevelopersCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009GABRIELLA COLEMAN ABSTRACT In this essay, I examine the channels through which Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) developers reconfigure central tenets of the liberal tradition,and the meanings of both freedom and speech,to defend against efforts to constrain their productive autonomy. I demonstrate how F/OSS developers contest and specify the meaning of liberal freedom,especially free speech,through the development of legal tools and discourses within the context of the F/OSS project. I highlight how developers concurrently tinker with technology and the law using similar skills, which transform and consolidate ethical precepts among developers. I contrast this legal pedagogy with more extraordinary legal battles over intellectual property, speech, and software. I concentrate on the arrests of two programmers, Jon Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov, and on the protests they provoked, which unfolded between 1999 and 2003. These events are analytically significant because they dramatized and thus made visible tacit social processes. They publicized the challenge that F/OSS represents to the dominant regime of intellectual property (and clarified the democratic stakes involved) and also stabilized a rival liberal legal regime intimately connecting source code to speech. [source] Political Action and Speech in the 2000 Presidential ElectionCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 3 2001Martín Plot First page of article [source] Classifying Acts: State Speech, Race, and DemocracyCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 2 2001Orville Lee First page of article [source] Auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony: Diagnosis and managementDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 4 2003Charles I. Berlin Abstract Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are objective measures of auditory function, but are not hearing tests. Normal OAEs reflect normal cochlear outer hair cell function, and an ABR indicates a synchronous neural response. It is quite possible for a patient to have normal OAEs but absent or grossly abnormal ABR and a behavioral audiogram that is inconsistent with either test. These patients, who may constitute as much as 10% of the diagnosed deaf population, have auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony (AN/AD). To diagnose AN/AD accurately, ABRs are obtained in response to condensation and rarefaction clicks to distinguish cochlear microphonics (CM) from neural responses. Appropriate management is confounded by variation among patients and changes in auditory function in some patients over time. Recommendations for management include visual language exposure through methods such as American Sign Language (ASL), Cued Speech, or baby signs, and closely following patients. MRDD Research Reviews 2003;9:225,231. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Speech and language disorders and associated problems: meeting children's needsDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 7 2004Hilary Hart No abstract is available for this article. [source] When Faith Speech Turns to Gay Hate SpeechDIALOG, Issue 2 2010Mary Elise Lowe No abstract is available for this article. [source] Economic Society of Australia's Distinguished Fellow for 2009 Acceptance Speech,ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 3 2009Ross Garnaut [source] Speech- and sound-segmentation in dyslexia: evidence for a multiple-level cortical impairmentEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 8 2006T. Kujala Abstract Developmental dyslexia involves deficits in the visual and auditory domains, but is primarily characterized by an inability to translate the written linguistic code to the sound structure. Recent research has shown that auditory dysfunctions in dyslexia might originate from impairments in early pre-attentive processes, which affect behavioral discrimination. Previous studies have shown that whereas dyslexic individuals are deficient in discriminating sound distinctions involving consonants or simple pitch changes, discrimination of other sound aspects, such as tone duration, is intact. We hypothesized that such contrasts that can be discriminated by dyslexic individuals when heard in isolation are difficult to identify when occurring within words or structurally similar complex sound patterns. In the current study, we addressed how segments of pseudo-words and their non-speech counterparts are processed in dyslexia. We assessed the detection of long-duration differences in segments of these stimuli and identified the brain processes that could be associated with the behavioral results. Consistent with previous studies, we found no early cortical sound-duration discrimination deficit in dyslexia. However, differences between impaired and non-impaired readers were found in the brain processes associated with sound-change recognition as well as in the behavioral performance. This suggests that even when the early, automatic, sound discrimination processes are intact in dyslexic individuals, deficits in the later, attention-dependent processes may lead to impaired perception of speech and other complex sounds. [source] EFA Keynote Speech: "Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility: What Do Investors Care about?FINANCIAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2009What Should Investors Care about?" G34 Abstract This article is the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association meeting in New Orleans in March 2007 with updated references and examples. In this keynote address, I discuss what we can learn about institutional investors' views on corporate governance and corporate social responsibility from research and surveys. [source] OF SAILORS AND POETS: ON CELAN, GRÜNBEIN, AND BRODSKYGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2007Michael Eskin ABSTRACT In this essay, I trace the metamorphoses of the trope of poetry as ,message in a bottle' in the works of Paul Celan, Durs Grünbein, and Joseph Brodsky. Beginning from a juxtaposition of Osip Mandelstam's conception of the poetic text as a ,letter in a bottle' with Bertolt Brecht's depiction of lyric poetry as ,Flaschenpost' in light of their conceptual discrepancies, I inquire into the different ways in which three of Brecht's and, above all, Mandelstam's most notable successors , Celan, Grünbein, and Brodsky , have appropriated and deployed the trope in response to their singular socio-historical situations. Through a number of close readings of contextually relevant texts (including Celan's Bremen Prize Speech, Grünbein's discussion of Celan and Mandelstam as avatars of what he calls the ,new Robinson', and Brodsky's programmatic poem, ,Letter in a Bottle'), I disclose important differences, poetic and ethical, between Celan's, Grünbein's, and Brodsky's (and, by extension, others') recourse to the ostensibly monosemous figure of poetry as ,Flaschenpost', as it was signally launched, in the twentieth century, by Mandelstam in particular. [source] Prevention of wound complications following salvage laryngectomy using free vascularized tissueHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 5 2007FRCS(C), Kevin Fung MD Abstract Background. Total laryngectomy following radiation therapy or concurrent chemoradiation therapy is associated with unacceptably high complication rates because of wound healing difficulties. With an ever increasing reliance on organ preservation protocols as primary treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer, the surgeon must develop techniques to minimize postoperative complications in salvage laryngectomy surgery. We have developed an approach using free tissue transfer in an effort to improve tissue vascularity, reinforce the pharyngeal suture line, and minimize complications in this difficult patient population. The purpose of this study was to outline our technique and determine the effectiveness of this new approach. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of a prospective cohort and compared it with a historical group (surgical patients of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)-91-11 trial). Eligibility criteria for this study included patients undergoing salvage total laryngectomy following failed attempts at organ preservation with either high-dose radiotherapy or concurrent chemo/radiation therapy regimen. Patients were excluded if the surgical defect required a skin paddle for pharyngeal closure. The prospective cohort consisted of 14 consecutive patients (10 males, 4 females; mean age, 58 years) who underwent free tissue reinforcement of the pharyngeal suture line following total laryngectomy. The historical comparison group consisted of 27 patients in the concomitant chemoradiotherapy arm of the RTOG-91-11 trial who met the same eligibility criteria (26 males, 1 female; mean age, 57 years) but did not undergo free tissue transfer or other form of suture line reinforcement. Minimum follow-up in both groups was 12 months. Results. The overall pharyngocutaneous fistula rate was similar between groups,4/14 (29%) in the flap group, compared with 8/27 (30%) in the RTOG-91-11 group. There were no major wound complications in the flap group, compared with 4 (4/27, 14.8%) in the RTOG-91-11 group. There were no major fistulas in the flap group, compared with 3/27 (11.1%) in the RTOG-91-11 group. The rate of pharyngeal stricture requiring dilation was 6/14 (42%) in the flap group, compared with 7/27 (25.9%) in the RTOG-91-11 group. In our patients, the rate of tracheoesophageal speech was 14/14 (100%), and complete oral intake was achieved in 13/14 (93%) patients. Voice-Related Quality of Life Measure (V-RQOL) and Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients (PSS-HN) scores suggest that speech and swallowing functions are reasonable following free flap reinforcement. Conclusions. Free vascularized tissue reinforcement of primary pharyngeal closure in salvage laryngectomy following failed organ preservation is effective in preventing major wound complications but did not reduce the overall fistula rate. Fistulas that developed following this technique were relatively small, did not result in exposed major vessels, and were effectively treated with outpatient wound care rather than readmission to the hospital or return to operating room. Speech and swallowing results following this technique were comparable to those following total laryngectomy alone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007 [source] Disease control, survival, and functional outcome after multimodal treatment for advanced-stage tongue base cancerHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 7 2004James P. Malone MD Abstract Background. Surgical resection and postoperative radiation for advanced-stage malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx result in a dismal overall survival of 38%. Patients with carcinoma of the tongue base frequently have advanced disease at the time of presentation, and combined-modality therapy is usually required to achieve cure. Because of the poor survival rates with advanced malignancies with standard therapy, new and innovative approaches continue to be developed in an attempt to have a greater impact on disease control, patient survival, and functional outcome after therapy. This study examines functional outcome, survival, and disease control in patients receiving an intensified treatment regimen with concomitant chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and intraoperative radiotherapy for previously untreated, resectable, stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue base. Methods. Forty patients with previously untreated, resectable, stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base were treated in one of three sequential phase II intensification regimens (IRs). Treatment consisted of perioperative, hyperfractionated radiotherapy (9.1 Gy) with concurrent cisplatin followed by surgical resection with intraoperative radiotherapy boost (7.5 Gy). Postoperative treatment involved concurrent chemoradiotherapy (40 Gy to the primary site and upper neck and 45 Gy to the supraclavicular areas) with cisplatin with or without paclitaxel. Locoregional and distant disease control, 2-year overall, and disease-specific survival rates were calculated. The Performance Status Scale (PSS) for Head and Neck Cancer Patients was administered to 25 of the surviving patients. The effects of the method of surgical reconstruction, surgery involving the mandible and/or larynx, and early versus advanced T stage on PSS score were evaluated with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results. Median follow-up in months for IR1, IR2, and IR3 were 83.6, 75.2, and 26.8. The locoregional control rate was 100%, and the rate of distant metastases was 7.5% for all patients. Two-year overall and disease-specific survival rates for the entire study population were 74.7% and 93.6%, respectively. Mean PSS scores by subscales Eating in Public, Understandability of Speech, and Normalcy of Diet were 55 (range, 0,100), 73 (range, 25,100), and 49 (range, 0,100), respectively. PSS scores were significantly higher in patients with primary closure of the surgical defect, no mandibular surgery, and early T-stage lesions. Conclusions. Although functional outcome may be decreased by certain surgical interventions and advanced T stage, the high rate of locoregional and distant disease control and excellent 2-year disease-specific survival supports an aggressive treatment regimen for advanced tongue base cancer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 561,572, 2004 [source] Children's Responses to Computer-Synthesized Speech in Educational Media: Gender Consistency and Gender Similarity EffectsHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007Kwan Min Lee This study examines children's social responses to gender cues in synthesized speech in a computer-based instruction setting. Eighty 5th-grade elementary school children were randomly assigned to one of the conditions in a full-factorial 2 (participant gender) × 2 (voice gender) × 2 (content gender) experiment. Results show that children apply gender-based social rules to synthesized speech. More specifically, children evaluate synthesized speech more positively, trust the speech more, and learn more effectively when voice gender matches either content gender (consistency attraction) and/or their own gender (similarity attraction). Children's computer self-efficacy was a significant covariate for their social responses to synthesized speech. Theoretical and practical implications of the current study for the design of educational media are discussed. [source] A Privileged Status for Male Infant-Directed Speech in Infants of Depressed Mothers?INFANCY, Issue 2 2010Role of Father Involvement Prior research showed that 5- to 13-month-old infants of chronically depressed mothers did not learn to associate a segment of infant-directed speech produced by their own mothers or an unfamiliar nondepressed mother with a smiling female face, but showed better-than-normal learning when a segment of infant-directed speech produced by an unfamiliar nondepressed father signaled the face. Here, learning in response to an unfamiliar nondepressed father's infant-directed speech was studied as a function both of the mother's depression and marital status, a proxy measure of father involvement. Infants of unmarried mothers on average did not show significant learning in response to the unfamiliar nondepressed father's infant-directed speech. Infants of married mothers showed significant learning in response to male infant-directed speech, and infants of depressed, married mothers showed significantly stronger learning in response to that stimulus than did infants of nondepressed, married mothers. Several ways in which father involvement may positively or negatively affect infant responsiveness to male infant-directed speech are discussed. [source] Influences of Infant-Directed Speech on Early Word RecognitionINFANCY, Issue 6 2009Leher Singh When addressing infants, many adults adopt a particular type of speech, known as infant-directed speech (IDS). IDS is characterized by exaggerated intonation, as well as reduced speech rate, shorter utterance duration, and grammatical simplification. It is commonly asserted that IDS serves in part to facilitate language learning. Although intuitively appealing, direct empirical tests of this claim are surprisingly scarce. Additionally, studies that have examined associations between IDS and language learning have measured learning within a single laboratory session rather than the type of long-term storage of information necessary for word learning. In this study, 7- and 8-month-old infants' long-term memory for words was assessed when words were spoken in IDS and adult-directed speech (ADS). Word recognition over the long term was successful for words introduced in IDS, but not for those introduced in ADS, regardless of the register in which recognition stimuli were produced. Findings are discussed in the context of the influence of particular input styles on emergent word knowledge in prelexical infants. [source] Six-Month-Olds' Detection of Clauses Embedded in Continuous Speech: Effects of Prosodic Well-FormednessINFANCY, Issue 1 2000Thierry Nazzi Three experiments investigated the role of prosodic structure for infants' recognition of embedded word sequences. Six-month-olds were familiarized with 2 versions of the same sequence, 1 corresponding to a well-formed prosodic unit and the other to a prosodically ill-formed sequence (although a successive word series). Next, infants heard 2 test passages. One included the well-formed unit, and the other included the ill-formed sequence. In Experiment 1, infants listened longer to the passage containing the well-formed unit, suggesting that such units, even when they are embedded, are better recognized. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that this better recognition does not depend on an acoustic match between the familiarized sequences and their later embeddings. This suggests that the advantage of the well-formed unit is at least partially due to infants' use of prosody to parse continuous speech. [source] Divine Action and the Trinity: A Brief Exploration of the Grounds of Trinitarian Speech about God in the Theology of Adolf SchlatterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Andreas Loos This article explores Schlatter's doctrine of the Trinity in the light of the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation of the economic and the ontological Trinity. It is shown that Schlatter relates God's triune being and God's trinitarian action through the notion of love , where God's love ad extra as well as ad intra is oriented toward the particular in such a way as to enable true otherness. It will be argued, moreover, that Schlatter's contribution to the contemporary trinitarian debate lies in propounding an applied trinitarian theology which is faithful to its object. When God in himself and in relation to creation is oriented toward and actively seeks the other, then theology cannot talk about God's being apart from the actuality of his actions in this world. [source] The Danish Cartoon Affair: Free Speech, Racism, Islamism, and IntegrationINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 5 2006Professor Tariq Modood First page of article [source] Barriers to Caregiver Compliance with Eating and Drinking Recommendations for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and DysphagiaJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2006Darren D. Chadwick Background, There is scant research on the subject of dysphagia and people with intellectual disabilities. This study explores the barriers which caregivers believe make following Speech and Language Therapists' (SLTs) dysphagia management strategies more difficult. Method, Semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted with 46 caregivers who supported 40 intellectually disabled adults with dysphagia. Results, Caregivers perceived particular difficulties in modifying food and drinks to safe consistencies, achieving the agreed positioning during mealtimes, and in using support and prompting strategies. Problematic support and prompting strategies included difficulties with pacing correctly; facilitating people to adequately relax and concentrate; observing and prompting people to pace suitably and take safe amounts of food and drink in each mouthful. Additional barriers identified included time pressures, staff turnover and insufficient reviewing of SLT management strategies by caregivers. Conclusions, Findings suggest that additional training and monitoring is required to ensure caregivers are aware of their role and responsibility in promoting safe oral intake for adults with dysphagia and intellectual disabilities. Ongoing support is suggested for people with intellectual disabilities and dysphagia to help them understand the reasoning behind management strategies. [source] Reported Speech and Other Kinds of TestimonyJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Megan Vaughan This paper addresses the politics and practices of history and memory through an examination of the historiography of Malawi with reference to the literature on slavery. In the late 1970s, an oral historical research project in Malawi set out to ,uncover' the pre-colonial history of part of the Southern Region. Informed by new methods for oral historical research and by the post-colonial context, the testimonies collected were framed by a number of preconceptions and assumptions, particularly those related to the nature of ethnic identity. The paper analyses this framing and the nature of the texts produced. It goes on to examine briefly other forms of historical memory, and the question of ,forgetting'. [source] Rett Syndrome and long-term disorder profileJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2008E. Smeets Since the identification of mutations in MECP2 in females with clinical Rett syndrome, numerous efforts have been made to understand phenotype-genotype relationships. Most of these studies were conducted by examining the type and localization of these mutations in the gene in relation to clinical severity. It seemed unsatisfactory, in view of the age range and variable severity, to look only at the type and localization of the mutation in MECP2 in trying to establish a phenotype/genotype relationship. Describing each RTT individual after a long term follow up and grouping females with the same disorder history and same MECP2 mutation is therefore appropriate. Complete clinical and molecular data were obtained on 103 females. The guidelines for reporting manifestations common in Rett syndrome were used in the evaluation of clinical severity. The individuals were grouped according to similar disorder profiles on long-term follow up. In a cohort of 103 females clinically diagnosed with Rett syndrome, 91 had a detectable MECP2 mutation. 60% still sit and walk. Hand use is preserved or reduced in 44%. Speech has been lost in the majority (87%). Epilepsy was problematic in about 30%. Scoliosis, severe kyphosis or a combination of both was present in 27%, needing surgery in 13%. Description of the profile of the disorder and long-term clinical history facilitated the grouping of females with the same MECP2 mutation and a similar history. This approach will contribute more to the understanding of the ongoing pathology in Rett syndrome relative to the specific character of the involved MECP2 mutation. Some examples of these disorder profiles will be discussed. [source] Hate Speech, the First Amendment, and Professional Codes of Conduct: Where to Draw the Line?JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008Jeffrey A. Mello [source] Enregistering Modernity, Bluffing Criminality: How Nouchi Speech Reinvented (and Fractured) the NationJOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Sasha Newell This paper traces processes of the enregisterment of modernity in French and Nouchi (an urban patois) in Côte d'Ivoire, arguing that the struggles to define the indexical values of Nouchi and the performative bluff of urban street life associated with it have played a central role in the production of Ivoirian national identity. Speakers of Nouchi integrate references to American pop culture with local Ivoirian lexical content, which allows Nouchi use ambivalently to index both modernity and autochthony. In so doing they overturn the hierarchical schema of evaluation defined by proximity to the French standard. Nouchi indexes a new pan-ethnic Ivoirian identity based on the alternative modernity of cosmopolitan urban youth. Urban youth reject the Francocentric elitism of the postcolonial state but themselves exclude Northern migrants, whom they qualify as less than modern, from Ivoirian citizenship.,[modernity, enregisterment, French, Nouchi, indexicality, Côte d'Ivoire] [source] Accomplishing Identity in Participant-Denoting DiscourseJOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Stanton Wortham Individuals become socially identified when categories of identity are used repeatedly to characterize them. Speech that denotes participants and involves parallelism between descriptions of participants and the events that they enact in the event of speaking can be a powerful mechanism for accomplishing consistent social identification. This article describes how two different types of participant-denoting speech events,participant examples and autobiographical narratives,can involve such parallelism, in which speakers simultaneously represent and enact analogous social positions and thereby strengthen social identification. [source] Common Schools and Uncommon Conversations: Education, Religious Speech and Public SpacesJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007KENNETH A. STRIKE This paper discusses the role of religious speech in the public square and the common school. It argues for more openness to political theology than many liberals are willing to grant and for an educational strategy of engagement over one of avoidance. The paper argues that the exclusion of religious debate from the public square has dysfunctional consequences. It discusses Rawls's more recent views on public reason and claims that, while they are not altogether adequate, they are consistent with engagement. The outcome of these arguments is applied to three ,hot button' issues in US education: creationism, an issue of gay rights, and teaching the Bible in schools. [source] Hate Speech and Constitutional Protection: Priming Values of Equality and FreedomJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 2 2002Gloria Cowan Freedom of speech and equality are two basic values in American culture that cause a value conflict with regard to hate speech. This study examined the effects of priming of values of freedom of speech and equal protection (equality) on perceptions of and attitudes toward hate speech and value prioritization. Data were collected from 159 college students. Priming of freedom of speech directed participants' attitudes and values toward advocating freedom of speech, whereas priming for equal protection directed attitudes and values toward the harm of hate speech. Participants primed for free speech viewed hate speech (introduced via scenarios) as less harmful and the speaker as less accountable than those primed for the harm of hate speech and a control group. [source] Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate SpeechJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 2 2002Laura Beth Nielsen Using field observations and 100 in-depth interviews with participants recruited from public places in Northern California, this article documents the experience of being the target of hate speech in public places. Focusing on racist and sexist hate speech (as participants define the phenomenon), I show that there is a range of experiences with hate speech and that it is often quite subtle, leaving all but intended victims unaware that it occurs. These data also show that such interactions occur with regularity and leave targets harmed in significant ways. There can be little doubt that members of traditionally disadvantaged groups face a strikingly different reality on the street than do members of privileged groups. Although the legal status of hate speech remains ambiguous, its harms are not. [source] Hesitation Disfluencies in Spontaneous Speech: The Meaning of umLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Martin Corley Human speech is peppered with ums and uhs, among other signs of hesitation in the planning process. But are these so-called fillers (or filled pauses) intentionally uttered by speakers, or are they side-effects of difficulties in the planning process? And how do listeners respond to them? In the present paper, we review evidence concerning the production and comprehension of fillers such as um and uh, in an attempt to determine whether they can be said to be ,words' with ,meanings' that are understood by listeners. We conclude that, whereas listeners are highly sensitive to hesitation disfluencies in speech, there is little evidence to suggest that they are intentionally produced, or should be considered to be words in the conventional sense. [source] Maxillary reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flap and bone graftsMICROSURGERY, Issue 6 2009Bernardo Bianchi M.D. Background: Loss of the maxilla and midfacial bone buttresses after tumor resections can lead to severe functional and esthetic consequences. The loss of palate function may lead to oro-nasal communication, nasal speech, and oral intake difficulties. Several techniques have been proposed for maxillary defects reconstruction including prosthesis, locoregional flaps, or free flaps. The authors propose the use of anterolateral thigh free flap and iliac crest, or calvaria bone graft association for reconstruction of this kind of defects. Methods: Between November 2003 and June 2007, eight patients underwent maxillectomies, with preservation of the orbital contents and simultaneous reconstruction using this technique. Results: All the flaps were harvested and transplanted successfully. No major complication occurred and only one patient developed a palatal dehiscence with partial necrosis of the skin of the flap. There were no complications at the donor sites. Speech was assessed as normal in five patients, intelligible in two patients, and poor in one patient. Six patients returned to normal diets, while two patients were restricted to soft diets. The esthetic results were evaluated by the patients themselves as good (in five cases) and acceptable (in two cases). In the remaining case, the esthetic result was deemed to be poor, due to ectropion and poor color matching of the skin used for the external coverage. Conclusion: The good results obtained using this technique encourage the choice of the association of anterolateral thigh and bone grafts for reconstructing maxillary complex defects. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009. [source] Suppressing Inner Speech in ESL Reading: Implications for Developmental Changes in Second Language Word Recognition ProcessesMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009SHIGEO KATO The effect of articulatory suppression on second language (L2) visual sentence comprehension and its relation to L2 reading proficiency and lower level processing efficiency were investigated in a series of experiments using 64 college-level Japanese English as a second language learners as participants. The results supported the hypothesis that increased reading proficiency requires developmental changes in lower level skills; namely a greater degree of L2 reading proficiency requires greater orthographic processing skills. This is especially pronounced for the groups comprising proficient and less proficient readers. With regard to proficient readers, there were significant intercorrelations among sentence processing performance under suppression, reading comprehension score, and orthographic skills; however, none of these relationships were significant with less proficient readers. In contrast, phonological processing continued to make a significant contribution with proficient readers under suppression. This confounding outcome implies that a simple choice between phonological and direct-visual coding strategies does not fully explain the L2 reading process under articulatory suppression. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||