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Spatial Competition (spatial + competition)
Selected AbstractsPATENT DAMAGES AND SPATIAL COMPETITION,THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2010MATTHEW D. HENRY We analyze price competition between a spatially differentiated product patentee and an imitator anticipating probabilistic future patent damages. We compare the performance of three damage regimes. The ,reasonable royalty' regime, which yields symmetric equilibrium pricing, maximizes static welfare and yields the highest innovation incentives when patent enforcement is nearly certain. The ,lost profits' regime, which may deter infringement, yields the highest innovation incentives when patent enforcement is less-than-certain and products are sufficiently valuable. The ,unjust enrichment' regime yields low static efficiency and low innovation incentives. We offer new insights into the ,hypothetical negotiation' that courts use to construct reasonable royalties. [source] Quantifying root lateral distribution and turnover using pine trees with a distinct stable carbon isotope signatureFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2005K. JOHNSEN Summary 1In order to help assess spatial competition for below-ground resources, we quantified the effects of fertilization on root biomass quantity and lateral root distribution of mid-rotation Pinus taeda trees. Open-top chambers exposed trees to ambient or ambient plus 200 µmol mol,1 atmospheric CO2 for 31 months. 2Tank CO2 was depleted in atmospheric 13C; foliage of elevated CO2 trees had ,13C of ,42·9, compared with ,29·1 for ambient CO2 trees. 3Roots 1 m from the base of elevated CO2 -grown trees had more negative ,13C relative to control trees, and this difference was detected, on average, up to 5·8, 3·7 and 3·7 m away from the trees for 0,2, 2,5 and >5 mm root-size classes, respectively. Non-fertilized tree roots extended as far as fertilized trees despite the fact that their above-ground biomass was less than half that of fertilized trees. 4These results are informative with respect to root sampling intensity and protocol, and the distances required between experimental manipulations to evaluate below-ground processes of independent treatments. 5Fine-root turnover has usually been estimated to range from weeks to 3 years, representing a major avenue of carbon flux. Using a mixing model we calculated that 0,2 mm roots had a mean residence time of 4·5 years indicating relatively slow fine-root turnover, a result that has major implications in modelling C cycling. [source] A Note on the Geographic Interdependencies of Retail Market AreasJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002David Mushinski Central place theory describes an orderly hierarchy of places, with particular retail services developing for lower-ordered places as they reach a threshold. Yet it is likely that nearby areas could serve simultaneously as a source of demand and a source of competing supply for retail stores in a place. This paper contributes to the understanding of local economic development by modeling and estimating the geographic interdependence between a place and its neighboring areas. The simultaneous equation Tobit results suggest that such geographical interdependence exists for most retail industries, with spatial competition on the supply side being particularly important. [source] Exploitation of the complex chemistry of hindered amine stabilizers in effective plastics stabilization,JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007J. Pospí Hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) remain a prominent class of stabilizers having a fortunate development with continuous interest in shaping the future properties of plastics: increase in polymer durability, application extension, reaching new effects. Commercial tests provided much information. Insufficient mechanistic interpretations of the complex effects of environmental factors (harshness of testing, penetration of radiation and oxygen, superposition of temperature, atmospheric impurities) and those of the microenvironment (morphology of the polymer matrix, physical relations of HAS,polymer, interference between HAS and other additives) are a drawback. Model experiments complement commercial studies and explain some phenomena. A careful transfer of information from model experiments must be done to avoid misinterpretation of mechanisms, particularly of the HAS regenerative cycle. A critical analysis of primary steps of the HAS activity mechanism in the polymer matrix based on HAS-related primary nitroxides, formation of their stationary concentration and concentration gradients influenced by polymer morphology, spatial competition between autoreactions, and oxidation of polymer-developed alkyl radicals and their scavenging by nitroxides (the key process of HAS efficiency) is outlined. Cyclic regeneration of nitroxides affected by the structure of the amino moiety in the HAS molecule, influence of acid environment, atmospheric ozone or singlet oxygen, cooperative mixtures of HAS with UV absorbers, combinations with additives increasing the thermal stabilization effect and improving color retention, assessment of the heat stabilization performance of HAS by proper testing, and influence of the molecular weight of HAS are mentioned together with examples of the chemical consumption of HAS in the final phases of their lifetime. lifetime. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:119,132, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] Price and Variety in the Spokes Model,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 522 2007Yongmin Chen The spokes model of nonlocalised spatial competition provides a new analytical tool for differentiated oligopoly and a representation of spatial monopolistic competition. An increase in the number of firms leads to lower equilibrium prices when consumers have relatively high product valuations, but, surprisingly, to higher equilibrium prices for intermediate consumer valuations. New entry alters consumer and social welfare through price, market expansion, and matching effects. With free entry, the market may provide too many or too few varieties from a social welfare perspective, and the equilibrium price remains above marginal cost even when the number of firms is arbitrarily large. [source] THE SURVIVAL OF DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS: AN APPLICATION TO THE UK AUTOMOBILE MARKET, 1971,2002*THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 3 2009FRANCISCO REQUENA-SILVENTE We investigate how competition affected the survival of products in the UK automobile market between 1971 and 2002. We find, after using a host of controls to account for product characteristics and changes in market structure, that (i) within and between firm spatial competition significantly reduces the life of a model, (ii) initial product differentiation and variant proliferation obviate competition, and (iii) product innovation significantly extends model survival. [source] | ||||||||||